• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.364-367
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• 2011

Background: Prostaglandins (PGs) play pathogenic and protective roles in inflammatory diseases. The novel concept of PGs as immune modulators is being documented by several investigators. By establishing an in vitro experimental model containing human follicular dendritic cell-like cells, HK cells, we reported that HK cells produce prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and prostaglandin $I_2$ ($PGI_2$) and that these PGs regulate biological functions of T and B cells. Methods: To investigate the respective contribution of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 to $PGE_2$ and $PGI_2$ production in HK cells, we performed siRNA technology to knock down COX enzymes and examined the effect on PG production. Results: Both $PGE_2$ and $PGI_2$ productions were almost completely inhibited by the depletion of COX-2. In contrast, COX-1 knockdown did not significantly affect PG production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conclusion: The current results suggest that mPGES-1 and PGIS are coupled with COX-2 but not with COX-1 in human follicular dendritic cell (FDC) and may help understand the potential effects of selective COX inhibitors on the humoral immunity.

• 월간당뇨
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• 통권77호
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• pp.48-49
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• 1996

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

Background: Mizoribine (MZR) is an imidazole nucleoside isolated from Eupenicillium brefeldianum. MZR is currendy in clinical use for patients who have undergone renal transplantation. Therapeutic efficacy of MZR has also been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus nephritis. MZR has been shown to inhibit the proliferation or lymphocytes by interfering with inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Since the exact mechanism by which MZR benefits rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not clear, we investigated the ability of MZR to direct its immunosuppressive influences on other antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages. Methods: Mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence of MZR. To elucidate the mechanism of the therapeutic efficacy in chronic inflammatory diseases, we examined the effects of MZR on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ in macrophages. Results: MZR dose-dependendy decreased the production of nitric oxide and pro- inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukins $1{\beta}$ (IL-${\beta}$ and IL-6 $PGE_2$. Examination of gene expression levels showed that the anti-inflammatory effect correlated with the down-regulation of inducible nitiric oxide synthase expression, cycloxygenase-2 expression and TNF-${\alpha}$ gene expression. Conclusion: In this work, we resulted whether MZR $(1.25{\sim}10{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited macrophage activation by inhibiting secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO and $PGE_2$. These findings provide an explanation for the therapeutic efficacy of MZR in chronic inflammation-associated diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.752-759
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• 1994

It is accepted that colostral macrophages have protective effects on gastrointestinal tract of the neonates. Macrophages act as a major defensive cells in colostrum and serve as a main source of colostral prostaglandins which are known to exert cytoprotection for gastrointestinal tract of neonates against infectious agents and drugs such as aspirin. This study was conducted to evaluate the total cell numbers and differential counts for macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in colostrum of Korean mothers. To compare the level of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, and TXB2 between colostrum and serum of postpartum mothers, radioimmunoassay adopting eicosanoids-antibody complex method was applied instead of charcoal method. The results were as follows : 1) Total defensive cell count was 7.6$\pm$2,37$\times$106 cells/ml, differential counts of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes were 57.49$\pm$4.14%, 37.98$\pm$4.43% and 4.29$\pm$0.73% respectively. 2) The order of prostaglandin level in colostrum which are known to enhance development and cytoprotection of gastrointestinal tract, was 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, TXB2 and PGE2. Colostral PGE2 level was 584.6$\pm$72.3 pg/ml, higher than that of serum(p<0.01). 6-keto-PGF1$\alpha$, the most abundant prostaglandin in colostrum was higher than in serum level, too (p<0.01). Serum TXB2 level of postpartum mothers(n=42) was higher nine times than that of colostrum(p<0.01), which seems to cause vasoconstriction of uterus in postpartum period. 3) In preterm mothers, serum level of TXB2 level in both groups.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunohistological effect of Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture in treating the arthritis, performed several experimental items : those are paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$. Methods : All the male Sprague Dawley rats used in this study were bred and maintaned in our pathogen-free rat colony and were 8 weeks of age at the start of to experiment. The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injection of $50{\mu}g/{\mu}{\ell}$ adjuvant(mineral oil mixed Mycobacterium butyricum). Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture was injected into ST36(足三里) of rats daily for 21 days. Immunohistological analysis was carried out to assess paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$ expression in synovial membrane and sera Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture injected. Results : Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture group showed a decrease with statistical significance, in paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$ in synovial membrane and sera compared with control group. Conclusion : Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture stimulation inhibited the development of immunity to adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Thus, Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture may have preventive effects on autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases as arthritis. The effect of Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture on the immune function and the disease activity in patients with arthritis warrants further investigation.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.1025-1033
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 백산차추출물의 항산화 활성을 알아보기 위해 추출방법을 달리한 4가지 추출물인 열수추출물(LPW), 고온가압추출물(LPA), 초음파추출물(LPU), 70% 에탄올 추출물추출(LPE)과 LPE에 대한 4가지 용매 층 분획물인 n-hexane 층(LPE/H), ethyl acetate 층(LPE/E), n-butanol 층(LPE/B), water 층(LPE/W) 분획물의 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성을 측정하였다. 또한 백산차 추출물의 항염활성을 알아보기 위해 LPS로 자극된 Raw 264.7 대식세포에서 LPE와 LPE/H, LPE/E, LPE/B, LPE/W의 NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6의 생성 저해 활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성에서 LPE가 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 각각 82.3%와 99.8%의 소거 활성을 나타내었으며, LPE/E의 경우 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 각각 91.8%와 99.6%의 높은 소거 활성을 나타내었다. 항염 활성 확인을 위하여 먼저 MTT assay를 수행하였으며 $25{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 LPE와 LPE/E 모두 90% 이상의 세포 생존율이 확인되었다. NO와 $PGE_2$의 생성 저해 활성을 분석한 결과, LPE와 LPE/E에서 높은 NO와 $PGE_2$ 저해 활성을 확인 하였다. LPE는 $25{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 각각 50%와 70%의 저해 활성을 나타내었고 LPE/E는 같은 농도에서 각각 57%와 73%의 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 마지막으로 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6의 생성 저해 활성을 측정한 결과 LPE 및 LPE/E의 농도의존적인 저해 활성을 확인 하였으며 LPE가 $25{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 각각 24%, 47%, 40%의 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 특히 LPE/E는 같은 농도에서 각각 51%, 57%, 62%의 높은 저해활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과들로부터 $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ 농도의 LPE 및 LPE/E는 비타민C와 유사한 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능을 가지며 비교적 낮은 농도인, $25{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서도 높은 항염증 활성을 가지고 있는 것으로 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 따라서 추후 항노화, 항균, 미백 활성 등에 대한 더 많은 연구 진행이 이루어진다면 백산차추출물은 염증성 질환의 예방 및 치료와 기능성 식품, 화장품 분야 등에서 효과적인 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.149-165
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• 2001

This study was performed to define the cytotoxicity and the anti-inflammatory action of Pulsatilla koreana extracts. To analyze cytotoxic effects, gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts were used, and anti-inflammatory actions related to reduction of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $PGE_2$ production were performed in vitro, for the suggestion of efficacy and safety on periodontal therapeutic use of Pulsatilla koreana extracts. We extracted ethylacetate and butylalcohol from well-dried and ground Pulsatilla koreana throughout multiple processing, then used different concentration solution(0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.4 %, 0.01 %, 0.02 %, 0.04 %, 1 %, 2 %) of ethylacetate and butylalcohol extracts to examine eytotoxic effects and anti-inflammatory actions Cytotoxic effects were examined by ELISA reader using MTT(Methyl Thiazol-2-YL-2, 5-diphenyl Tetrazolium bromide)solution following culture of human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Synthesis of $IL-1{\beta}$was examined by $IL-1{\beta}$ enzyme-immunoassay(EIA)system after separation and culture of monocyte, and $PGE_2$ was examined by $PGE_2EIA$ system after culture of gingival fibroblasts. The results were as follows: 1. In the MTT test of gingival fibroblasts, the change of optical density was decreased significantly at 2 % of butylalcohol extracts and 0.04 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.4 %, 1 %, 2 % of ethylacetate extracts.(p<0.05) 2. In the MTT test of periodontal ligament cells, the change of optical density were not differ significantly. but butylalcohol and ethylacetate extracts except from butylalcohol 0.01 % showed high cell cytotoxity. 3. Both ethylacetate and butylalcohol extracts from Pulsatilla koreana inhibited the synthesis of $IL-1{\beta}$and inhibition effect of ethylacetate extracts were higher than butylalcohol extracts. 4. Both ethylacetate and butylalcohol extracts from Pulsatilla koreana inhibited the synthesis of $PGE_2$, and ethylacetate extracts were higher than butylalcohol extracts. In conclusion, ethylacetate and butylalcohol extracts from Pulsatilla koreana showed little cell cytotoxity for gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and the inhibition of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $PGE_2$ sysnthesis, therefore it is considered that these extracts can be developed as the therapeutics of the periodontal disease.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.94-98
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• 2005

Bone resorption surrounding tooth root causes tooth loss in periodontitis patients. Osteoclast has bone resorption activity. Effects of Artemisia asiatica on bone resorption induced by periodontopathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola, were examined using co-culture systems of mouse osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. Addition of A. asiatica ethanol extract to bacterial sonicate abolished bacteria-induced osteoclastogenesis. To determine inhibitory mechanism of A. asiatica against osteoclastogenesis, effects of A. asiatica on expressions of osteoclastogenesis-inducing factors such as receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$, interleukin (IL)-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, in osteoblasts were examined. A. asiatica suppressed expressions of RANKL, $PGE_2$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ increased by each bacterial sonicate. These results suggest inhibitory action of A. asiatica against osteoclastogenesis is associated with down-regulations of RANKL, $PGE_2$ IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ expressions.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2019

Cheongpyesagan-tang (CP) is one of the traditional medicinal prescription to treat Taeumin (太陰人)'s disease. It has been commonly used for the treatment of stroke, arthritis, diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated an anti-inflammatory potential of CP water extract. We examined the effects of CP on the lipopolysarccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$). We also examined the levels of protein or mRNA of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells. CP inhibited NO and $PGE_2$ production in a dose dependent manner and decreased the protein and mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. Also, CP decreased the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$). These results suggest that CP has potential as anti-inflammatory therapeutic medicine.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2005

Apoptosis is a physiologic or programmed cell death process which is controlled by genes. It is essential for the function and the appropriate development of multicellular organism. It is also thought to be one of the main mechanisms of cell death in ischemic tissues. The effect of prostaglandin $E_1$($PGE_1$) is proven to be useful in the recovery of ischemic changes by inducing vasodilation of peripheral vessels and platelet disaggregation. $PGE_1$ is also known to suppress apoptosis in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cell from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of $PGE_1$ on the apoptosis in the ischemia reperfusion injury of rat intestine. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. In control group(N=15), superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60 minutes and after removing the vessel clamp, it was reperfused for 60 minutes and harvested. In experimental group(N=15), a jejunal flap was also made as in the control group except for the intraarterial administration of the $PGE_1$ right after clamping the artery and removing the clamp. H&E, TUNEL and immunohistochemical stains for p53, bax, and bcl-2 were performed. There were ischemic changes in gross and microscopic findings in both groups. The apoptotic index was significantly lower in the experimental group($1.29{\pm}0.82$(p=0.003)) than in the control group ($2.33{\pm}0.95$). The rat intestinal ischemia apoptosis by ischemia-reperfusion was partly related to the modulating of bcl-2, bax, and p53 expression. Our results indicate that $PGE_1$ suppresses the apoptosis in the ischemic jejunal flap and this effect is probably the result of a increase in expression of bcl-2.