• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.648-655
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• 2007

UV/H_2O_2$, $O_3$, $O_3/H_2O_2$, $UV/H_2O_2/O_3$ 공정을 이용한 테레프탈산 제조공정 폐수의 COD 및 색도제거 연구를 수행하였다. UV/H_2O_2$, $O_3$, $O_3/H_2O_2$, $UV/H_2O_2/O_3$ 공정에서의 COD 제거율은 각각 10, 48, 56, 63%, 색도 제거율은 $UV/H_2O_2$ 공정이 80%, $O_3$, $O_3/H_2O_2$, $UV/H_2O_2/O_3$ 공정은 모두 99% 이상 효과적으로 제거되는 것으로 나타났다. COD 및 색도 제거율이 가장 우수한 $UV/H_2O_2/O_3$ 공정에서 테레프탈산 제조공정 폐수의 주요 유기물 성분인 테레프탈산, 이소프탈산 그리고 벤조산 성분은 120분 이내에 모두 99% 이상 제거되었다. 또한 $UV/H_2O_2$, $O_3/H_2O_2$, $UV/H_2O_2/O_3$ 공정에서의 최적 $H_2O_2$ 주입농도는 각각 0.5M, 25 mM 그리고 5 mM로 나타나, UV와 $H_2O_2$를 오존산화 공정에 조합함으로써 유기물 제거율 향상과 함께 사용된 $H_2O_2$의 저감효과를 동시에 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

Advanced oxidation processes involving $O_3/H_2O_2$ and $O_3/catalyst$ were used to compare the degradability and the effect of pH on the oxidation of 1,4-dioxane, Oxidation processes were carried out in a bubble column reactor under different pH. Initial hydrogen peroxide concentration was 3.52 mM in $O_3/H_2O_2$ process and 115 g/L (0.65 wt.%) of activated carbon impregnated with palladium was packed in $O_3/catalyst$ column. 1,4-dioxane concentration was reduced steadily with reaction time in $O_3/H_2O_2$ oxidation process, however, in case of $O_3/catalyst$ process, about $50{\sim}75%$ of 1,4-dioxane was degraded only in 5 minutes after reaction. Overall reaction efficiency of $O_3/catalyst$ was also higher than that of $O_3/H_2O_2$ process. TOC and $COD_{cr}$ were analyzed in order to examine the oxidation characteristics with $O_3/H_2O_2\;and\;O_3/catalyst$ process. The results of $COD_{cr}$ removal efficiency and ${\Delta}TOC/{\Delta}ThOC$ ratio in $O_3/catalyst$ process gave that this process could more proceed the oxidation reaction than $O_3/H_2O_2$ oxidation process. Therefore, it was considered that $O_3/catalyst$ advanced oxidation process could be used as a effective oxidation process for removing non-degradable toxic organic materials.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 오존과 오존/과산화수소 공정을 단독공정과 연속공정으로 각각 적용하여 피혁염색폐수의 색도 저감을 평가하였다. 오존 단독공정에서 색도 저감율은 65%였고, 오존 농도가 40 ~ 50 mg/L 이상으로 주입되면 오히려 색도가 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 반면에 오존/과산화수소 공정에서는 과산화수소 주입율을 오존 질량 대비 0.2와 0.3비율로 하였을 때, 색도의 증가 없이 완벽히 제거되었다. 비록 과산화수소의 주입이 색도 저감을 증가시키지만, 초기오존 소모량 구간에서는 과산화수소를 주입하여도 오존 단독 공정과 색도 저감율에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로, 1단계에서 오존 단독공정으로 오존 소모량을 만족시켜주고 (30 ~ 40 mg/L), 그 이후에 과산화수소를 주입 하여 오존/과산화수소 연속 공정을 적용하는 것이 본 피혁 염색폐수의 색도 저감에 가장 효과적인 공정으로 평가되었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.53-61
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• 1986

A gas sensor which has been made by wet process had fabricated by coating each of the mixture on alumina tube and firing at 85$0^{\circ}C$ for 3hrs. A gas concentration such $H_2$, CO, $C_3H_8$, $C_2H_2$ and $CH_4$ vs its detection voltage characteristics has been in-vestigated on $SnO_2-In_2O_3-MgO$ system doped with PdO, $La_2O_3$, $ThO_2$, NiO and $Nb_2O_5$ The optimum sensitivity composition for various gases were 90w/o $SnO_2$-9w/o $In_2O_3$-1w/o MgO for $H_2$, $C_2H_2$ CO and $C_3H_8$ and 95w/o $SnO_2$-4w/o $In_2O_3$-1w/o MgO for $CH_4$. The sample which has been made by wet process than dry process had predominated sensitivity for each gases and particle size of the sample coprecipitated with PH=9 was 0.1${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ The $SnO_2$-In2_O_3-MgO$ system doped with 2w/o $Nb_2O_5$ and NiO was the most sensitive for $H_2$ and $C_2H_2$ gas. In $SnO_2$-In2_O_3-MgO$ system doped with $ThO_2$ the sensitivity of $H_2$ gas was decreased but CO gas was in-creased when dopant con was increased.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.298-303
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• 2007

오존을 중심으로 한 다양한 조합의 고급산화 공정(advanced oxidation process: AOP)을 이용하여 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) 제조 공정에서 발생되는 난분해성 폐수인 red water(RW)의 유기물 및 색도 제거 연구를 수행하였다. 적용된 고급산화 공정은 $O_3$, $UV/O_3$, $UV/O_3/H_2O_2$, $UV/O_3/H_2O_2/Fe^{2+}$ 공정이었으며, 유기물 및 색도 제거 효과는 $O_3 < $UV/O_3/H_2O_2/Fe^{2+}$ 공정의 순서로 나타났다. $UV/O_3/H_2O_2/Fe^{2+}$ 공정에서 최적 분해조건은 오존 유량 0.053 g/min, $H_2O_2$ 주입농도 10 mM, $FeSO_4$ 주입농도 0.1 mM로 나타났으며, 90 min 동안 유기물 및 색도 제거율은 각각 96, 100%로 나타났다. tert-butyl alcohol(t-buOH)을 이용한 수산화 라디칼(hydroxyl radical : ${\cdot}OH$)의 scavenging 실험을 통해 오존에 UV, $H_2O_2$, $FeSO_4$를 산화제로 조합함으로써 수산화 라디칼의 발생량을 더욱 증가시키고 유기물 제거율을 효과적으로 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.404-410
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• 2005

The pH efforts on the removal of 1,4-dioxane and the biodegradobility enhancement of dioxane contaminated water were investigated using $O_3/H_2O_2$ baled advanced oxidation process. Experiments were conducted using a bubble column reactor under different initial pH. The $O_3/H_2O_2$ process effectively converted 1,4-dioxane to more biodegradable intermediates which had a maximum $BOD_5$ enhancement at pH 11 within the experimental range, precisely, when the initial pH increased, $BOD_5$ enhanced. However, in case of removal efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane during $O_3/H_2O_2$ oxidation the optimum condition was shown at pH 9 compared with pH 6 and 11. TOC and COD values were not largely changed for all reaction time. From the results of 1,4-dioxane removal efficiency, TOC, COD, and $BOD_5$ enhancement with reaction time, it was surely observed that 1,4-dioxane was just converted to biodegradable materials, not completely oxidized to carbon dioxide.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1323-1330
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• 2006

오존/과산화수소 공정을 이용한 급속 모래여과 처리수 중의 geosmin 제거에서 오존만 20 mg/L 투입한 경우보다 오존 5 mg/L와 과산화수소 0.2 mg/L를 투입하여 처리한 경우가 더 높은 제거율을 보였으며, 오존/과산화수소 공정에 의해 원수 중에 함유된 geosmin의 경우는 급속 모래여과 처리수보다 $12{\sim}27%$ 정도 낮은 제거율을 나타내었다. 급속 모래여과 처리수 중에 함유된 geosmin과 IPMP에 대해 오존 투입농도별로 투입된 과산화수소와 오존의 비($H_2O_2/O_3$)에 따른 제거율을 살펴본 결과, 오존농도가 1 mg/L 이하의 경우에서는 $H_2O_2/O_3$ 비가 적정 비율 이상으로 높아지면 geosmin과 IPMP 제거율이 감소하였으며, 적정 $H_2O_2/O_3$ 비는 실제 정수장에서 사용하고 있는 후오존 투입농도인 $1{\sim}2$ mg/L에서 geosmin의 경우 $0.5{\sim}1$, IPMP의 경우 $0.2{\sim}1$로 나타났으며, 원수 중에 함유된 geosmin 제거를 위한 적정 $H_2O_2/O_3$ 비는 오존 투입농도 $1{\sim}2$ mg/L 범위에서 $1{\sim}3$ 정도로 광범위하게 나타났다. 급속 모래여과 처리수에 함유된 이취미 물질 5종에 대한 오존(0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/L) 투입농도별 잔존율을 살펴본 결과, IPMP의 제거율이 60% 이상으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 오존/과산화수소 공정이 오존 단독공정 보다 제거율이 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 오존/과산화수소 공정을 이용한 BDOC 생성능을 오존 투입농도 $0.5{\sim}2$ mg/L에서 과산화수소 투입농도별로 조사한 실험에서 오존/과산화수소 공정이 오존 단독공정보다 추가적으로 0.9 정도의 BDOC/DOC 비가 상승하여 0.34까지 증가하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1991

A precipitation method, one of the most effective liquid phase reaction methods, was adopted in order to prepare high-tech Al2O3/ZrO2 composite ceramics, and the effects of stress-induced phase transformation of ZrO2 on thermal shock behavior of Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramics were investigated. Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, ZrOCl2.8H2O and YCl3.6H2O were used as starting materials and NH4OH as a precipitation agent. Metal hydroxides were obtained by single precipitation(process A) and co-precipitation(process B) method at the condition of pH=7, and the composition of Al2O3-ZrO2 composites was fixed as Al2O3-15v/o ZrO2(+3m/o Y2O3). Critical temperature difference showing rapid strength degradation by thermal shock showed higher value in Al2O3/ZrO2 composites(process A : 20$0^{\circ}C$, process B : 215$^{\circ}C$) than in Al2O3(175$^{\circ}C$). The improvement of thermal shock property for Al2O3/ZrO2 composites was mainly due to the increase of strength at room temperature by adding ZrO2. The strength degradation was more severe for the sample with higher strength at room temperature. Crack initiation energies by thermal shock showed higher values in Al2O3/ZrO2 composites than in Al2O3 ceramics due to increase of fracture toughness by ZrO2.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

Activated magnetite ($Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$) was applied to reducing $CO_2$ gas emissions to avoid greenhouse effects. Wet and dry methods were developed as a $CO_2$ removal process. One of the typical dry methods is $CO_2$ decomposition using activated magnetite ($Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$). Generally, $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ is manufactured by reduction of $Fe_3O_4$ by $H_2$ gas. This process has an explosion risk. Therefore, a non-explosive process to make $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was studied using $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and $N_2$. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ and $(NH_4)_2C_2O_4{\cdot}H_2O$ were used as starting materials. So, ${\alpha}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was synthesized by precipitation method. During the calcination process, $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was decomposed to $Fe_3O_4$, CO, and $CO_2$. The specific surface area of the activated magnetite varied with the calcination temperature from 15.43 $m^2/g$ to 9.32 $m^2/g$. The densities of $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and $Fe_3O_4$ were 2.28 g/$cm^3$ and 5.2 g/$cm^3$, respectively. Also, the $Fe_3O_4$ was reduced to $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ by CO. From the TGA results in air of the specimen that was calcined at $450^{\circ}C$ for three hours in $N_2$ atmosphere, the ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was estimated. The ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was 0.3170 when the sample was heat treated at $400^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and 0.6583 when the sample was heat treated at $450^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was oxidized to $Fe_3O_4$ when $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was reacted with $CO_2$ because $CO_2$ is decomposed to C and $O_2$.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.620-625
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• 2012

A general synthetic method to make $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ (activated magnetite) is the reduction of $Fe_3O_4$ by $H_2$ atmosphere. However, this process has an explosion risk. Therefore, we studied the process of synthesis of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ depending on heat-treatment conditions using $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ in Ar atmosphere. The thermal decomposition characteristics of $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and the ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ were analyzed with TG/DTA in Ar atmosphere. ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was synthesized by precipitation method using $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ and $(NH_4)_2C_2O_4{\cdot}H_2O$. The concentration of the solution was 0.1 M and the equivalent ratio was 1.0. ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was decomposed to $H_2O$ and $FeC_2O$4 from $150^{\circ}C$ to $200^{\circ}C$. $FeC_2O4$ was decomposed to CO, $CO_2$, and $Fe_3O_4$ from $200^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$. Single phase $Fe_3O_4$ was formed by the decomposition of ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ in Ar atmosphere. However, $Fe_3C$, Fe and $Fe_4N$ were formed as minor phases when ${\beta}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was decomposed in $N_2$ atmosphere. Then, $Fe_3O_4$ was reduced to $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ by decomposion of CO. The reduction of $Fe_3O_4$ to $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ progressed from $320^{\circ}C$ to $400^{\circ}C$; the reaction was exothermic. The degree of exothermal reaction was varied with heat treatment temperature, heating rate, Ar flow rate, and holding time. The ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was greatly influenced by the heat treatment temperature and the heating rate. However, Ar flow rate and holding time had a minor effect on ${\delta}$-value.