• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.773-782
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• 2002

목 적 : 기존의 진단기준을 모두 만족시키지 못하는 비정형적인 가와사끼병이 실제로 1세 미만에서 더 흔히 발생하는지 및 가와사끼병의 심혈관 합병증의 위험인자로 기존에 언급된 바 있는 1세 미만에 발병한 가와사끼병 환아에 있어서 1세 이상 가와사끼병 환아와 비교하여 급성기의 임상양상, 검사실 소견, 관상동맥 병변의 빈도에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고, 이들 비교 분석을 통해 가와사끼병의 발병연령에 따른 좀더 합리적인 진단기준 설정 및 조기치료의 필요성이 있는지에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 1997년 4월부터 2001년 5월까지 49개월간 중앙대학교 용산병원 및 필동병원 소아과에 가와사끼병으로 입원하였던 환아 70례를 대상으로 발병연령이 1세 미만인 환아 17례와 1세 이상인 53례로 나누어 성별, 급성기 임상양상, 입원시 검사실 소견, 급성기, 아급성기 및 회복기의 심초음파 검사 소견 등에 대해 입원 기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 총 70례의 환아 중 1세 미만 환아는 24.3%를 차지하였고 발병연령은 최소 2개월에서 최대 8세였으며(평균연령 26.5개월) 전체 대상아의 남녀비는 1.3 : 1였고 1세 미만군의 남녀비는 3.3 : 1 및 1세 이상군의 남녀비는 1.0 : 1로 1세 미만 환아에서 통계적으로 유의하게 남아에서 호발하였다(P=0.04). 2) 발열시작부터 IVIG을 투여 받기까지의 총 발열일수($4.6{\pm}1.3$ 대 $6.2{\pm}2.5$일, P=0.004)와 발열시작부터 최초의 심초음파 시행까지의 일수($5.2{\pm}1.6$일 대 $7.1{\pm}2.6$일, P=0.01)는 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 짧았고, 5일 이상의 발열을 보인 경우(70.6% 대 92.5%, P=0.008)는 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 적었다. 경부림프절 비대를 보인 우(35.3% 대 66.0%, P=0.02)는 1세 미만에서 유의하게 적었다. 가와사끼병의 전형적 임상징후 5개를 모두 보인 경우(41.2% 대 75.5%, P=0.006)는 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 적었다. 비정형적 기타 임상증상 중 호흡기 증상의 빈도(23.5% 대 50.9 %, P=0.041)는 1세 이상군에서 유의하게 많았다. 3) 입원시 혈청 알부민($4.3{\pm}0.3g/dL$ 대 $3.8{\pm}0.5g/dL$, P=0.005)은 1세 이상군에서 유의하게 낮았고, 혈청 BUN($11.0{\pm}3.9mg/dL$ 대 $8.5{\pm}2.8mg/dL$, P=0.026)은 1세 미만군에서 유의하게 높았으며, 혈청 칼륨($4.8{\pm}0.4mEq/L$ 대 $4.1{\pm}0.4mEq/L$, P<0.001)은 1세 이상군에서 유의하게 낮았다. 4) 심초음파상 심염의 빈도는 급성기, 아급성기, 회복기 모두 두군간 차이가 없었다. 관상동맥확대 빈도는 급성기, 아급성기, 회복기 모두 1세 미만군에서 더 높았으나 통계적 유의성은 급성기(47.1% 대 17.0%, P=0.01)에만 있었고 가와사끼병으로 진단되어 IVIG를 투여한 후인 아급성기 및 회복기에는 두군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 1세 미만에 발병한 가와사끼병 환아에서는 1세 이상군에 비해 전형적인 진단기준을 완전히 만족하지 못하는 경우가 유의하게 많으며 급성 발열기에 관상동맥변화가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 1세 미만의 어린 영아에서 뚜렷한 원인이 없이 발열이 지속되는 경우에는 가와사끼병의 가능성을 항상 염두에 두고 심초음파 검사를 시행, 관상동맥 병변 유무를 확인하여 조기진단과 조기의 적절한 IVIG 투여가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.239-259
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• 1993

The vegetation types and distributional characteristics of the forest vegetation on Mt. Ilwol were investigated by the Z-M school method. Geographical distribution of the vegetation was a central/montane(CEMO) type of the Korean Peninsula subtype. The forest was classified into five vegetation units: Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae (Artemisio-Quercetum typicum subass. nov., Artemsio-Quercetum pinetosum dens~florae subass. nov. ). Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae (Lychno-Quercetum Calamagrostetosum arundinaceae subass. nov.. Lychno-Quercetum ligularetosum f~scherii subass. nov.), Fraxinus rhynchophylla community, Quercus variabilis community and Larix leptolepis afforestation. Species with percentage constance degree more than 61% are Quercus mongolica (89.5%, V), Lespedeza maximowiczii (73.7%, IV), Isodon japonicus(73.7%, IV), Fraxinus rhynchophylla (68.%, IV), Arlemisia stolonifera (65, 8%, IV), etc. Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae was chiefly distributed on the ridge lines of low altitudes (570~700m) and on the ground with exposed rocks in sloping surface (800~1, 000m). Both Fraxinus sievoldiana and Rhododendrou schlippenbachii of the Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae showed a predominant condition all over the subtree and shrub layers. Of Artemisio-Quercetum pinetosum densifloraes, Pinus densiflora becomes powerful over the tree layer and, on the other hand, Quercus mongolica over the subtree layer. Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae was distributed somewhat on the humid region of the high altitude area (840~1.200m). Fraxinus rhynchophylla community was chiefly distributed in the vicinity of the ravines. Quereus rariabilis community was distributed at subxeric slope on southeast side of the mountain. Larix leptolepis has been reforested at the ecotone between Artemisio-Quercetum mongolicae and Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae. Percentage cover degrees of the subtree layer In Lychno-Quercetum mongolicae, Quereus rariabilis community and Larix leptolepis afforestation were relatively low, 15.3%, 5% and 2.5%, respectively.The contents of moisutre and organic matter in the soil were much higher in Luchno-Quercetum monogolicae and Larix leptolepis afforestaion than in the other communities. Contents o Ca, Mg, K and the available phosphorus were relaively high compared with forests of the other area. This result seems to be influenced by a forest fire. As the altitude increases, the moisure content in the forest soil also increases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.419-426
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• 2004

This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Yukgunja-tang(YGJT) on the inhibition of cerebral ischemia in rats. And We measured regional cerebral blood f1ow(rCBF) and pial arterial diameter(PAD) in cerebral ischemic rats, and cytokines production in serum Of cerebral ischemic rats. The results were as follows; Both rCBF and PAD were significantly and stably increased by YGJT(10 mg/kg, i.p.) during the period of cerebral reperfusion, which contrasted with the findings of rapid and marked increase in control group. In cytokine production of serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after middle cerebral arterial occlusion(MCAO) 1 hr, IL-1β and TGF-β production of sample group were similar to that of control group, but sample group was decreased TNF-α production compared with control group, and was significantly increased IL-10 production in compared with control group. In cytokine production of serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after reperfusion 1 hr, sample group was significantly decreased IL-1β and TNF-α production compared with control group, but TGF-β production of sample group was similar to that of control group, and sample group was significantly increased IL-10 production compared with control group. In cytokine production of serum by drawing from femoral arterial blood after reperfusion 4 hrs, sample group was significantly decreased IL-1β production compared with control group, and sample group was decreased TNF-α production in compared with control group, but TGF-β production of sample group was similar to that of control group, and sample group was increased IL-10 production compared with control group. This results were suggested that YGJT has inhibitive effect on the brain damage by inhibited IL-1β production and TNF-α production, but accelerated IL-10 production. We thought that YGJT should have an anti-ischemic effect through the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics and inhibitive effect on the brain damage.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 누에형질전환 기술을 이용하여 누에체액에서 melittin 항균펩타이드를 생산하는 것으로서, 본 실험에서는 누에유래의 액틴3 프로모터를 이용하여 melittin 항균펩타이드를 발현시켰다. 누에형질전환체 선발을 위해서는 3xP3 promoter와 EGFP 유전자를 이용하여 선발하였고, 300개의 누에알에 microinjection 하여 F1 세대에서 11 bloods의 누에형질전환체를 선발하였다. 선발된 누에형질전환체는 초기배 단계의 눈과 신경조직, 유충과 번데기 그리고 성충의 눈에서 EGFP 형광단백질이 발현되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 G2 세대 누에형질전환체를 5령 5일 유충까지 사육 후, 체액을 채취한 후 전처리 하였다. 이 시료를 항균활성검정을 하였고, 총 10마리의 누에를 선발할 수 있었다. 이렇게 선발 된 누에는 서로 교배를 통해서 계대사육을 하였다. 이러한 과정으로 선발된 G3세대 누에형질전환체를 이용하여 앞의 과정과 동일한 방법으로 항균할성을 검정하였다. 그 결과 대조군으로 사용된 시그마사의 melittin(0.016 mg/ml)과 거의 동일한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 melittin 항균펩타이드를 생산하는 누에형질전환체가 성공적으로 제작되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion of growing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation with yucca extract (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (16, 18, 20%). During the whole experimental period (18 to 52 kg body weight), there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI or F/G by YE addition or different protein levels among treatments (p>0.05). Overall, although addition of YE to the diet and elevation of protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments. Pigs fed diets with YE showed significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) digestibility than did the others during the growing period. Concerning the levels of dietary protein, only the CP digestibility was significantly higher in pigs fed high protein diet. Pig fed the low protein diet without YE showed a significantly low CP digestibility (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Pigs fed YE supplemented diets showed significantly (p<0.05) higher amino acid digestibility. Also, high CP level diets showed a higher amino acid digestibility than low CP diets (p<0.05). DM and N excretion did not show any significant differences among treatments, there was a slightly lower excretion with increase in dietary protein level. Supplementation with YE significantly decreased the DM and N excretion. Interaction (YE$\times$protein) was found in P excretion. Pigs fed a medium protein diet without YE showed the lowest P excretion during the growing period. The NH3-N content in the feces tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. During the whole experimental period, the cost for YE supplementation was similar to value of the improvements of performance obtained. The cost of feeding high level protein was significantly higher than that of medium level protein by 10% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). It could be concluded that the effects of dietary protein level and yucca extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion might play a role to some extent in growing pigs from the aspect of pollution control.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.774-781
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• 2011

지르코늄합금 튜브 제조공정은 튜브 산세 시 질산과 불산을 사용하고 있어 세척 시 발생되는 폐수의 주요 오염물질인 질산성질소와 불소성분을 제거하기 위한 폐수처리는, 1차 화학응집처리에 의한 불소성분 제거공정, 황산화탈질반응을 이용한 SOD (Sulfur Oxidation Denitrification)공법에 의한 독립영양탈질공정, 그리고 2차 화학응집처리공정으로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구에서는, 처리공정에서 불소의 농도가 황산화탈질공정(SOD)의 탈질반응에 미치는 영향과 황산화탈질반응을 유지하기 위한 최적 운전조건을 검토하였다. 황산화탈질 반응은 불소농도 20 ppm 이하에서 거의 영향을 주지 않았으며, NaOH로 pH를 조절하는 것보다 NaOH와 $NaHCO_3$를 혼합하여 pH와 알칼리도를 조절해주는 것이 질소제거당량을 높여주는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 황산화탈질미생물에 필요한 미량원소와 알칼리성분이 혼합된 미생물활성화제가 알칼리도를 보충해줄 뿐만 아니라 황산화탈질미생물의 성장과 증식에도 영향을 주었으며, 그 결과 무기계 산업폐수처리 시 필요한 주기적인 미생물 식종 없이 운전이 가능한 결과를 얻었다. 이상의 결과를 통해, 황산화탈질공법(SOD공법)이 산업폐수의 질산성질소제거에 매우 유용한 공법임이 확인되었으며, 미생물활성화제가 황산화탈질미생물의 활성화에 기여함이 밝혀졌다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.909-914
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• 2012

Background: Gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is used both as a single drug and concurrently with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) the standard treatment for brain metastases (BM), and is reported to be effective in a few small studies of patients with BM from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, no study has compared the two treatment modalities. This retrospective analysis was conducted to compare the efficacy of gefitinib alone with gefitinib plus concomitant WBRT in treatment of BM from NSCLC. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 90 patients with BM from NSCLC who received gefitinib alone (250mg/day, gefitinib group) or with concomitant WBRT (40Gy/20f/4w, gefitinib-WBRT group) between September 2005 and September 2009 at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. Forty-five patients were in each group. Results: The objective response rate of BM was significantly higher in gefitinib-WBRT group (64.4%) compared with gefitinib group (26.7%, P<0.001). The disease control rate of BM was 71.1% in gefitinib-WBRT group and 42.2% in gefitinib group (P=0.006). The median time to progression of BM was 10.6 months in gefitinib-WBRT group and 6.57 months in gefitinib group (P<0.001). The median overall survival(OS) of gefitinib-WBRT and gefitinib alone group was 23.40 months and 14.83 months, respectively (HR, 0.432, P=0.002). Conclusion: Gefitinib plus concomitant WBRT had higher response rate of BM and significant improvement in OS compared with gefitinib alone in treatment of BM from NSCLC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different selenium (Se) products (inorganic, organic A, organic B) added at two supplemental dietary Se levels (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a RCB design, with a non-Se-fortified basal diet serving as the negative control. A total of 56 crossbred pigs (28 male and 28 female pigs) initially weighing an average $28.45{\pm}0.53kg$ BW were allotted to each treatment with four pigs per pen on the basis of sex and weight. Two pigs per pen were selected and bled from the anterior vena cava at 3- weekly intervals to analyze Se concentration. In the growing phase (0-6 weeks), increased ADFI was observed when pigs were fed organic Se compared to those fed the control diet or inorganic Se treatment (p<0.05). Pigs fed inorganic Se had a great ADFI than pigs fed organic Se (p<0.05) in the late finishing phase (7-12 weeks), although there were no differences in whole period ADFI between organic or inorganic Se products. During 12 weeks of the whole experimental period, serum Se concentration increased linearly when dietary Se level increased regardless of Se products (p<0.05). Both dietary Se source (p<0.05) and Se level (p<0.01) influenced the Se concentration of various pig tissues at end of this experiment and Se content was the highest in the kidney. For the determination of nutrient digestibility, a metabolic trial was conducted in 3 replicates in randomized complete block (RCB) design. A total of 21 barrows ($50.21{\pm}0.62kg$ of average BW) were used in the metabolic study. Selenium supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility except for crude protein. Crude protein digestibility increased with dietary supplementation of organic Se (A) compared with other forms of Se products or control diet (p<0.05). Consequently, this experiment indicated that dietary Se products and levels had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Se concentration in tissues and serum was increased in proportion to dietary Se level, especially when organic Se was provided. Although pigs were fed organic forms of Se, bioavailability of organic forms varied among products, consequently bioactivity of organic products to the animals should be evaluated before practical application in animal feed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2006

Phenolic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a commonly used food preservative with broad biological activities, including protection against chemical-induced carcinogenesis, acute toxicity of chemicals, modulation of macromolecule synthesis and immune response, induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes, as well as its undesirable potential tumor-promoting activities. Understanding the molecular basis underlying these diverse biological actions of BHA is thus of great importance. Here we studied the pharmacokinetics, activation of signaling kinases and induction of phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporter gene expression by BHA in the mice. The peak plasma concentration of BHA achieved in our current study after oral administration of 200 mg/kg BHA was around $10\;{\mu}M$. This in vivo concentration might offer some insights for the many in vitro cell culture studies on signal transduction and induction of phase II genes using similar concentrations. The oral bioavailability (F) of BHA was about 43% in the mice. In the mouse liver, BHA induced the expression of phase II genes including NQO-1, HO-1, ${\gamma}-GCS$, GST-pi and UGT 1A6, as well as some of the phase III transporter genes, such as MRP1 and Slco1b2. In addition, BHA activated distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), as well as p38, suggesting that the MAPK pathways may play an important role in early signaling events leading to the regulation of gene expression including phase II drug metabolizing and some phase III drug transporter genes. This is the first study to demonstrate the in vivo pharmacokinetics of BHA, the in vivo activation of MAPK signaling proteins, as well as the in vivo induction of Phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters in the mouse livers.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.132-149
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• 2011

고대에는 단청이나 고분벽화, 사찰벽화, 불화 등 문화재에 다양한 색상을 구현하고자 무기안료 또는 유기안료를 많이 사용하였다. 이 연구는 통도사 영산전내 벽체에 그려진 사찰벽화의 안료를 휴대용X선형광분석기로 정성분석하여 사용안료의 종류를 밝히고자 하였다. 성분분석 결과와 기존 고대 벽화 안료의 분석 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 영산전 벽화에 사용된 적색은 주사와 석간주로 추정되며, 백색은 연백이 사용되었고, 일부 호분이나 백악, 백토 등의 사용 가능성도 있다. 녹색은 2가지가 사용되었는데 주로 바탕칠에 사용된 밝은 녹색은 녹토이고, 광배부분 등의 진한녹색은 석록이나 동록, 녹염동광으로 판단된다. 황색과 흑색은 각각 황토와 먹이 사용된 것으로 보이며, 육색과 분홍 등 원색이 아닌 안료들은 적색에 백색안료를 혼합하거나, 진적색에 황색안료를 혼합하는 것과 같이 2가지 이상의 안료를 적절하게 섞어서 사용하였을 것으로 추정된다. 결론적으로 성분분석으로만 판단하였을 때 통도사 영산전에 사용된 안료는 모두 고대에 주로 이용되었던 무기 안료임을 알 수 있었다. 다만, 문화재임으로 안료의 일부를 채취하여 결정구조분석 등의 방법으로 광물을 동정한 것이 아니므로 특정 원료 광물을 명확하게 판단하기는 어려웠다.