• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.559-566
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• 2011

The effects of pH and temperature on degradation of anthocyanin in purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivars(Mokpo No.62, Borami, Jami, Sinjami and Ayamurasaki) were determined at pH ranges of 1 to 5 and temperature ranges of 20 to $80^{\circ}C$. The anthocyanin contents of five sweet potato varieties were 3.9, 3.8, 4.7, 4.1, 4.2 mg/g of dried sweet potato, respectively. Degradations of anthocyanins at different pHs and temperatures followed the first-order reaction. Our results clearly showed that the anthocyanin stability of purple-fleshed sweet potato was dependent on the source of the sweet potato cultivars. Anthocyanin obtained from Borami showed the highest stability. The half-life of antocyanin degradation of purple sweet potato cultivars(Mokpo No.62, Borami, Jami, Sinjami and Ayamurasaki) at pH 3 were 22.2, 28.3, 26.3, 23.4, 22.7 days at $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. A significant decrease in anthocyanin stability was observed at temperatures above $40^{\circ}C$. Activation energies of purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivars at different temperatures were 54.67, 60.93, 71.73, 59.35, 62.28 kJ/mol, respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 1999

A bacterium having strong fibrinolytic activity, S7-16 strain, was isolated from soil. The isolated bacterium was identified and named as Bacillus sp. S7-16. The optimal composition of the medium for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme by Bacillus sp. S7-16 was 0.5%(w/v) polypeptone, 0.5%(w/v) yeast extract, 0.3%(w/v) NaCl, 0.1% (w/v) $KH_2PO_4,\;0.3%(w/v)\;K_2PHO_4,\;and\;0.01%(w/v)\;MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$. The optimal temperature and initial pH of the medium for the production of the enzyme were $35^{\circ}C$ and 7.0, respectively. The maximum production of the fibrinolytic enzyme was obtained after 24 hours of the incubation. Under the above conditions, the culture supernatant had strong fibrinolytic activity. Within pH4~11, the crude fibrinolytic enzyme was stable. The enzyme was stable up to $50^{\circ}C$. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were around 7.5 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.371-375
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate geographical distribution patterns of natural habitats, soil properties, and plant species grown with native Boehmeria platanifolia in South Korea. The relative density and coverage of Boehmeria platanifolia were 7.0% and 25.6% respectively. Most Boehmeria platanifolia were growing below 200 m of altitude, and they were rarely found at the higher altitude. Over 80% of Boehmeria platanifolia's habitats were found at below $20^{\circ}$ and their habitats were concentrated at the west and the north face slope rather than the south face slope. Nearly 90% of Boehmeria platanifolia were grown at little and middle light condition's area, and 69.1% of them were natively growing in humid soil in their natural habitats. Soil texture of their habitats were mostly clay loam and the soil pH was 6.2. The contents of soil organic matter was $24\;g\;kg^{?1}$ and $P_2O_5$ was $31\;mg\;kg^{?1}$. Plant species grown with native Boehmeria platanifolia were 60 family, 125 genus and 171 species. Clematis apiifolia showed the highest relative density and coverage among plant species grown with native Boehmeria platanifolia.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.160-169
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of electrolyzed water manufactured with or without diaphragm on sterilization and preservation of cut-celery and shelled raw oyster. In cut-celery, total viable cell count and coliform group in the treatment of electrolyzed water were decreased to about 1/200∼1/1,000 level and about 1/100 level comparing non-treated ones. But moisture content, pH, hardness, vitamin C and residual chlorine content were showed a little difference among treatments up to 10 days at 10$^{\circ}C$. L and a color values were gradually increased in all treatments, and color differences($\Delta$E) were remarkable between treatment and untreatment sample. In overall acceptability, cut-celery treated with electrolyzed water showed somewhat higher score than that of other ones treated with tap water and 100 ppm NaClO solution until 5 days of storage. After 48 hours of storage, it was showed that VBN, total viable cell count and coliform count of shelled raw oyster treated with electrolyzed alkali water produced by non-diaphragm system are lower by about 3 mg%, 1∼2 log cycle and 2 log cycle respectively than that of ones treated with sea water. Total viable cell count of shelled raw oyster just after treatment was lower by about 1 log cycle than that of ones treated with sea water, and any significant increment was not found after 24∼48 hours of storage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1081-1087
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• 2009

In this study, the effects of feeding citrus peel on the nutritional composition of chicken meat were investigated. The samples consisted of chicken meats provided with only feed for laying hens without citrus peel (CP-0), and chicken meats fed with 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% citrus peel during the starter (initial period feed; 1${\sim}$9th day), the grower (middle period feed; 10${\sim}$24th day), and the finisher (latter period feed; 25${\sim}$36th day), respectively. There was no significant difference between CP-0 and CP-1 regardless of feeding citrus peel in terms of chicken's moisture, protein, fat, ash or caloric content. The cholesterol content was significantly lower in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05). The K P and Ca contents were significantly higher in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences between CP-0 and CP-1, regardless of feeding citrus peet in terms of chicken meat's Na and Mg. There were no significant differences between CP-o and CP-1 regardless of feeding citrus peet in terms of chicken meat's vitamin A, xanthophyll, ${\beta}$-carotene, hesperidin or naringin, but vitamins $B_1$ and $B_2$ were significantly higher in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between CP-0 and CP-1 regardless of feeding citrus peet in terms of chicken meat's amino acid composition - most of free amino acids and fatty acid composition - but L-glutamic acid was significantly higher in the CP-0 chicken meats than in the CP-1 chicken meats, and the DL-${\beta}$-amino isobutyric acid was significantly higher in the CP-1 chicken meats than in the CP-0 chicken meats (p<0.05).

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.352-366
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data to the habitat conservation and management by surveying and analysing the ecological characteristics such as the flora, vegetation structure and soil of Rhodotypos scandens habitat. The flora were summarized as 131 taxa including 57 families, 99 genera, 107 species, 1 subspecies, 17 varieties and 6 forms. The life forms grouped as in the follows; the megaphanerophytes(MM) were 21 taxa, 24 taxa of the microphanerophytes(M), 30 taxa of nanophanerophytes(N), 6 taxa of chamaiphytes(Ch), 20 taxa of hemicryptophytes(H), 17 taxa of geophytes(G), 12 taxa of therophytes(Th) and 1 taxa of hydrophytes(HH). The present conditions of communities were 8 types including Zelkova serrata, Quercus aliena, Ulmus parvifolia, Rhamnella frangulioides, Castanea crenata, Albizia julibrissin, Celtis sinensis and Robinia pseudoacacia. In case of the dominant species by layers, the tree layer species were Zelkova serrata, Quercus aliena, Ulmus parvifolia, Castanea crenata, Albizia julibrissin, Celtis sinensis and Robinia pseudoacacia, and the subtree layer species were Rhamnella frangulioides, Q. aliena, Z. serrata, A. julibrissin, U. parvifolia and Broussonetia kazinoki. The shrub layer species was Rhodotypos scandens. In the results of analyzing the diversity index, $H^{\prime}{_{max}}$ from 1.691 to 2.610, from 2.197 to 3.466 in H'max, from 0.646 to 0.903 in J' and from 0.097 to 0.354 in D. In the results of analysing the soil, there showed that acidity was 5.6, 0.5dS/m of electrical conductivity(EC), 59.1mg/kg of available $P_2O_5$, 49.7% of organic matter content, $0.4cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $K^+$, $13.5cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $3.3cmol^+/kg$ of exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

Non-Alkali multicomponent $La_2O_3-Al_2O_3-SiO_2$ glasses has been designed and analyzed on the basis of a mixture design experiment with constraints. Fitted models for thermal expansion coefficient, glass transition temperature, Young's modulus, Shear modulus and density are as follows: ${\alpha}(/^{\circ}C)=8.41{\times}10^{-8}x_1+5.72{\times}10^{-7}x_2+2.13{\times}10^{-7}x_3+1.09{\times}10^{-7}x_4+1.10{\times}10^{-7}x_5+1.15{\times}10^{-7}x_6+2.72{\times}10^{-8}x_7+2.41{\times}10^{-7}x_8-1.08{\times}10^{-8}x_1x_2+4.28{\times}10^{-8}x_3x_7-2.02{\times}10^{-8}x_3x_8-1.60{\times}10^{-8}x_4x_5-2.71{\times}10^{-9}x_4x_8-2.19{\times}10^{-8}x_5x_6-3.89{\times}10^{-8}x_5x_7$ $T_g(^{\circ}C)=7.36x_1+15.35x_2+20.14x_3+8.97x_4+13.85x_5+4.22x_6+28.21x_7-1.44x_8-0.84x_2x_3-0.45x_2x_5-1.64x_2x_7+0.93x_3x_8-1.04x_5x_8-0.48x_6x_8$ $E(GPa)=2.04x_1+14.26x_2-1.22x_3-0.80x_4-2.26x_5-1.67x_6-1.27x_7+3.63x_8-0.24x_1x_2-0.07x_2x_8+0.14x_3x_6-0.68x_3x_8+0.29x_4x_5+1.28x_5x_8$ $G(GPa)=0.35x_1+1.78x_2+1.35x_3+1.87x_4+9.72x_5+29.16x_6-0.99x_7+3.60x_8-0.48x_1x_6-0.50x_2x_5+0.08x_3x_7-0.66x_3x_8+0.94x_5x_8$ ${\rho}(g/cm^3)=0.09x_1+0.51x_2-4.94{\times}10^{-3}x_3-0.03x_4+0.45x_5-0.07x_6-0.10x_7+0.07x_8-9.60{\times}10^{-3}x_1x_2-8.20{\times}10^{-3}x_1x_5+2.17{\times}10^{-3}x_3x_7-0.03x_3x_8+0.05x_5x_8$ The optimal glass composition similar to the thermal expansion coefficient of Si based on these fitted models is $65.53SiO_2{\cdot}25.00Al_2O_3{\cdot}5.00La_2O_3{\cdot}2.07ZrO_2{\cdot}0.70MgO{\cdot}1.70SrO$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.29 no.2 s.43
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• pp.205-232
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• 2003

Ursolic acid (UA) and Oleanolic acid (ONA), known as urson, micromerol and malol, are pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds which naturally occur in a large number of vegetarian foods, medicinal herbs, and plants. They may occur in their free acid form or as aglycones for triterpenoid saponins, which are comprised of a triterpenoid aglycone, linked to one or more sugar moieties. Therefore UA and ONA are similar in pharmacological activity. Lately scientific research, which led to the identification of UA and ONA, revealed that several pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperlipidemic could be attributed to UA and ONA. Here, we introduced the effect of UA and ONA on acutely barrier disrupted and normal hairless mouse skin. To evaluate the effects of UA and ONA on epidermal permeability barrier recovery, both flanks of 8-12 week-old hairless mice were topically treated with either 0.01-0.1 mg/ml UA or 0.1-1 mg/ml ONA after tape stripping, and TEWL (Transepidermal water loss) was measured . The recovery rate increased in those UA or ONA treated groups (0.1 mg/ml UA and 0.5 mg/ml ONA) at 6 h more than $20\%$ compared to vehicle treated group (p<0.05). Here, we introduced the effects of UA and ONA on acute barrier disruption and normal epidermal permeability barrier function. For verifying the effects of UA and ONA on normal epidermal barrier, hydration and TEWL were measured for 1 and 3 weeks after UA and ONA applications (2mg/ml per day). We also investigated the features of epidermis and dermis using electron microscopy (EM) and light microscopy (LM). Both samples increased hydration compared to vehicle group from f week without TEWL alteration (p<0.005). EM examination using RuO4 and OsO4 fixation revealed that secretion and numbers of lamellar bodies and complete formation of lipid bilayers were most prominent $(ONA{\geq}UA>Vehicle)$. LM finding showed that thickness of stratum corneum (SC) was slightly increased and especially epidermal thickening and flattening was observed (UA>ONA>Veh). We also observed that UA and ONA stimulate epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via $PPAR\;\alpha$. Protein expression of involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin increased at least 2 and 3 fold in HaCaT cells treated with either $ONA\;(10{\mu}M)$ or UA $(10{\mu}M)$ for 24h respectively. This result suggested that the UA and ONA can improve epidermal permeability barrier function and induce the epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via $PPAR\;{\alpha}$. Using Masson-trichrome and elastic fiber staining, we observed collagen thickening and elastic fiber elongation by UA and ONA treatments. In vitro results of collagen and elastin synthesis and elastase inhibitory activity measurements were also confirmed in vivo findings. These data suggested that the effects of UA and ONA related to not only epidermal permeability barrier functions but also dermal collagen and elastic fiber synthesis. Taken together, UA and ONA can be relevant candidates to improve epidermal and dermal functions and pertinent agents for cosmeseutical applications.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 2015

Diabetes has been one of major health risks in industrialized countries. Allium hookeri is a wild herb distributed in India and Myanmar. The root of the plant has been used as food and medicine in Southeast Asia. We investigated Allium hookeri extract improves type 2 diabetes mellitus in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse. C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse arise out of Type 2 diabetes and we treated Allium hookeri methanol extract 400 mg/kg (AH 400), 800 mg/kg (AH 800), positive control group (thiazolidinedine;TZDs) were administered orally for 8weeks. AH treated group normalized lipid enzyme system (triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) and serum glucose, HbA1c and plasma insulin level. AH treated group recovered β-cell damage by hyperglycemia and fatty liver disease. AH treated group significantly up regulated expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase4 (PDK4), Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP 1) and fork head box O1 (FOX 01) proteins in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse liver. And we found that AH treated group decreased hepatic malondialdehyde formation in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse liver. These results indicate that Allium hookeri methanol extract might be a potential anti-diabetic agent and could be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the application level of expeller cake fertilizer(ECF), we have investigated soil chemical properties, leaf mineral contents and yield of tah tasai Chinese cabbage in a plastic film greenhouse. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five levels of fertilizer were applied as 0%(ECF 0), 50%(ECF 50), 75%(ECF 75), 100% (ECF 100) and 150%(ECF 150) by base 1,848 kg/ha of ECF. In 2012, tah tasai Chinese cabbage was planted on April 28 in a silt loam soil and harvested on July 12. Commercial yields were measured 10 times from May 10 to July 12. Electrical conductivity (2.24~3.09 dS/m), available $P_2O_5$(484~581 mg/kg) and exchangeable cations($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$) were tended to increase by the application of ECF. However, the range of those was not significant. The contents of T-N, K, Ca and P of tah tasai Chinese cabbage leaves were 62.2~66.5 g/kg, 44.3~48.7 g/kg, 5.1~5.9 g/kg and 5.6~6.2 g/kg, respectively. The nitrogen utilization rate of tah tasai Chinese cabbage was 39.4~51.6%, and it was decreased with increased application amount of ECF. The yield of tah tasai Chinese cabbage was 9,806 to 12,730 kg/ha on the basis of application amount of ECF and it was not increased in spite of increased ECF. CONCLUSION: The optimum dose of application of ECF for cultivation of tah tasai Chinese cabbage was ranged from 924 kg/ha(as ECF 50) to 1,386 kg/ha(as ECF 75). Environment-friendly and economical amount of applied fertilizer is more important than yield for cultivation of tah tasai Chinese cabbage.