• 공업화학
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 온도가 큰 폭으로 변화하는 배기가스에 대응하기 위하여 플라즈마 촉매 공정을 이용하여 넓은 온도범위($150{\sim}500^{\circ}C$)에서 질소산화물($NO_x$)의 전환효율을 향상시키고자 하였다. 촉매 자체의 활성이 높은 고온에서는 $NO_x$저감이 효과적으로 일어나므로 고온 영역에서는 플라즈마 발생을 중지한 채 운전하고, 저온영역에서는 촉매상에 플라즈마를 발생시켜 $NO_x$ 전환효율을 증가시켰다. 촉매의 종류, 반응온도, 환원제(n-헵테인)의 농도 및 에너지 밀도의 변화가 $NO_x$ 전환효율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 다양한 촉매를 비교분석한 결과, 고온에서 촉매에 의한 $NO_x$ 전환효율은 $Ag-Zn/{\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ 촉매의 경우가 90% 이상으로 가장 우수하였다. 저온 영역에서는 탄화수소 선택적 환원 공정에 의해 $NO_x$가 거의 제거되지 않았으나, 플라즈마를 촉매상에서 발생시킬 경우 약 90%의 높은 $NO_x$ 전환효율을 나타내었다. 배기가스의 온도변화에 대응하여 플라즈마를 촉매상에 생성시켜 운전할 경우 $150{\sim}500^{\circ}C$에서 $NO_x$ 전환효율을 높게 유지할 수 있다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2013

In this study we designed a lean $NO_x$ trap (LNT) model with $GT-POWER^{TM}$ program and then the LNT model was compared to the bench flow reactor test results. This model consists of 9 kinetic reactions to represent the main steps of NO oxidation, $NO_x$ adsorption, $NO_x$ release and then its reduction. The comparison was performed on the operating conditions at the space velocity of 50,000 1/hr and 80,000 1/hr with the temperature range of $200^{\circ}C{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ with the even spaced temperature step of $50^{\circ}C$. The experimental results show that the $NO_x$ conversion efficiency was enhanced by the temperature up to $350^{\circ}C$ and then decayed at higher temperatures. The LNT model predicts the similar trend of the $NO_x$ conversion efficiency to the experimental results below $350^{\circ}C$, but overestimates above $350^{\circ}C$. This overestimation comes from the higher reduction efficiency which was obtained by the different reduction gas composition such as $C_3H_6$ in the model to replace $CH_4$, $C_2H_4$ in the bench test.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회B
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• pp.2874-2879
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• 2008

The Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system is a highly-effective device of $NO_x$ reduction for diesel engines. Generally, the ammonia($NH_3$) generated from a liquid urea-water solution is used for the reductant. The ideal ratio of $NH_3$ molecules to $NO_x$ molecules is 1:1 based on $NH_3$ consumption and having $NH_3$ available for reaction of all of the exhaust $NO_x$. However, under the too low and too high temperature condition, the $NO_x$ reduction efficiency becomes lower, due to temperature window. And space velocity also affects to $NO_x$ conversion efficiency. This paper reviews a laboratory study to evaluate the effects of $NO_x$ and $NH_3$ concentrations, gas temperature and space velocity on the $NO_x$ conversion efficiency of the SCR system. The maximum conversion efficiency of $NO_x$ was indicated when the $NH_3$ to $NO_x$ ratio was 1.2 and the space velocity was $60,000\;h^{-1}$. The results of this paper contribute to improve overall $NO_x$ reduction efficiency and $NH_3$ slip.

• 공업화학
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2016

플라즈마와 선택적 촉매환원법이 결합된 복합공정을 이용하여 저온에서의 질소산화물($NO_x$) 저감에 대해 조사하였다. 플라즈마와 촉매가 직접 상호작용을 할 수 있도록 촉매 충진층에서 플라즈마가 생성되도록 하였다. 반응온도, 촉매의 형태, 환원제인 n-헵테인의 농도, 산소함량, 수분함량 및 에너지밀도의 변화가 $NO_x$ 전환효율에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 반응온도 $250^{\circ}C$, 에너지밀도 $42J\;L^{-1}$ 조건에서, 복합공정의 $NO_x$ 전환효율은 선형의 Ag 촉매($Ag\;(nanowire)/{\gamma}-Al_2O_3$)와 구형의 Ag 촉매($Ag\;(sphere)/{\gamma}-Al_2O_3$)를 사용한 경우에 각각 83%와 69%로 나타났으며, 플라즈마를 결합하지 않았을 때는 같은 조건에서 선형의 Ag 촉매를 사용해도 약 30%의 낮은 $NO_x$ 전환효율을 보였다. 플라즈마에 의한 촉매의 성능 향상은 플라즈마의 산화작용에 의해 NO가 반응성이 우수한 $NO_2$로 전환되고, n-헵테인이 부분 산화되어 환원력이 우수한 중간생성물을 발생시켜 선택적 환원반응을 촉진시켰기 때문이다. 에너지밀도의 증가에 따라 $NO_x$ 전환효율이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, n-헵테인의 농도를 증가시킬수록 $NO_x$ 전환효율이 높아졌으나 $C_1/NO_x$ 비가 5 이상이 되면 더 이상 $NO_x$ 전환효율이 증가되지는 않았다. 수분은 $NO_x$와 경쟁흡착 관계에 있으므로 $NO_x$ 전환효율에 큰 영향을 미치며, 수분함량이 높을 경우 $NO_x$ 전환효율이 감소하는 현상을 보였다. 산소농도가 3~15%로 증가할수록 $NO_2$ 및 부분 산화 탄화수소의 생성 촉진으로 $NO_x$ 전환효율이 향상되었으며, 특히 낮은 에너지 밀도에서 $NO_x$ 전환효율 차이가 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2015

Experimental research shows that the nitric oxides ($NO_X$) concentration track at the outlet of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst with a transient variation of Adblue dosage has a time delay and it features a characteristic of resistance-capacitance (RC). The phenomenon brings obstacles to get the simultaneously $NO_X$ expected to be reduced and equi-molar ammonia available to SCR reaction, which finally inhibits $NO_X$ conversion efficiency. Generally, engine loads change frequently, which triggers a rapid changing of Adblue dosage, and it aggravates the air quality that are caused by $NO_X$ emission and ammonia slip. In order to increase the conversion efficiency of $NO_X$ and avoid secondary pollution, the paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the SCR system and tells readers the key factors that affect time delay and RC characteristics. Accordingly, a map of time delay is established and a solution method for time constant and proportional constant is carried out. Finally, the paper accurately describes the input-output state relation of SCR system by using "variable RC model with time delay". The model can be used for a real-time correction of Adblue dosage, which can increase the conversion efficiency of $NO_X$ in SCR system and avoid secondary pollution forming. Obviously, the results of the work discover an avenue for the SCR control strategy.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2008

Diesel $NO_x$ reduction by $NH_3$-SCR in conjunction with the effective oxidation precatalyst was analytically investigated. Physicochemical processes in regard to $NH_3$-SCR $NO_x$ reduction and catalytic NO-$NO_2$ conversion are formulated with detailed descriptions on the commanding reactions. A unified model is correctly validated with experimental data in terms of extents of $NO_x$ reduction by SCR and NO-$NO_2$ conversion by DOC. The present deterministic model based on the rate expressions of Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction scheme finds a conversion extent directly. A series of numerical experiments concomitant with parametric analysis of the $NO_x$ reduction was conducted. $NO_x$ reduction is promoted in proportion to DOC volume ar lower temperatures and an opposite holds at lower space velocity and intermediate temperatures. $NO_x$ conversion is weakly correlated to the space velocity and the DOC volume at higher exhaust temperature. In DOC-SCR system, the $NO_x$ reduction efficiency depends on the $NH_3/NO_x$ ratio.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2010

As the environmental regulation of vehicle emission is strengthened, investigations for $NO_x$ and PM reduction strategies are popularly conducted. Two current available technologies for continuous $NO_x$ reduction onboard diesel vehicles are Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using aqueous urea and lean $NO_x$ trap (LNT) catalysts. The experiments were conducted to investigate the $NO_x$ reduction performance of SCR system which can control the ratio of $NO/NO_2$, temperature and SV(space velocity), and the model gas was used which is similar to a diesel exhaust gas. The maximum reduction efficiency is indicated when the $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1 and the SV is 30,000 $h^{-1}$ in $300^{\circ}C$. Generally, ammonia slip from SCR reactors are rooted to incomplete conversion of $NH_3$ over the SCR. In this research, slip was occurred in 6cases (except low SV and $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1) after SCR. Among 6 case of slip occurrence, the maximum conversion efficiency is observed when SV is 60,000 $h^{-1}$ in $400^{\circ}C$.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of SCR reactor on the exhaust emissions characteristics in order to develop a urea-SCR aftertreatment system for reducing $NO_x$ emissions. The experiments are conducted by using a flue tube LPG steam boiler with the urea-SCR aftertreatment system. The urea-SCR aftertreatment system utilizes the ammonia converted from 17% aqueous urea solution injected in front of SCR catalyst as a reducing agent for reducing $NO_x$ emissions. The equivalence ratio, urea injection amount, ammonia slip and $NO_x$ conversion efficiency relative to boiler load are applied to discuss the experimental results. In this experiment, the average equivalence ratio is calculated by changing only the fuel consumption rate while the intake air amount is constantly fixed at $25,957.11cm^3/sec$. The average equivalence ratios are 1.38, 1.11, 0.81 and 0.57 when boiler loads are 100, 80, 60 and 40%. The $NO_x$ conversion efficiency is raised with increasing urea injection amount, and $NH_3$ slip is also boosted at the same time. Consequently, the $NO_x$ conversion efficiency relative to boiler load should be examined in combination with urea injection amount and $NH_3$ slip. The results are calculated by 89, 85, 77 and 79% for the boiler loads of 100, 80, 60 and 40%. The appropriate amount of urea injection for the respective boiler load can be not discussed by only $NO_x$ emissions, and should be determined by considering the $NO_x$ conversion efficiency, $NH_3$ slip and reactive activation temperature simultaneously. In this study, the urea amounts of 230, 235, 233 and 231 mg/min are injected at the boiler loads of 100, 80, 60 and 40%, and the final $NH_3$ slips are measured by 8.48, 5.58, 11.97 and 11.34 ppm at the same conditions. THC emission is affected by the SCR reactor under other experimental conditions except 100% engine load, and CO emission at only 40% engine load. The rest of exhaust emissions are not affected by the SCR reactor under all experimental conditions.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제18권
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• pp.249-258
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• 1998

In this paper, we investigated the post-combustion removal of nitrogen oxide($NO_x$) and sulfur oxide($SO_x$) which is based on the gas to particle conversion process by the pulsed corona discharge. Under normal pressure, the pulsed corona discharge produces the energetic free electrons which dissociate gas molecules to form the active radicals. These radicals cause the chemical reactions that convert $SO_x$ and $NO_x$ into acid mists and these mists react with $NH_3$ to form solid particles. Those particles can be removed from the gas stream by conventional devices such as electrostatic precipitator or bag filter. The reactor geometry was coaxial with an inner wire discharge electrode and an outer ground electrode wrapped on a glass tube. The simulated flue gas with $SO_x$ and $NO_x$ was used in the experiment. The corona discharge reactor was more efficient in removing $SO_x$ and $NO_x$ by adding $NH_3$ and $H_2O$ in the gas stream. We also measured the removal efficiency of $SO_x$ and $NO_x$ in a cylinder type corona discharge reactor and obtained more than 90 % of removal efficiency in these experimental conditions. The effects of process variables such as the inlet concentrations of $SO_x$, $NH_3$ and $H_2O$, residence time, pulse frequencies and applied voltages were investigated.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2016

This study was carried out to determine an optimal lean $NO_x$ trap (LNT) regeneration condition based on a $NO_x$ storage fraction. The LNT regeneration was performed by an in-cylinder post fuel injection method. A $NO_x$ storage fraction is defined by the ratio of current cumulated $NO_x$ amount in the LNT to the $NO_x$ storage capacity: 0 means empty and 1 fully loaded. In this study five engine operating conditions were chosen to represent the New European Driving Cycle. With various $NO_x$ storage fractions each engine operating condition, the LNT regeneration was executed and then $NO_x$ conversion efficiency, additional fuel consumption, CO and THC slip, peak catalyst temperature were measured. The results showed that there exist an optimal condition to regenerate the LNT, eg. 1500 rpm 6 bar BMEP with below 0.7 $NO_x$ storage fraction in this experimental constraint.