• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jeopgolsan (JGS) extract on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors related with fracture healing in skull fractured rat. Methods Experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal group without any treatment (Normal), contral group were treated orally with distilled water (Control), Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 200) and Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 400). Rats in each group except the normal group were induced fractures in the skull. The 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTX II), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Insulin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum of rats were measured to evaluate the effects of fracture healing at 0, 2, 4, and 6th week. X-rays were taken every 3 week from 0 to 6th week to evaluate fracture healing effect. Results 1. No cytotoxicity was observed. 2. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were increased in a concentration dependent manner, indicating anti-oxidant effect. 3. NO, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were not significantly changed, indicating no anti-inflammatory effect. 4. Osteocalcin, Calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ and ALP were significantly increased in the experimental groups. 5. CTX II, insulin were significantly decreased in the expermental groups. 6. Radiologic examination showed that union of fracture was promoted. Conclusions From above results, JGS showed significant results in factors related with fracture healing and radiologic examination. Threfore, JGS is expected to be effective in the treatment of fracture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of graded levels of isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) on the performance, immune function and intestinal microflora and intestinal mucosal morphology of weaned pigs. In a 28-day experiment, one hundred eighty, twenty eight-day-old, crossbred (Duroc${\times}$Large White${\times}$Landrace), weaned pigs, with an initial body weight of $8.19{\pm}1.45kg$, were fed either an unsupplemented corn-soybean meal based diet or similar diets supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% IMO added at the expense of corn. Each treatment was replicated six times with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. From day 0 to 14, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p = 0.05) linearly declined as the IMO level increased. On d 14, the level of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, and IgG in the serum of pigs were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing IMO supplementation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) decreased as IMO intake increased. From day 15 to 28, there was a trend for weight gain to be linearly increased, and IL-2 was linearly (p<0.05) increased as IMO supplementation increased on d 28. Over the entire experiment, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p<0.05) was linearly decreased as the IMO level increased. Supplementation with IMO had no effect on the intestinal microflora of pigs in the ileum and cecum of pigs, as well as the villus height and crypt depth in the ileum and jejunum (p>0.05). These results indicate that dietary inclusion of IMO increases weight gain, gain:feed and enhanced the immune status of pigs, and could be a valuable feed additive for use in weaned pigs, particularly during the period immediately after weaning.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.187-191
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• 1998

새로운 Bacillus thuringiensis NT0423균주를 이용한 배양체계를 확립하고 대량생산을 위한 새로운 배양배지를 개발하였다 대두박과 밀기울의 다양한 성분비로 구성된 5종의 SW 배지는 기존의 인공합성배지인 GYS나 LB B. huringiensis 의 성장과 포자형성면에서 훨씬 우수한 결과를 보였고, 그중 대두박과 밀기율이 3:2의 비율로 구성된 SW32배지에서 전체 세포수가 3.9$\times$${10}^{8}$CFU/ml에 달했고, 대부분의 세포가 빠르게 포자를 형성하여 (3.7$\times$${10}^{8}$CFU/ml)가장 효율적이었다. 배양에 따른 배지의 pH는 최저 6.2에서 최고 7.3까지 변화하여 성장에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았고, 전체 배양액에서 대두박과 밀기울이 차지하는 비율이 4%일 경우, ml당 4.2$\times$${10}^{8}$CFU/ml의 포자가 형성되어 B. thuringiensis 의 성장에 가장 유리하였다. 교반플라스크와 5ι의 소규모 발효기를 이용한 B. thuringiensis 의 배양조건 확립에 의해 각각 최대 1$\times$${10}^{9}$CFU/ml과 5$\times$${10}^{10}$CFU/ml에 해당하는 많은 양의 균체를 회수할 수 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1991

For the purpose of estimating the working environment and the relationship between the airborne lead concentration and the ZPP level in the whole blood of the workers, the airborne lead concentrations and the ZPP level were measured at the 26 plants which deal with lead, from October 5 to November 5 in 1988. Analysis of the airborne lead concentration was performed by NIOSH Method 7082, and the ZPP level was measured by a hematofluorometer. The following results are concluded. 1. The average airborne lead concentration of the lead battery manufactures is 0.025mg/m$^{3}$ and that of the secondary lead smelters is 0.023mg/m$^{3}$. There were no significant differences between industry (p>0.1) 2. At the lead battery manufacture, the process of lead powder production showed the highest concentration of 0.034mg/m$^{3}$ but there were no significant differences among the processes (p>0.1). At the secondary lead smelter, the process of dismantling waste batteries showed the highest concentration 0.141mg/m$^{3}$, and there were very significant differences among the processes (p<0.005). 3. The ZPP level in the whole blood showed significant differences between industry (p<0.10). The average ZPP level of the lead battery manufactures is 133.0 + 106.3 $\mu$g/100ml and that of the secondary lead smelters is 149.6 + 110.9 $\mu$g/100ml. 4. The correlation coefficients between the airborne lead concantration and ZPP level were 0. 426 (p<0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.484 (p<0.001) for the secondary lead smelters. The correlation coefficients between the work duration (in months) and the ZPP level were 0.238 (p<0.001) for the lead battery mannfactures and 0.075 (p>0.10) for the secondary lead smelters. 5. The linear regression equation, with the airborne lead concentration as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=96.84+1300.34X (r=0.448, p<0.001) for the 26 plants which deal with lead. The linear regression equation, with the work duration(in months) as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=127.28 +0.49X (r=0.162, p<0.05). 6. The correlation coefficients between the amount of inhaled lead and ZPP level were 0.349 (p < 0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.318(p<0.001) for the secondary lead smeltes. The linear regression equation for the 26 plants surveyed, with the amount of inhaled lead as an independent variable and ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=123.63+18.82X (r=0. 335, p<0.001).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1241-1245
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• 1999

Nine two-year old sheep fitted with rumen and duodenum cannulas were used to study the effect of controlling protozoa flora on the degradation and utilization of dietary fibre and protein in the rumen and on nitrogenous flow to the duodenum. There were three groups in this experiment: defaunation (DF); partial defaunation (PDF); faunation (F) as control. Results showed that: 1,There were no differences between treatments in dietary DM degradation in the rumen, but defaunation and partial defaunation increased the quantity of nitrogenous material in the rumen and the flow of N to duodenum. 2, partial defaunation and defaunation improved the degradabilities of dietary NDF, ADF and HC, but there were no differences between the defaunated and partially defaunated groups. 3, Partial defaunation decreased the degradability of dietary protein in the rumen. There was no difference between defaunated and faunated groups. 4, Defaunation and partial defaunation increased the quantity of total N (TN) and microbial N (MCN) in the rumen and the amounts entering the duodenum. The protozoa N (PN) flow in the faunated group was higher than that in the partially defaunated group, and the amino acid pattern in the digesta at the proximal duodenum in the defaunated group was closer to the ideal amino acid pattern. 5, There were differences in the mole percent of acetic, propionic, total-VFAs and the non-glucogenic to glucogenic VFAs ratio (NGR) value in the rumen fluids. The order was as follows: mole percent of acetate: F>PDF>DF; mole percent of propionate: DF>PDF>F; total-VFAs: PDF>F>DF; NGR: F>PDF>DF.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.425-430
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• 2005

[${\beta}-sitosterol$]은 식물 스테롤로서 인간의 전립선암과 대장암 세포의 성장을 억제하고 생체내 콜레스테롤 농도를 감소시킨다. 본 연구에서는 쑥갓세포 배양에서 ${\beta}-sitosterol$ 생산의 최적화 연구를 수행하였다. 그래서 쑥갓(Chrysanthemum coronarium L.)으로부터 캘러스 유도는 NAA와 BAP의 농도가 각각 1 mg/l의 조합에서 최적이었으며 이들 캘러스로부터 현탁배양 세포주를 확립하였다. 현탁 배양시 초기 세포농도 2 g DCW/l에서 조성이 각각 1배인 탄소원(30 mg/l), 질소원(1900 mg/l $KNO_3$, 1650mg/l $NH_4NO_3$), 무기인산원(170 mg/l)을 포함하는 MS 배지에서 ${\beta}-sitosterol$ 생산이 최적으로 나타났다. Shake-flask를 이용한 현탁배양에서 ${\beta}-sitosterol$의 최대 생산량은 $150{\mu}g/g$ DCW이었다. 그리고 공기부유식 생물반응기의 배양에서는 100 cc/ml의 통기량에서 ${\beta}-sitosterol$의 생산이 $142.8{\mu}g/g$ DCW으로 나타났다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.685-699
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and commercialize them with high added value. This study examines the hydrolyzed and fermented PG extract (HFPGE) fermented with Lactobacillus casei in RAW 264.7 cells, and investigates the effect of amplifying the immune and the probable molecular mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: HFPGE's total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and platycodin D contents were analyzed by colorimetric analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by a phagocytosis assay kit, nitric oxide (NO) production by a Griess reagent system, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: Compared to PGE, HFPGE was determined to contain 13.76 times and 6.69 times higher contents of crude saponin and platycodin D, respectively. HFPGE promoted cell proliferation and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells and regulated the NO production and iNOS expression. Treatment with HFPGE also resulted in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand10, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the mRNA expressions of these cytokines. HFPGE also resulted in significantly increasing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results imply that fermentation and hydrolysis result in the extraction of more active ingredients of PG. Furthermore, we determined that HFPGE exerts immunostimulatory activity via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2014

The A-type lamin deficient mouse line ($Lmna^{-/-}$) has become one of the most frequently used models for providing insights into many different aspects of A-type lamin function. To elucidate the function of Lmna in the growth and metabolism of mice, tissue growth and blood biochemistry were monitored in Lmna-deficient mice, heterozygous ($Lmna^{+/-}$) and wide-type ($Lmna^{+/+}$) backcrossed to C57BL/6 background. At 4 weeks after birth, the weight of various organs of the $Lmna^{-/-}$, $Lmna^{+/-}$ and $Lmna^{+/+}$ mice was measured. A panel of biochemical analyses consisting of 15 serological tests was examined. The results showed that Lmna deficient mice had significantly decreased body weight and increased the ratio of organ to body weight in most of tissues. Compared with $Lmna^{+/+}$ and $Lmna^{+/-}$ mice, $Lmna^{-/-}$ mice exhibited lower levels of ALP (alkaline phosphatase), Chol (cholesterol), CR (creatinine), GLU (glucose), HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and higher levels of ALT (alanine aminotransferase) (p<0.05). $Lmna^{-/-}$ mice displayed higher AST (aspartate aminotransferase) values and lower LDL (lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol), CK-MB (creatine kinase-MB) levels than $Lmna^{+/+}$ mice (p<0.05). There were no significant differences among the three groups of mice with respect to BUN (blood urea nitrogen), CK (creatine kinase), Cyc C (cystatin C), TP (total protein), TG (triacylglycerols) and UA (uric acid) levels (p>0.05). These changes of serological parameters may provide an experimental basis for the elucidation of Lmna gene functions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1080-1087
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• 2008

Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and CD14 protein play important roles in the defense against infection of Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, tissue distribution and polymorphism of porcine LBP and CD14 genes were analyzed. Real-time PCR results showed that the porcine LBP gene was especially highly expressed in liver, while CD14 gene was highly expressed in liver and spleen tissues. A 1,732 bp cDNA fragment of porcine LBP gene and a 1,682 bp genomic DNA fragment of CD14 gene were isolated. Polymorphisms were identified in these two fragments and showed that there were 14 potential SNPs in the porcine LBP gene and 3 potential SNPs in the porcine CD14 gene. Three SNPs, 292G/A (Gly/Ser), 1168G/A (Ala/Thr) of the LBP gene and -61G/A of the CD14 gene, were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Association analyses indicated that polymorphism of the 292G/A locus was significantly associated with porcine immune traits hematocrit (HCT), IgG and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) (p<0.01), and the 1168G/A locus was significantly associated with HCT and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) traits (p<0.05). No significant association was found between the -61G/A locus and immune traits of the pig. Our data indicated that the LBP gene was significantly associated with immune traits of pig. Also, we identified some SNPs which may be useful markers for disease-resistant breeding of pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of alfalfa meal on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development of growing layer ducks to provide evidence for application of alfalfa meal in the duck industry. Two hundred and fifty-six healthy Shaoxing 7-wk old growing layer ducks were selected and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% of alfalfa meal for 8 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 16 ducks each. Briefly, birds were raised in separate compartments, and each compartment consisted of three parts: indoor floor house, adjacent open area and a connecting water area. The results showed: i) Growing ducks fed alfalfa meal diet were not significantly different in average daily gain, feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio from those fed no alfalfa diet (p>0.05). ii) Alfalfa meal increased the ratio crop, gizzard to live weight, caecum to live weight, the caecum index of growing ducks (p<0.05). iii) Villus height in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks increased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). Crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks decreased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). This experiment showed that feeding of alfalfa meal to growing layer ducks could improve gastrointestinal tract growth and small intestinal morphology without effect on performance. This experiment provides evidence that alfalfa meal is a very valuable feedstuff for growing layer ducks.