• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.335-340
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.237-237
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• 2017

Rice is highly sensitive to salt stress especially in its early growth stage, which thus is one of the major constraints in rice production. In rice plants, salt sensitivity is associated with the accumulation of $Na^+$ in the shoots, especially in the photosynthetic tissues. High salt concentrations in soil cause high $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ transport to the shoot and preferential accumulation of those ions in older leaves, which decreases $K^+$ in the shoot, photosynthetic activity and grain yield. Salt exclusion capacity at the leaf sheath is therefore considered to be one of the main mechanisms of salt tolerance. In addition, it is suspected that the lamina joint might be involved in the salt transport from leaf sheath to leaf blade. This research aims to determine if leaf sheaths of rice exclude a large amount of $Na^+$ only or other ions such as $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Cl^-$ as well, to identify tissues in the leaf sheath, which accumulate $Na^+$, and to examine if the lamina joint is involved in the salt exclusion by the leaf sheath. The rice seedlings of salt tolerant genotype FL478 and salt sensitive genotype IR29 were independently treated with NaCl, KCl, $MgCl_2$ and $CaCl_2$, and Taichung 65 and its near-isogenic liguleless line (T65lg) were treated with NaCl. Then, the content of $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Cl^-$ ions and their specific location were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Ion Chromatograph, and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Results showed that leaf sheaths of FL478 and IR29 accumulated a large amount of $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Cl^-$ ons, and thus excluded them from leaf blades when treated with high concentration of each salt. When treated with NaCl, the highest $Na^+$ concentration was found in the basal part of leaf sheaths of both cultivars. Moreover, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the central parenchyma cells of the leaf sheath were the site where most Na, Cl, and K were retained under salinity in the salt tolerant genotype FL478. Also, the concentration of $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions in leaf sheaths and leaf blades was comparable between T65 and T65lg, indicating that the lamina joint may not be involved in the exclusion of $Na^+$, $Cl^-$ and $K^+$ by the leaf sheath from the leaf blade under salinity. Therefore, we conclude that the central parenchyma cells of basal part of leaf sheath are the site that plays a physiological role to exclude $Na^+$ in the shoots of rice without the involvement of the lamina joint.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 1998

Gamma irradiated and non-irradiated Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour were extracted by 70% ethanol. The combined effects of the Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour extract and NaCl on survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in tryptic soy broth were investigated. E. coli O157:H7 decreased ca 1 log cycle by the addition of 2% sample extract, and the anthbacterial activity was increased as the concentration of sample extract was increased. The irradiation effect of the sample on antibacterial activity was not observed. On the treatment of NaCl alone, E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated (ca 3~4 log cycle reduction within 48 hr) in more than 7% NaCl. The higher inactivation(ca 5 log cycle reduction within 48 hr) occurred in the presence of 2% sample extract and 5% NaCl than in the addition of each alone. The extracted antibacterial substance was stable in the pH range of 4.0 to 7.0, heat treatment at 121$^\circ C$ for 15 min, and freezing at -18$^\circ C$ and thawing at 37$^\circ C$. There fore, the sample extract, would substantially increase the food-safety in terms of E. coli O157:H7.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2024

Hi Air Korea and Hanwha ocean are currently developing an Onboard Carbon dioxide Capture System (OCCS) to absorb CO₂ emitted from ship's engine using a sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution, and converting the resulting salt into a solid form through a chemical reaction with calcium oxide (CaO). The system process involves the following steps; 1)The reaction of CO₂ gas absorption in water, 2)The reaction between carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and NaOH solution to produce carbonate or bicarbonate, and 3)The reaction between carbonate or bicarbonate and CaO to form calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). And ultimately, the solid material, CaCO₃, is separated and discharged using a separator. The OCCS has been installed on an ship and the test results have confirmed significant reduction effects of CO₂ in the ship's exhaust gas. A portion of the exhaust gas emitted from the engine was transferred to the OCCS using a blower. The flow rate of the transferred gas ranged from 800 to 1384 m³/hr, and the CO₂ concentration in the exhaust gas was 5.1 vol% for VLSFO, 3.7 vol% for LNG and a 12 wt% NaOH solution was used. The results showed a CO₂ capture efficiency of approximately 42.5 to 64.1 vol% and the CO₂ capture rate approximately 48.4 to 52.2kg/hr. Additionally, to assess the impact of the discharged CaCO₃on the marine ecosystem, we conducted "marine ecotoxicity test" and performed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis to evaluate the dispersion and dilution of the discharged effluent.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2004

The purposes of this study are to investigate the occurrence, the hydrochemical characteristics and the origin of the $CO_2$-rich springs from the Kangwon Province, and to reanalyze the previous studied results of other researchers. The $CO_2$-rich water samples were collected at 13 locations in the Kangwon Province. The $CO_2$-rich water shows a high $CO_2$ concentration ($P_{CO2}$ 0.787 to 4.78 atm), weak acidic pHs, electrical conductivity values ranging from 422 to 2,280 $\mu$S/cm, and high Fe and F contents. The chemical compositions of $CO_2$-rich water from this study area are classified into three types; $Ca-HCO_3$, Ca(Na)-$HCO_3$, $Na-HCO_3$ types. The chemical data of $CO_2$-rich waters and their host rocks indicate that $Na-HCO_3$ type water are mainly influenced by biotite, K-feldspar granite, and Ca(Na)-HC $O_3$, type water is chiefly influenced by gneiss and carbonate minerals in granite. F and Fe contents of $CO_2$-rich waters are abundant in $Na-HCO_3$, and $Ca-HCO_3$ types, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the chemical composition $CO_2$-rich water is mainly controlled by the mineralogical composition of aquifer host rocks. Oxygen and deuterium isotope data indicate that $CO_2$-rich water is meteoric origin. The $\delta^{13}$C values (-0.3$\textperthousand$ to -6.2$\textperthousand$ PDB) suggest that dissolved carbonates are mainly derived from a deep-seated $CO_2$ and partly from carbonate minerals.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1976

The physiological saline solution for animals is known as Ringer's solution which is used for keeping the function of cold blooded vertebrate animals. Primaily the saline solution is used for the purpose of perfusion experiment in frogs. Later the saline solution is applied in several kinds of animals including human being with satisfactory results. However, this saline solution was introduced to silkworm and it was found that the result was not as successful as in the case of other animals and human being. Normally, in the case of silkworm, the physiological saline solution is prepared in order to maintain the normal function of separated organs and tissues. To this end, the saline solution is adjusted to contain the certain amount and strength of ions, osmosis pressure and hydrogen concentration. The most of cases, the physiological saline solution should be prepared so that the constituent of the solution be the same with the blood selium and body fluid. The hydrogen concentration in the ion element of the saline solution is adjustable by adding Na$\^$＋/, K$\^$＋/, Ca$\^$＋＋/, Mg$\^$＋＋/ which are followed by adding of buffer solution such as NaHCO$_3$and NaH$_2$PO$_4$. Determination of optimum concentration of cation in the physiological saline solution, and the optimum mixing rate of more than two kinds of cations are based on the movement of dorsal vessel in the silkworm larvae. The optimum concentration of cations in the solution is prepared by adding NaCl solution which is under zero point. However, this solution was further added with the different concentration of KCl and CaCl$_2$. By dropping the prepared solution on the 5th larvae, the effects of solution was measured. The measurement was done by observation of movement' of dorsal vessel and its time length, and the number of pulses. According to the experiment, it was found that when only NaCl solution was applied, the number of pulses is increased for a moment, and the pulse stopped after one hour or so. When KCl solution was added the time of pulse was prolonged and in the contrast, the number of pulses was slow down. If KCl and CaCl$_2$solutions are added the time of pulse was further prolonged. Even though the adding of KCl and CaCl$_2$are found to be effectible, the correlation between the concentration of solution and the movement of dorsal vessel was not observed. However, it was same in the case of adding Ca$\^$＋＋/ or K$\^$＋/. It was found that when Mg$\^$＋＋/ was added to dorsal vessel the number of the pulses was not decreased although the prolonged time pulse was observed.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 1993

Effects of various NaCl concentrations on salt-tolerant callus of tobacco were investigated. Selection of NaCl-tolerant (S) callus was conducted by subculturing Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY 4 callus in 200 mM NaCl-containing MS medium for more than 18 months. In spite of the long subculture period, characteristics of salt tolerance were maintained very stably. Significant differences were found in ion contents of each callus which was subcultured with treatment of various NaCl concentrations: Na+ and Cl- became higher but Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ became lower with the increasing external salt contents. Therefore, the ratios of Na+/Ca2+ and Na+/K+ also increased resulting close to those of halophytic property. The contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids in S callus were estimated to 3.1 and 2.9 times more, respectively. than those of non-selected (NS) callus (control). The higher content of external NaCl tended to increase the amount of water soluble proteins and to decrease the amounts of the total sugars, reducing sugars and free amino acids. The activity of peroxidase was increased with higher contents of external NaCl in S callus, but it was maintained at a higher level than S callus at lower NaCl, followed by a subsequent decrease above 80 mM NaCl in NS callus. These results suggest that S callus may have a biological system converting energy source to efficient growth leading to reduction of the growth inhibition under stress environment.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.225-230
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• 2018

The effects of birch sap, a possible natural corrosion inhibitor, on the corrosion behavior of steel in chloride solution were investigated. The corrosion rate was significantly reduced by the addition of 1~5 mL of birch sap to 500 mL of 3wt% NaCl or 3wt% $CaCl_2$ solution. A remarkable increase in the pitting potential in NaCl solution was observed by the addition of birch sap although it was almost constant in $CaCl_2$ solution. The corrosion rate of steel in both NaCl and $CaCl_2$ birch sap solution without addition of water was higher compared to that of aqueous solution without birch sap as the pH of the birch sap was 4.0. The presence of organic compounds like, fructose, galactose, glucose, and palmitic acid in the birch sap are thought to be adsorbed effectively on the metal surface, which provided corrosion protection. However, the inorganic elements including Na, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, S, etc. present in the birch sap exhibited no role in corrosion inhibition.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 1995

The effect of time and amount of water by conventional blanching method on the retention minerals in spinach and broccoli was investigated. The vegetables were blanched for 1, 2, 3 and 4 minutes, with 150 $m\ell$, 300 $m\ell$, 450 $m\ell$ of water for every 100 g of raw material. Blanching of spinach showed that Na was reduced remarkably after 2 minute of blanching, the others (K, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, Cu) were gradually decreased as the blanching time increased. Blanching of broccoli showed that the content of minerals were reduced remarkably after 1 minute of blanching. The longer blanching time further reduced the content of minerals. The retention of minerals (Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, Cu) in spinach and broccoli was reduced gradually as the blanching water increased. The retention rate of minerals were 12.7％ of Na, 37.4％ of K, 37.1％ of Fe, 43.9％ of Ca, 39.0％ of Mg, 53.5％ of P, 56.2％ of Cu in spinach and 21.0％ of Na, 41.3％ of K, 57.8％ of Fe, 38.8％ of Ca, 51.5％ of Mg, 57.7％ of P, 44.4％ of Cu in broccoli for 4 min, with water 450$m\ell$ every 100g of raw material.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 1989

The positional parameters of framework atoms, cations, and water molecules in hydrated and dehydrated $Mg_4Na_4-A$, $Ca_6-A$, $Zn_5Na_2-A$ and $Co_4Na_4-A$ were determined by the optimization technique using some potential energy functions and VAIOA optimization program. Upon dehydration, cations in hydrated states move toward the framework oxygens of 6 rings. Frameworks of fully dehydrated zeolite A are more stable than those of fully dehydrated divalent cation exchanged Zeolite A. There are three different kinds of water molecules in divalent cation exchanged Zeolite A; W(III) (water molecules having hydrogen bonds), W(II) (water molecules associated with $Na^+$ ions), and W(I) (water molecules associated with divalent cations). Three different DTA endothermic peaks were observed corresponding to the dehydration of three different kinds of water molecules in divalent cation exchanged Zeolite A.