• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 2016

This study is to evaluate the performance of draw solutions in the water reuse of sewage discharge water using fertilizer drawn forward osmosis. Feed water used in all experiments was the effluent from secondary sedimentation tank in activated sludge process. Considering osmotic pressure, solubility, and pH, $NH_4H_2PO_4$, KCl, $KNO_3$, $NH_4Cl$, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$, $NH_4NO_3$, $NH_4HCO_3$, and $KHCO_3$ were screened from a comprehensive lists of fertilizer. Their performances were evaluated in terms of water permeate flux and reverse solute flux. KCl showed the highest average water flux followed by $NH_4Cl$, $NH_4NO_3$, $KNO_3$, $KHCO_3$, $NH_4HCO_3$, $NH_4H_2PO_4$, and $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$. Using KCl as draw solution, the average water permeate flux was 13.49 LMH. There was no big difference in osmotic pressure between the effluent from secondary sedimentation tank and deionized water. $NH_4H_2PO_4$ showed the lowest reverse solute flux followed by $NH_4Cl$, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$, $KNO_3$, $NH_4HCO_3$, and $NH_4NO_3$. Using $NH_4H_2PO_4$ as draw solution, the reverse solute flux was $4.96{\times}10^{-3}mmol/m^2{\cdot}sec$.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.135-139
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• 2004

The layered organic-inorganic hybrid compounds($C_6H_5CH_2NH_3)_2CuCl_4$ and ($NH_3C_6/H_4C_2H_4_6/H_4NH_3)CuCl_4$ have been directly synthesized. From the X-ray diffraction data and the organic guest size, the orientation of the intercalated organic amine was determined. The inorganic sheets consist of $CuCl_4^{2-}$layers of comer-sharing octahedra copper chloride. The protonated organic amine was intercalated into the $CuCl_4^{2-}$layers with bilayer structure for ($C_6H_5CH_2NH_3)_2CuCl_4$ and monolayer structure for ($NH_3C_6/H_4C_2H_4_6/H_4NH_3)CuCl_4$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 1993

Theoretical prediction of the equilibrium of temperature and relative humidity dependance involving $HNO_{3(g)}-NH_{3(g)}$ and $NH_4NH_{3(s, aq)}$ was compared with atmospheric measurement of particulate nitrate$(NO_3^-)$, Ammonia-Nitric Acid partial pressure product $([$NH_{3(g)}][HNO_{3(g)}]ppb^2$) by a triple filter pack sampler from Oct 1991 to July 1992. The measured $HNO_3NH_3$ concentration product K was greater than equilibrium constant $K_p$ calculated from thermodynamic data of $NH_4NO_{3(s, aq)}-HNO_{3(g)}-NH_{3(g)}$ during fall, winter and spring. But K was lower than $K_p$ in summer. K was greater than $K_p$ as the result of supersaturation by air pollution, particularly anthropogenic $NH_3$.The reason of $K < K_p$ was due to removal of particulate nitrate$(NO_3^-)$ by rainout and washout. $NH_4NO_3$ which consists mainly of particulate nitrate is formed by reaction between $HNO_3$ and $NH_3$. As a result of the removal of particulate nitrate$(NO_3^-)$ by rainout and washout, concentrations of $HNO_3$ and $NH_3$ are decreased by equilibrium transfer(Le Chatelier's Law) in atmosphere.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ on pH stabilization in deep flow culture system using tap water, and to determine the optimum range of NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ in culture solution. The pH of tap water is 7.5. The higher the concentration of NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ was, the more the pH of nutrient solution was decreased. In NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ 4/3-5/3 me/$\ell$, the pH of nutrient solution was 6-7.5 during the experiment. The highest brix(%) was obtained in NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ 5/3-6/3 me/$\ell$. Leaf length, leaf width and stem-base diameter were highest in NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ 2/3 me/$\ell$. The L and b＊ values were highest and the a＊ value was lowest in NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ 8/3 me/$\ell$. Toxicity symptom of ammonium appeared in NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ 8/3 me/$\ell$. It suggests that there was the relationship between leaf color and growth condition. It was concluded that NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ 2/3 me/$\ell$ was good before harvest stage and NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$ 5/3-6/3 me/$\ell$ at harvest stage.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 1996

Crisphead lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in NFT to investigate the effects of NO$_3$-N and NH$_4$-N ratio in nutrient solution and elevated $CO_2$ treatment in the crisphead lettuce growth. This experiment has been conducted under three different ratios of NO$_3$-N:NH$_4$-N(100:0, 75:25, 50:50) with two $CO_2$ concentration (control, 1500ppm ). The results are as follows; 1. In the case of not controlling pH and EC in nutrient solution, pH was gradually increased in NO$_3$-N:NH$_4$-N=100:0 treatment but rapidly decreased in the nutrient solution 2. Daily changes of NO$_3$-N and NH$_4$-N were observed without controlling the nutrient solution. In the treatments of NO$_3$-N:NH$_4$-N ratios were 75:25 and 50:50, NO$_3$-N absorption rates were 27.7% and 26.1%, while NH$_4$-N absorption rates were 87.9% and 71.2%, respectively. 3. There was little differences in total nitrogen of leaves. However phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents were highly shown in the treatment of $CO_2$ 1500ppm and 100:0 ratio of NO$_3$-N:NH$_4$-N. 4. Higher $CO_2$ assimilation rate was shown in plants grown under $CO_2$ 1500ppm and 100:0 ratio of NO$_3$-N:NH$_4$-N. It dropped significantly with the increase of NH$_4$- N rates in nutrient solution. 5. Fresh weight, leaf number, root length and root weight of crisphead lettuce were far better in the treatment of $CO_2$ 1500ppm and 100:0 ratio of NO$_3$-N:NH$_4$-N. Growth differences by $CO_2$ elevation were not shown in other NO$_3$-N:NH$_4$-N treatments. 6. The highest nitrate contents of leaves were shown in NO$_3$-N single treatment but shown the lowest vitamin C contents. Nitrate contents of leaves were decreased by $CO_2$ but the effect was slight treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.736-745
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• 2016

This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various pre-planting $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios on the growth of plug seedlings of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage. With fixation of the pre-planting N concentrations to $300mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in a peatmoss+coir dust+perlite (3.5:3.5:3, v/v/v) medium, the $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios were varied to 0:100, 27:73, 50:50, 73:27, 100:0. Then, the each of root media containing various ratios of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ as well as equal concentrations of other essential nutrients was packed into 72-cell plug trays. After seeds of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage were sown, the seedling growths were measured 2 and 4 weeks after sowing. The weekly analysis of root media and end-crop tissue analysis for mineral nutrients 4 weeks after seed sowing were also conducted. As the seedlings grew up, the pH of the root media increased, however ECs in all treatments of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios decreased. The concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in root media were higher in the treatments of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (100:0) and $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (73:27) than those of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (0:100) and $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (27:73) 2 weeks after seed sowing. But the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Zn were get lowered in all treatments and the differences among treatments were not significant 4 weeks after sowing. The highest $NH_4{^+}$ and lowest $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations of the root media were observed in the $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (100:0) among all treatments. Contrary to these, the treatment of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (0:100) had the lowest $NH_4{^+}$ and highest $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations. The seedling growth in terms of fresh and dry weights of aerial part were the highest in the treatment of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (23:73) at 2 weeks after sowing and those of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (50:50) at 4 weeks after sowing. The survival rate of seedlings in $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (100:0) treatment were 19% and the growth of aerial part 4 weeks after sowing was the poorest among all treatments tested. The results mentioned above indicate that the pre-planting $NH_4{^+}$ ratio in inert media should not exceed 25% in plug stage 1 through 3 (until 2 true leaf development) and 50% in plug stage 4 (after 2 true leaves to transplant).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2009

The experiment has investigated the effects of growth, yield, fruit quality and cation absorption of strawberry 'Akihime' in different $NO_3-N:NH_4-N$ ratio in nutrient solution. $NO_3-N:NH_4-N$ ratios were 5.5:0, 4.0:1.5 and $3.0:2.5me{\cdot}L^{-1}$. As the ratio of $NH_4-N$ increased, pH was decreased by $5.0{\sim}6.0$ and EC sustained $0.8{\sim}1.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ during experiment. Though in high $NH_4-N$ ratio of $3.0:2.5me{\cdot}L^{-1}$, the absorption of cations(K, Ca and Mg) was not inhibited. Treatment in contained $NH_4-N$ showed a tendency of increasing of petiole length and leaf width. The fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight and soluble solids were not significantly different. Yield per plant was lowest in $4.0:1.5\;me{\cdot}L^{-1}$, of $NO_3-N:NH_4-N$ ratio. Malformation fruit has not shown during the whole growth period.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.198-203
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• 1992

Theoretical predictions of the atmospheric equilibrium involving $HNO_3, NH_3 and NH_4NO_3$ were compared with atmospheric measurements of particulate nitrate$(NO_3^-)$, $HNO_3$ and $NH_3$ concentration by triple filter pack sampler and Andersen air sampler in Seoul from 8th to 11th Oct 1991. The measured $HNO_3-NH_3$ concentration product K was higher than equilibrium costant Kc calculated from thermodynamic data of $HN_4NO_{3(s)} -HNO_{3(g)} -NH_{3(g)}$. The cause of K is greater than Kc was the result of air pollution, partcicularly anthropogenic $NH_3$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.394-394
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• 2010

Ammonium ion (${NH_4}^+$) was suggested as the origin of interstellar $6.85\;{\mu}m$ band. Early study, in which organic molecule and water ice film mixtures were photolyzed so that organic acids could be produced, explained the generation of ${NH_4}^+$ from the reaction of photogenerated organic acid and ammonia ($NH_3$). However, the observed abundance of organic acids or their counter-anions are not so high in interstellar ice and not enough to protonate $NH_3$ into ${NH_4}^+$ in the observed level. Because of the shortage in photogenerated organic acids, the candidate of acid which protonates $NH_3$ should be modified. Here, we prepare $NH_3/H_2O$ binary mixtures and photolyze them with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, peak at 10.6 and 10.0 eV). We find the ammonium ion (${NH_4}^+$) from photolyzed mixture by using low energy sputtering (LES) and reflection absorption IR spectroscopy (RAIRS). As a hydronium ($H_3O^+$) can be produced by UV irradiation and protonate bases, ${NH_4}^+$ may be formed from the reaction of photogenerated $H_3O^+$ and $NH_3$. We show the generation of ${NH_4}^+$ without any kind of organic molecules or acids, and it may explain the relatively high abundance of ${NH_4}^+$ compared to the counter-anions or organic acids in interstellar ice.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2019

In order to reuse and concentrate the sewage, a forward osmosis using fertilizer as draw solution was applied. Sewage-1, which is the supernatant after settling for 30 minutes for the primary settling basin influent, and Sewage-2, which is the supernatant after settling for 30 minutes for the effluent, and Sewage-3, which is the filtrate filtered through a $1{\mu}m$ cartridge filter for the effluent were tested. Eight draw solutions of $NH_4H_2PO_4$, KCl, $KNO_3$, $NH_4Cl$, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$, $NH_4NO_3$, $NH_4HCO_3$, and $KHCO_3$ were used in consideration of osmotic pressure, solubility and pH. In the case of Sewage-3, the permeate flux was almost similar to that of the discharge water of the sewage treatment plant, and was larger than that of Sewage-1 and Sewage-2. $NH_4H_2PO_4$ was the smallest, and $NH_4NO_3$ was the largest in the specific reverse solute flux. $NH_4H_2PO_4$ was found to be most useful for the reuse and concentration of sewage because it contains nitrogen and phosphorus, which are the major components of fertilizer, as well as low specific reverse solute flux. When $NH_4H_2PO_4$ was used as the draw solution, the concentration factor after 24 hours for Sewage-3 was 1.72.