• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2012

Major ions and nitrogen isotopic analyses were performed to determine the geochemical characters and to identify the source of nitrate of the shallow groundwater around agricultural field in the Youngdong area. The pH value of groundwater ranges from 60. to 8.2 (pH 7.2, mean). The average of EC, Eh and DO is 369 ${\mu}S/cm$ (70~729 ${\mu}S/cm$), 165.6 mV (29~383.2 mV), 4.3 mg/L (1.8~8.0 mg/L) respectively. The ion concentraion of groundwater was in the order of $Ca^{2+}$>$Na^{2+}$>$Mg^{2+}$>$K^{2+}$ and ${HCO_3}^-$>${NO_3}^-$>${SO_4}^{2-}$>$Cl^-$>$F^-$. Most of groundwater is Ca-$HCO_3$ type. The groundwater was affected by water-rock interaction in the shallow depth. Some groundwater is Ca-Cl or Na-$HCO_3$ (2.5%) type that was due to agricultural activities. The $NO_3$_N concetration of grondwater range from 10.2 mg/l to 26.9 mg/l, which show that this area is under nitrate pollution. ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ value of the groundwater is the origins of are a combination of animal wastes and man-made fertilizers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.251-257
• /
• 1986

Optimum conditions for the protoplast formation and regeneration of Lactobacillus casei have been searched for. L. casei cells were converted to protoplast by treating with 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m{\ell}$ of mutanolysin in 20mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH6.8) containing 6mM CaCl$_2$, 6mM MgCl$_2$ and 1M sucrose. Maximum number of protoplasts was obtained when cells were taken from Tomochika's medium containing 0.5% glycine at the middle to late logarithmic growth phase. Regeneration was efficiently accomplished on the regeneration medium containing 6mM CaCl$_2$, 6mM MgCl$_2$, 0.8M sucrose and 10% of horse serum. The efficiently of the cell wall regeneration from protoplasts was 2-5% after 3-4 days of incubation at 3$0^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 1982

The strain of Aspergillus, 6368A, producing acid protease showing high activity was isolated from soil, as a result of wide research about mold group. This strain was identified as a species of Aspergillus tubingensis by the investigation of morphological characteristics. The change of the enzyme production under the various media and culture condition was also studied. The optimum pH and stability of crude acid protease are 2.5, 2.0~4.5 and the optimum temeprature and thermal inactivation waas shown $50^{\circ}C,\;55^{\circ}C$, respectively. From the result of the study on the effects of metal ions, it was found that $MnCl_2,\;CoCl_2,\;CuCl_2,\;SrCl_2,\;and\;NiCl_2$ slightly increased the enzyme activity, on the other hand $ZnCl_2,\;CaCl_2,\;MgCl_2,\;SLS,\;and\;KMnO_4$ decreased it.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of NaCl concentration on photosynthetic rate, free proline content and ion content in tobacco. As NaCl concentration was increased growth was retarded. The decrease growth characteristics(shoot/root ratio was 2.0) at 90mM NaCl indicated that this concentration could be a limiting level. As NaCl concentration was increased photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency were decreased. Photosynthetic rate was highly decreased at 60mM NaCl. There was no significant difference between transpiration rate and water use efficiency. Leaf water potential was decreased as NaCl concentration was increased, in that twice lower at 30mM than that of control and drop largely at 120mM NaCl. Free proline content was increased as NaCl increased until 120mM NaCl and drop at 150mM NaCl. The $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $K^+$ contents were increased until NaCl concentration was 120mM. The $Na^{2+}$ content was slowly increased as NaCl concentration increased until 120mM NaCl, and largely increased at 150mM NaCl. There was no significant difference between $Cl^-$ and NaCl treatments except 30 mM NaCl in which $Cl^-$ content was higher than that of control. As NaCl concentration was increased $K^+/Na^+$ ratio was decreased. The negative correlation between $K^+$ and $Na^+$, and positive correlation between $K^+/Na^+$ and protein content were found.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.263-268
• /
• 1994

Field microplot(D 20cm, L 85cm) experiment filled with Bonryang sandy loam soil(Typic Udifluvents) was conducted to obtain quantitative information on the change of soil pH under different soil moisture regime and ladino clover cultivation, and the movement of applied nutrient under the rainfed bare soil condition. Slaked lime increased soil pH of the applied layer. $NH_4-N$ evolved from urea hydrolysis was more effective in raising the subsoil pH rather than the exchangeable Mg and Ca. Under the different soil miosture condition downward movement of Cl and $NO_3-N$ lowered subsoil pH during the middle of ladino clover growth. Leaching of CI and $NO_3-N$ down to the out of the soil microplot and increasing movement of Ca and Mg into the subsoil produced. a slight increase of subsoil pH during the late crop growth. The mean downward movement of applied nutrient 5.5 months after field installation of microplot in the bare soil under rainfed condition(1207mm) was in the order : Cl= more than 80.0>Inorganic nitrogen= 75.8>K= 67.3>Mg=62.7>Ca=18.1>P=2.3cm respectively.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.175-184
• /
• 2001

This study aims demonstrate the effect of chitosan, one of the natural chelator, on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver caused by $HgCl_2$. The experimental group was divided in two groups; group A and group B. The group A administrated $HgCl_2$ (5.0 mg/kg) to the oral. The group B treated with $HgCl_2$ (5.0 mg/kg) and chitosan (3%) solution, 2 times/day). Each group was observed 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after treated $HgCl_2$ and chitosan. Histological changes of the livers were investigated by electron microscope. 1. Croup A Nuclear membrane was shrinked. The inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria were dilated. Destruction of lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum showed. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum showed over cytoplasm. 2. Group B Nuclear membrane was more rounded, The cristae of the mitochondria were almost normal shape and electron-density showed compacted. Dilation of inner cavity of rough endoplasmic reticulum showed at the pre-time but formed typical lamellae at the 48Hrs. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum showed over cytoplasm. Therefore, we concluded that chitosan has significantly protective effects in liver to harmful $HgCl_2$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.162-167
• /
• 2012

The removal of orthophosphate ions from aqueous solutions by the anion exchange resin in the form of $Cl^-$ ion was investigated to elucidate the ion exchange mechanism which depends on the forms of orhthophoshate ions. In addition, the effects of alkalinity and other common anions were studied. The results showed that the orhthophosphate ions with the oxidation state of 2 and 3 ($HPO{_4}^{2-}$ and $PO{_4}^{3-}$) were effectively removed by the anion exchange resin, whereas the part of the $H_2PO_4{^-}$ ion passed through the ion exchange column. This suggested that the affinity of $H_2PO_4{^-}$ to the ion exchange resin was comparable with that of $Cl^-$ ion. In all cases, the effluent pHs have shown to be much lower than the calculated values, indicating that more $Cl^-$ ions than the orthophosphate equivalents in the influent were eluded. As the alkalinity increases, the decrease in pH was minimized. When the alkalinity was 100 mg/L ($CaCO_3$) or greater, 100 mg/L orthophosphate ions including $H_2PO_4{^-}$ were completely removed. The common anions such as $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ were also removed by the anion exchange resin, and thus decreased the ion exchange capacity for the removal of orthophosphate.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.143-147
• /
• 2011

Cadmium is considered one of the most toxic, non biodegradable heavy metal for the human and animals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in biochemical parameters of blood and accumulation of cadmium in various tissue caused by various levels of dietary cadmium chloride ($CdCl_2$) in broiler chicks. $CdCl_2$ was administered through drinking water to broiler chicks. In spectral analysis, $CdCl_2$ treatment caused a significant increase in Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatinine and uric acid levels in all treated groups. Intriguingly, the GPT, creatinine, and uric acid levels were significantly higher at 75 mg/kg as compared to the groups treated with high doses (100, 125 and 150 mg/kg) of $CdCl_2$. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for the determination of Cd accumulation in kidney, liver and Breast muscles. AAS analysis revealed that Cd accumulation is increased in breast muscles as compared to liver and kidney at higher doses of Cd than 75 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2005

This study investigated air pollutant levels and physiological variation of Ginkgo biloba in Chuncheon. The results were as follows: The annual average concentrations of $SO_2,\;NO_2\;and\;PM10$ were 0.004ppm, 0.013 ppm and $66{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The volume weighted average concentrations of ionic components were $SO_4\;^{2-}\;3.584 mg/m^3,\;NO_3^-\; 2.803 mg/m^3,\;Cl^-\;1.485 mg/m^3\;and\;NH_4\;^+\;0.998 mgg/m^3$ in precipitation. The annual wet deposition amount of the major ions was shown to be $SO_4^{2-}\;3.865g/m^2/yr,\;NO_3^-\;2.924g/m^2/yr,\;Cl^-\;2.773g/m^2/yr\;and\; NH_4\;^+\;1.485 g/m^2/yr$ during this study period. The seasonal averaged pH in leaves were spring pH 5.9 0.5, summer pH 5.5 0.4 and fall pH 5.1 0.3. The seasonal average water soluble sulfur content in leaves were spring 0.012 0.004%, summer $0.012\;0.002\%\;and\;fall\;0.020\;0.007\%$. The seasonal average water soluble sulfur content in bark were spring $0.0071\;0.0003\%,\;summer\; 0.0066\;0.0004\%,\;fall\;0.0063\;0.0004\%\;and\;winter\;0.0071\;0.0003\%$.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.187-191
• /
• 2000

The effects of osmolality on the sperm motility in black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) were studied. Sperm motility of black seabream was suppressed when the osmolality was equal to the seminal fluid. But sperm became motile when the osmolality increased in electrolyte solution (NaCl, KCl, $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$) and non-electrolyte solution (mannitol, glucose, fructose, sucrose). The changes of sperm motility index (SMI) by osmolality of diluents described a parabola. In all of the diluents, SMI was the highest at ca. 1,000 mOsm/kg, which is similar to the osmolality of seawater. Sperm motility was induced by osmolality of diluents, but exposure to hypotonic or hypertonic diluents was harmful to the sperm.