• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.209-222
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• 1997

Authors surveyed the ground water near the waste disposed from a fiberglass production factory to confirm the presence of glassfiber in the water and to determine the effect of sampling conditions and storage on the recovery of fibrous materials in the ground water. Sample was collected at every 4 hours for 48 hours consecutively. After finishing the 48 hours sample, water sampling was done from each tap after repeated turning on and off the water for 30 seconds at each time. Sample was collected in the two 1.5 liter polyethylene bottle after vigorously shaking the bottle with the same water several times with the flowing tap water. At each paired sample, one bottle was stored stand still at room temperature, and the other sample was filtered immediately after sampling. Water was filtered on the Mixed Cellulose Ester filter with negative pressure. Each sample was divided into upper and lower layer. The other bottle was stored at room temperature standstill for 7 days and filtered in the same fashion as the other pair of sample did. Each MCE filter was divided into 4 pieces and one piece was treated with acetone to make it transparent. Each prepared sample was observed by two researchers under the light and polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ra microanalysis. Fibers were classified by the morphology and polarizing pattern under the polarizing microscope, and count was done. 1. There was a significant fluctuation in number of the fibers, but there was no specific demonstrable pattern. 2. Non-polarizing fibers frequently disappeared after 7 days's storage. But cluster of fibers were found at the wall of the same container by scratching technique. 3. Polarizing fibers were usually found in between the filter and the manicure pasted area. Possible explanations for this phenomenon will be that either these fibers are very light or have electronic polarity. Hence, these fibers are not able to be attached on the surface of slide glass. 4. Under the scanning electron microscopic examination, the fibers which are not refractive under the light microscopy were identified as glassfiber. Other fibers which is refractive under the polarizing microscopy were identified as magnesium silicate fibers. It is strongly suggested that development of standardized method of sample collection and measurement of fibrous material in the water is needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.555-564
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• 2002

Twenty Landrace and twenty Min piglets, with an average initial body weight of 22.4 kg, were randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 animals per group, within each of the breeds. The piglets were housed in individual concrete pens. Each group of the piglets was fed one of 5 diets. The diets contained either 20% raw Argentine soybeans, 20% processed Argentine soybeans ($118^{\circ}C$ for 7.5 min.), 20% raw Chinese soybeans, 20% processed Chinese soybeans ($118^{\circ}C$ for 7.5 min.) or no soybean products (control diet). Faecal samples were collected on days 6, 7 and 8 of the treatment period. Digestibilities of dietary nutrients were determined with AIA (acid insoluble ash) as a marker. After a 17 day treatment, three piglets were killed from each of the groups. Tissue samples of small and large intestine for light and electron microscopy examination were taken immediately after the opening of abdomen. Then, the weight or size of relevant organs was measured. The results show that the digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and fat were higher in Min piglets than in Landrace piglets (p<0.05). The diets containing processed soybeans had a significant higher CP digestibility than the control diet and the diets containing raw soybeans (p<0.05). Landrace piglets had heavier and longer small intestines, heavier kidneys and a lighter spleen than Min piglets (p<0.05). The pancreas of the animals fed the diets containing processed soybeans was heavier than that of the animals fed control diet (p<0.05) and the diets containing raw soybeans. But, the differences between raw and processed soybean diets were not significant. A significant interaction (p<0.05) between diet and pig breed was observed in weight of the small intestine. The Landrace piglets increased the weight in their small intestine when they were fed the diets containing soybeans. In the light micrographs and electron scanning micrographs, it was found that the villi of small intestinal epithelium of animals (especially Landrace piglets) fed the diets containing raw Chinese soybeans were seriously damaged. The transmission electron micrograph showed that a lot of vesicles were located between the small intestinal microvilli of these piglets. The histological examination also indicated that the proportion of goblet cells in villi and crypts in the piglets consuming the control diet was significantly lower (p<0.01 and p<0.02, respectively) than those of the animals consuming the diets containing raw or processed soybeans.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.300-300
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• 2017

'Saemimyeon' a Tongil-type rice variety (Indica ${\times}$ Japonica), which contains high amylose contents is suitable for rice noodle production. Nowadays, the major parts of rice processing industry that includes products like rice flour and noodles are expected to partially replace wheat flour market. The volume of rice noodle market is getting bigger and can contribute to the rice surplus and farmer's income. This study was carried out to promote productivity and flour-making quality of 'Saemimyeon' by finding the most suitable transplanting and harvesting times. The transplanting days used were May $10^{th}$, May $17^{th}$, May $24^{th}$, May $31^{th}$, June $7^{th}$ and June $14^{th}$ and the planting distance used was 30 x 12cm. In addition, harvesting time was determined by days after heading time (40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 days). The field experiment was conducted at the experimental field in Miryang (Southern plain area of Korea) from 2015 to 2016. Our results suggest that the optimum transplanting days were from May $24^{th}$ to May $31^{th}$ which resulted to an average yield of 748~751kg/10a. Interestingly, yield was sharply decreased below 700kg/10a before May $10^{th}$ and after June $7^{th}$. The average grain filling rate before May $31^{th}$ was more than 83% but it declined to 75% after June $7^{th}$. The average temperature ranges from heading time to harvesting time was $ 21\sim25^{\circ}C$ and the estimated optimal temperature was $23.4^{\circ}C$ which is similar to May $24^{th}$ by regression equation. We found that the optimal harvest time was 45~50 days after heading time. It is hypothesized that low temperature at seed maturation time caused the lower grain filling rate therefore 'Saemimyeon' need to be transplanted before May $31^{th}$ for higher productivity. We found no statistical variation in amylose contents among experimental plots (28.2~30.4%). We conclude that the productivity of 'Saemimyeon' highly depends on temperature that is critical for grain filling stage controlled by transplanting time.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.137-163
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• 1990

The properties of a investment material can be described by the consistency at the slurry state, the setting time, the compressive strength and the thermal expansion during the casting. In this study the effect of the production parameters which are included the ratio of quartz and cristobalite, the content of binder, the water powder ratio and the content and concentration of additives on the Properties of the gypsum-bonded investments has been investigated with help of the consistency test, the vicat needle test, the compressive strength test, the thermal expansion test, x-ray diffraction and DTA thermal differential test. The experimental results showed that the constitution of a investment with W/P ratio of 0.34, 30% of gypsum, 0.8% aluminium sulfate, 2% magnesium sulfate, 0.6% sodium phosphate was adapted for the properties of the KDA Spec. No. 13 type I investment. The important experimental results are summarized as follows. 1. The consistency of the investment decreased with increasing amount of aluminium sulfate and decreasing amount of sodium phosphate. An addition of magnesium sulfate up to 2% an increase of the consistency was shown. But 3% magnesium sulfate in investment showed a decrease of the consistency. The consistency did not vary significantly with a variation of the content of gypsum and cristobalite and the W/P ratio. 2. Aluminium sulfate and the magnesium sulfate promoted the hardening and the aluminium phosphate delayed the hardening. The setting time increased with amount of gypsum. The effect of the matrix on the setting time was insignificant. With the W/P ratio of 0.34 the setting time was 14 min. 3. The compressive strength decreased with the amount of aluminium sulfate up to 0.25% and increased with the amount of aluminium sulfate greater than 3%. The compressive strength decreased as decreasing the amount of magnesium sulfate and gypsum and as increasing the W/P ratio. The effect of the refractory on the compressive strength was also not significant. With the W/P ratio of 0.34 the compressive strength was $34Kg/mm^2$. 4. The 1st thermal expansion was found at the temperature near and the steady state or the contraction stage was found at the temperature between $250^{\circ}C$ and $500^{\circ}C$. After this stage the 2nd thermal expansion took place at the temperature near $500^{\circ}C$. The amount of thermal expansion increased with decreasing the content of magnesium sulfate, aluminium sulfate and gypsum and the W/P ratio. And the amount of thermal expansion increased as the content of sodium phosphate and cristobalite. With the W/P ratio of 0.34 the amount of total expansion was 1.2%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.188-196
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to characterize the litter sizes in Huanghuai goats with high prolificacy (HP, five or more kids born per litter on at least one occasion), and to compare their peripheral blood concentrations of progesterone and estradiol with those of goats with poor prolificacy (PP, up to three kids born per litter on any occasion). The circulating concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay from daily blood samples taken during natural estrus cycles and at 1-5 days after ovariectomy. Estrus was synchronized using two doses of a prostaglandin analog. Litter size for the HP goats increased up to a parity of five and decreased thereafter. The percentage of goats with litter sizes of $\geq$4 from parities 3 to 6 ranged from 44.5% to 58.3%. Although small differences in litter size were obtained for goats of parities three, four and six relative to five, parity five does had the highest mean litter size. Progesterone concentrations began to rise earlier and were higher in the HP than in the PP goats on most days of the luteal phase, but not during the follicular phase of the cycle or after ovariectomy. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05) in the magnitude of the progesterone plateau. Mean estradiol concentrations in the HP group remained significantly higher than in the PP group (p<0.05) during the estrus cycle. There were two estradiol peaks in the HP goats during the early luteal phase, but only one in the PP group. Measurements of individual corpora lutea (CL) in vitro showed that there was a greater prevalence of small CL (<6 mm in diameter) in the HP group than in the PP group (p<0.05). After ovariectomy, the estradiol level on day 1 was significantly higher than at the nadir during the estrus cycle in both the HP (p<0.01) and PP (p<0.05) goats, while levels decreased by 12.3% and 26.2% respectively compared with the mid-luteal period in HP and PP goats (p<0.05). The overall mean estradiol concentrations in HP goats were lower than in the PP group, but no significant differences were found between groups at 1-5 days after ovariectomy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1632-1638
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• 2010

Two experiments with growing pigs were conducted to investigate the effects of two distinct multienzyme preparations on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and blood profiles. In Exp. 1, a total of 96 pigs ($29.7{\pm}0.69\;kg$) were utilized in a 42-day performance and digestibility trial using four dietary treatments: CON (control diet), ENDO (control+0.10% Endopower), NSPase1 (control+0.10% NSPase) and NSPase2 (control+0.20% NSPase). Endopower was a commercial multienzyme preparation which contained ${\alpha}$-galactosidase, galactomannase, xylanase and ${\beta}$-glucanase. NSPase mainly contained ${\alpha}$-1,6-${\beta}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-1,4-mannanase and ${\beta}$-1,4-mannosidase. There were six replication pens per treatment with four pigs per pen. Pigs fed NSPase1 diet had a higher ADG (p<0.05) and G:F (p<0.05) than those fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in growth performance among the multienzyme treatments (p>0.05). Compared with CON, apparent digestibility of DM was increased (p<0.05) by ENDO treatment. N digestibility was improved (p<0.05) in response to multienzyme treatments during the experimental period. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was higher (p<0.05) in ENDO treatment than in CON and NSPase1 treatments at the end of the experiment, while the glucose level improved (p<0.05) due to ENDO and NSPase2 treatments. In Exp. 2, four ileal-cannulated, growing barrows ($20.17{\pm}1.31\;kg$) were housed in individual metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1of 4 treatments (same as Exp. 1) within a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Enzyme supplementations improved the majority of apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities (p<0.05). It is concluded that the supplementation of NSPase1 improved growth performance as well as N digestibility and partially improved apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in growing pigs fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.226-233
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• 2010

Different dietary cereal sources and fat types in the lactation diet were evaluated to investigate their effects on reproductive performance, milk composition, blood metabolites and hormones in multiparous sows. Twenty-four sows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments according to a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates comprising 1 sow. Two cereal (corn or wheat) and two fat (tallow or soybean oil) sources were used to prepare iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets. Sows fed corn-based diets lost less body weight (p = 0.003) and backfat thickness (p = 0.034), consumed more feed (p = 0.032) and had shorter wean-to-estrus interval (p = 0.016) than sows fed wheat-based diets. Fewer piglets and lower body weight of piglets (p<0.05) at weaning were noted in sows fed wheat-based diets than in sows fed corn-based diets. However, no significant effects (p>0.05) of dietary fat source and its interaction with dietary cereal source on sow body condition and reproductive performance were observed during lactation. Feeding of a corn-based diet improved (p<0.05) sow milk total solid, protein and fat, increased blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.032) and triglyceride (p = 0.018), and decreased blood creatinine (p = 0.011) concentration at weaning when compared with sows fed wheatbased diets. Sows fed corn-based diets had higher concentration of insulin (p = 0.048) and LH (p<0.05) at weaning than sows fed wheatbased diets. The results indicate that feeding corn-based diets to lactating sows improved sow body condition and reproductive performance compared with wheat-based diets regardless of fat sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.838-844
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true amino acids digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in China. Twenty five sources of corn DDGS was collected from 8 provinces of China. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine TMEn and amino acids digestibility with 35 adult cecectomized roosters, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (30 g). The average content of ash, crude protein, total amino acid, ether extract, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were 4.81, 27.91, 22.51, 15.22, 6.35 and 37.58%, respectively. TMEn of DDGS ranged from 1,779 to 3,071 kcal/kg and averaged 2,517 kcal/kg. Coefficient of variation for non-amino acid crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and TMEn were 55.0, 15.7, 15.9 and 17.1%, respectively. The average true amino acid digestibility was 77.32%. Stepwise regression analysis obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = -2,995.6+0.88${\times}$gross energy+$49.63{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 248.8; RMSE = 190.8; p<0.01). Removing gross energy from the model obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = 57.88${\times}$ether extracts+$87.62{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 254.3, RMSE = 223.5; p<0.01). No correlation was found between color scores and lysine true digestibility (p>0.05). These results suggest that corn DDGS produced in China has a large variation in chemical composition, and gross energy and $a^*$ value can be used to generate TMEn predict equation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.598-602
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• 2004

The Tongcheng pig breed is a famous Chinese indigenous breed. The Ministry of Agriculture of China has filed it as 1 of 19 national key conservation breeds selected from more than 100 Chinese indigenous pig breeds in 2000. In order to improve the reproductive performance, it has been intensively selected to increase the litter size for about 10 years. The population randomly sampled from conservation nucleus of eight families in the Tongcheng pigs was genotyped for identification of their estrogen receptor locus polymorphisms with the PCR-RFLPs method. Only AB heterozygotes and BB homozygotes were detected, and $X^2$ test demonstrated that the locus was in disequilibrium at a significant level (p<0.05). In the present paper, the litter sizes in different parities were regarded as different traits. Holistic status of other unspecific and unidentified genes was estimated by using the statistical methods. Coefficients of kurtosis and skewness showed that the litter size still presented segregating characteristic in the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th parities. Analysis of homogeneity of variance between families confirmed the results for the 5th, 7th and 8th parities. The heritability of litter size for the 1st to 10th parities was estimated with paternal half-sib model and individual estimated breeding values (EBVs) were evaluated by a single trait animal model as well. We found that the averages of EBVs for litter size in each parity did not differ significantly between genotypes, despite the significant difference for original phenotype records in the 3rd, 4th and 5th parities (p<0.05 or p<0.01). The results may be explained by the deduction that the polymorphisms of ESR locus are no longer the important genetic base of litter size variation when the frequency of allele B accumulated in the experience of selection procedure, and further conferring that there exist special genes associated with litter size in the recent Tongcheng pigs population can be made.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1164-1170
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate performance, breast (thigh) muscle yield, nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical parameters of broilers fed low-protein diets supplemented with various threonine to lysine ratios (Thr/Lys). Three hundred and twenty four day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and nine broilers per replicate. Six treatments included one control diet [formulated according to NRC (1994)], and five experimental diets (treatments 1-5). In treatments 1-5, the crude protein level was 2% lower than that of the NRC control diet. The Thr/Lys in treatments 1-5 was 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80 and 0.85 during the starter and grower phases and 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 during the finisher phase with other nutrient levels kept consistent. The results showed that: (1) With increasing Thr/Lys, ADG of treatments 1, 3 and 4 were lower (p<0.05) than those of the NRC control diet during the starter phase; ADG of treatments 1-5 were lower (p<0.05) than those of the NRC control during the grower phase, and ADG of treatment 1 was lower (p<0.05) than that of the NRC control during the finisher phase. Average daily feed intake in treatments 1 and 4 were lower (p<0.05) than that of broilers on the NRC control diet during the grower phase. Feed/gain (F/G) of the NRC control diet was lowest (p<0.05) during the starter phase. F/G in treatments 2 and 5 were higher (p<0.05) than that of NRC during the grower phase. (2) Breast muscle proportion on d 21 increased linearly (p<0.05) in response to graded levels of Thr/Lys. (3) No differences were detected for dry matter, energy and crude protein digestibility among all seven treatments. (4) On d 21, serum triglyceride of broilers on dietary treatments 3 and 5 was higher (p<0.05) than that of broilers in control. The results indicate that the low-protein diets supplemented with an appropriate Thr/Lys could not support the same performance that was achieved by the broilers fed the NRC control diet.