• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.11-24
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• 2003

This experimental studies was to investigate the location of PNS and CNS labeled neurons following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRY), Bartha strain, into the ductus deferens of rats. After survival times 4-5 days following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and PRV, the rats were perfused, and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia were frozen sectioned ($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP histochemical and PRY inummohistochemical staining methods, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows ; 1. The location of sympathetic ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in pelvic ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion and L1-6 lwnbar sympathetic ganglia. 2. The location of spinal ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in T13-L6 spinal ganglia. 3. The PRY labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in lateral spinal nucleus, lamina I, II and X of cervical segments. In thoracic segments, PRY labeled neurons were observed in dorsomedial part of lamina I, II and III, and dorsolateral part of lamina IV and V. Densely labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus. In first lumbar segment, labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal commisural nucleus. In sixth lumbar segment and sacral segments, dense labeled neurons were observed in sacral parasympathetic nuc., lamina IX and X. 4. In the medulla oblongata, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in the trigeminal spinal nuc., A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nuc., rostroventrolateral reticular nuc., area postrema, nuc. tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nuc., raphe pallidus nuc., raphe magnus nuc., parapyramidal nuc., lateral reticular nuc., gigantocellular reticular nuc.. 5. In the pons, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were ohserved in parabrachial nuc., Kolliker-Fuse nuc., locus cooruleus, subcooruleus nuc. and AS noradrenalin cells. 6. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in periaqueductal gray substance, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe nuc.. 7. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in paraventricular hypahalamic nuc., lateral hypothalamic nuc., retrochiasmatic nuc. and ventromedial hypothalamic nuc.. 8. In cerebrum, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in area 1 of parietal cortex. These results suggest that WGA-HRP labeled neurons of the spinal cord projecting to the rat ductus deferens might be the first-order neurons related to the viscero-somatic sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled neurons of the brain and spinal cord may be the second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscles in ductus deferens. These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory and motor system monitaing the internal environment. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from ductus deferens to spinal cord and brain which may be play an important neuroanatornical basic evidence in the regulation of ductus deferens function.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2012

본 연구는 민들레에 당을 첨가 후 젖산발효를 시켜 발효과정 중의 이화학적, 미생물학적 변화를 탐구하였고 최종 발효물의 성분분석을 통해 기능성 음료로서의 가치를 평가하기 위해 연구를 진행했다. 30% 당을 첨가하여 발효시킨 민들레 발효물 (FD30)과 50% 당을 첨가하여 발효시킨 민들레 발효물 (FD50)은 발효가 진행됨에 따라 FD30의 초기 pH 및 산도가 각각 pH 6.4, 0.18%에서 숙성 30일에 pH 3.85 및 0.72%로 변화되었고, FD50 보다 저하 속도가 다소 빠른 경향을 보였으며 숙성 120일 이후에는 안정된 값을 나타내었다. 발효과정에 따른 총 균수 변화는 Soluble solid와 상관없이 초기에는 비슷한 총 균수를 나타냈고, 점차로 증가하여 최대균수에 도달한 후 다시 서서히 감소하는 발효양상을 나타냈다. 유산균수 결과도 총 균수의 결과와 비슷한 양상을 보였고 유산균수가 초기에 크게 증가하였다가 최대 유산균수를 보인 후 서서히 감소했다. 발효 및 숙성이 완료된 민들레 발효물의 유리당 함량은 각 농도별의 처리구 간에서 fructose, sucrose의 함량은 FD30, FD50 간에 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으나 glucose의 경우에는 FD50이 $46.86{\pm}1.93%$로 FD30에 비하여 2배 이상 증가하였다. 유기산 함량 분석결과 FD30이 FD50보다 유기산의 종류가 다양하고 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났고 유리아미노산 함량은 유기산의 경우와 같은 양상을 보였으며 발효물 모두 민들레물 추출물 (DWE)보다 많은 유기산과 유리아미노산을 함유했다. 이는 민들레에 함유된 각종 효소들과 미생물이 당 발효에 의해 유용한 작용을 거쳐 주요성분이 분해되고, 또한 재합성이 이루어져 각종 유리당, 유기산 및 유리아미노산 등을 생성한다고 판단된다. 따라서 발효를 통한 민들레의 기능성 식품으로의 활용가치를 기대할 수 있고 발효시 첨가물과 시기에 따른 성분변화에 대한 보다 구체적인 연구가 추가로 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2010

Purpose: Adipose tissue is located beneath the skin, around internal organs, and in the bone marrow in humans. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. Adipose tissue also has the ability to dynamically expand and shrink throughout the life of an adult. Recently, it has been shown that adipose tissue contains a population of adult multipotent mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells that, in cell culture conditions, have extensive proliferative capacity and are able to differentiate into several lineages, including, osteogenic, chondrogenic, endothelial cells, and myogenic lineages. Materials and Methods: This study focused on endothelial cell culture from the adipose tissue. Adipose tissues were harvested from buccal fat pad during bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy for surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. The tissues were treated with 0.075% type I collagenase. The samples were neutralized with DMEM/and centrifuged for 10 min at 2,400 rpm. The pellet was treated with 3 volume of RBC lysis buffer and filtered through a 100 ${\mu}m$ nylon cell strainer. The filtered cells were centrifuged for 10 min at 2,400 rpm. The cells were further cultured in the endothelial cell culture medium (EGM-2, Cambrex, Walkersville, Md., USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, human EGF, human VEGF, human insulin-like growth factor-1, human FGF-$\beta$, heparin, ascorbic acid and hydrocortisone at a density of $1{\times}10^5$ cells/well in a 24-well plate. Low positivity of endothelial cell markers, such as CD31 and CD146, was observed during early passage of cells. Results: Increase of CD146 positivity was observed in passage 5 to 7 adipose tissue-derived cells. However, CD44, representative mesenchymal stem cell marker, was also strongly expressed. CD146 sorted adipose tissue-derived cells was cultured using immuno-magnetic beads. Magnetic labeling with 100 ${\mu}l$ microbeads per 108 cells was performed for 30 minutes at $4^{\circ}C$ a using CD146 direct cell isolation kit. Magnetic separation was carried out and a separator under a biological hood. Aliquous of CD146+ sorted cells were evaluated for purity by flow cytometry. Sorted cells were 96.04% positivity for CD146. And then tube formation was examined. These CD146 sorted adipose tissue-derived cells formed tube-like structures on Matrigel. Conclusion: These results suggest that adipose tissue-derived cells are endothelial cells. With the fabrication of the vascularized scaffold construct, novel approaches could be developed to enhance the engineered scaffold by the addition of adipose tissue-derived endothelial cells and periosteal-derived osteoblastic cells to promote bone growth.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.59-77
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate on several factors, which contaminative the water quality through the water pipe during feeding water, in 42 largescaled apart-ments(total 84 cases) and assayed the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) and concen-tration of heavy metals that inflow and outflow in reservior water in Jeonnam area(Mokpo, Suncheon, Yeosu) from January 1999 to December 1999. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The quality of the water pipe composition in the order of frequency in the quality of water pipes were Copper(45.2%)> Zinc(38.9%)> Stainless steel(9.5%)> PVC(4.8%)> PM(2.4%) in observing 42 sites. All of the drain pipes were used the cast iron quality. 2. The result of certification curve from 12 items(17kind) of VOCs was $1.0-4.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ range, a coefficient of correlation was shown 0.99 over. A MDL of each substance range was within $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$. 3. The result of the assay, 5 kinds(Viny chloride, Dichloromethane, Ethylbenzene, M,P-xylene, Styrene) of the VOCs of 14 kinds was not detected and the other items were detected slightly. The detection rate of one item and over in total VOCs samples, were 25.9% in inflow and 27.9% in outflow. And frequency of detect in inflow/outflow of THM(Chloroform, Bromodichloro-methane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform) were shown higher than 94.1%, 97.0% each stages. It comes to the conclusion that all of the samples were reason able for drinking water standards. 4. The coefficient of correlation were reasonable, it shown 0.999 over in $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ of a measuring range conditions of 4kinds in organic substance(Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn). 5. The results were showed suitability in 78 cases(92.9%) and unsuitability in 6 cases (7.1%), in 84 cases of in organic substances. Compare to inflow stage, mean concentrations of heavy metal, were increased slightly in Zn, Cu, Fe except Mn than outflow stage. The result of the mean concentration in organic substance inflow and outflow in the apartment water tank using Pair-compared T-test, in 95% reliance index, were $0.179mg/{\ell}(0.151-0.307mg/{\ell})$ in Zinc, $0.136mg/{\ell}(0.113-0.230mg/{\ell})$ in Copper, $0.052mg/{\ell}(0.048-0.098mg/{\ell})$ in Fe, and there was a bit growing tendency but there was no differece in Mn. 6. The mean concentration of Copper which used Cu pipe as a water supply pipe in apartment were $0.216mg/{\ell}(0.161-0.338mg/{\ell})$ in case of the Zine pipe were $0.286mg/{\ell}(0.204-0.435mg/{\ell})$. It shows that the detection rate was more higher than the other material used in Cu or Zn as the water supply pipe. We supposed to Cu and Zn substance were gushing out water supply pipe.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2006

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of organic or inorganic acid supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts of weanling pigs. In growth trial (Exp I), a total of 100 crossbred pigs ({$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$}${\times}$Duroc), weaned at $23{\pm}2$ days of age and $7.25{\pm}0.10kg$ average initial body weight (BW), were allotted to 5 treatments by body weight and sex in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Three different organic acids (fumaric [FUA], formic [FOA] or lactic acid [LAA]) and one inorganic acid (hydrochloric acid [SHA]) were supplemented to each treatment diet. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. During 0-3 wk, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F ratio) were not significantly different among treatments. However, pigs fed LAA or SHA diet showed improved ADG by 15 or 13% respectively and 12% greater ADFI in both treatments compared to CON diets. Moreover, compared to organic acid treatments, better ADG (p = 0.07) and ADFI (p = 0.09) were observed in SHA diet compared to pigs that were fed the diet containing organic acids (FUA, FOA or LAA). However, during 4-5 wk, no differences in ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were observed among treatments. Overall, ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were not affected by acidifier supplementation. Although it showed no significant difference, pigs fed LAA or SHA diets showed numerically higher ADG and ADFI than pigs fed other treatments. In metabolic trial (Exp II), 15 pigs were used to evaluate the effect of acidifier supplementation on nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) was not improved by acidifier supplementation. Although the amount of fecal-N excretion was not different among treatments, that of urinary-N excretion was reduced in acidsupplemented treatments compared to CON group (p = 0.12). Subsequently, N retention was improved in acid-supplemented groups (p = 0.17). In anatomical trial (Exp III), the pH and $Cl^-$ concentrations of digesta in gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. No detrimental effect of intestinal and lingual (taste bud) morphology was observed by acidifier supplementation particularly in inorganic acid treatment. In white blood cell assay (Exp IV), 45 pigs were used for measuring white blood cell (WBC) counts. In all pigs after LPS injection, WBC counts had slightly declined at 2 h and kept elevating at 8 h, then returned to baseline by 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, overall WBC counts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. In conclusion, there was no difference between organic and inorganic acidifier supplementation in weanling pigs' diet, however inorganic acidifier might have a beneficial effect on growth performance and N utilization with lower supplementation levels. Furthermore, inorganic acidifier had no negative effect on intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts in weanling pigs. These results suggested that inorganic acidifier might be a good alternative to organic acidifiers in weanling pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.743-752
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• 2004

규산염 광물질로 정수된 물과 규산염 광물질 제제를 육성 비육돈에게 급여할 때 일당 증체량 및 사료효율은 향상되었으며, 특히 규산염 처리구의 기간이 증가할수록 효과가 뚜렷하였다. 규산염 광물질로 정수된 물과 규산염 광물질 제제를 돼지에게 급여하면 처음 4주동안 성장능력이 저하되는 현상을 보였지만 시간이 지나면 회복되는 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 새로운 물질을 동물이 처음 섭취하였을 때 생리적으로 적응이 되지 못한 일정 기간동안 성장능력이 오히려 떨어지는 현상을 볼 수 있는데 본 실험에서 사용한 규산염 광물질에 의한 초기 성장저하의 원인도 일반적으로 알려진 명현현상의 일종이라고 생각된다. 시간의 경과에 따른 돈육의 지방산패도를 알아보기 위하여 TBA값을 측정하였는데， 돈육의 저장기간이 10일을 지나면서 규산염 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 TBA값이 완만하게 상승하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이같은 결과는 규산염 광물질 처리에 의해 돈육의 저장성을 높일 수 있다는 것을 보여주는 중요한 결과라고 생각된다. 관능검사의 결과를 보면 대체적으로 돈육의 냄새, 다즙성, 연도 등이 대조구보다 규산염 처리구에서 높은 수치를 나타내어 규산염으로 정수된 물과 규산염 광물질 제제를 돼지에게 급여하였을 때 소비자들의 돈육에 대한 기호도를 높일 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 본 실험의 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 돼지사료에 규산염 광물질 제제를 첨가하고 규산염 광물질로 정수된 물을 급여한다면 육성, 비육돈의 성장능력의 향상을 기대할 수 있고, 돈육의 산패가 억제되어 저장성을 높일 수 있었다. 이같은 경향은 조리된 돈육의 관능검사 결과에서도 비슷하게 나타났다. 그러나 돼지에게 규산염 광물질로 정수된 물과 규산염 광물질 제제를 급여하였을 경우 급여초기에 성장능력이 저하되는 현상이 나타나는 것으로 보아 본 제품을 살제로 일반 양돈장에서 사용할 경우 최소한 2개월 이상의 장기급여가 권장되어야 한다고 할수 있다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권23호
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• pp.10061-10066
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• 2015

Background: The aetiological relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer (CC) is widely accepted. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of HPV types in Mexican women attending at the Mexican Institute for Social Security from different areas of Mexico. Materials and Methods: DNAs from 2,956 cervical samples were subjected to HPV genotyping: 1,020 samples with normal cytology, 931 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL), 481 with high grade HGSIL and 524 CC. Results: Overall HPV prevalence was 67.1%. A total of 40 HPV types were found; HPV16 was detected in 39.4% of the HPV-positive samples followed by HPV18 at 7.5%, HPV31 at 7.1%, HPV59 at 4.9%, and HPV58 at 3.2%. HPV16 presented the highest prevalence both in women with altered or normal cytology and HPV 18 presented a minor prevalence as reported worldwide. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated for the HPV types. The analysis of PR showed that HPV16 presents the highest association with CC, HPV 31, -33, -45, -52 and -58 also demonstrating a high association. Conclusions: The most prevalent HPV types in cervical cancer samples were -16, -18, -31, but it is important to note that we obtained a minor prevalence of HPV18 as reported worldwide, and that HPV58 and -52 also were genotypes with an important prevalence in CC samples. Determination of HPV genotypes is very important in order to evaluate the impact of vaccine introduction and future cervical cancer prevention strategies.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.89-115
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• 1968

영양조건(營養條件)으로서 가리(加里)가 대사과정(代謝過程)의 활성화(活性化) 내지조정자(乃至調整者)라는 견지(見地)에서 가리공급수준과(加里供給水準) 생태적조정조건(生態的調整條件)이라고 볼 수 있는 온도주기성(溫度週期性)이 고구마 생육(生育)과 몇 가지 동위원소(同位元素) 동태(動態)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 살피었다. 역경배양하(礫耕培養下) 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)(3m.e/l)는 생장(生長)을 현저(顯著)히 억제(抑制)할 뿐 아니라 말기(末期)에는 대리(待異)한 생장점(生長點) 위조현상(萎凋現象) 등을 나타나게 하였다. 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)(14m.e/l) 특히 암기저온구(暗期低溫區)는 현저(顯著)한 초장(草丈), 마디수(數), 생체중증대(生體重增大)를 가져오고 질소효과와 비슷한 영양생장촉진생육상(營養生長促進生育相)을 나타냈으나 함유질소(含有窒素)를 분석(分析)한 결과 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)가 평균(平均) 2.86~3.23% 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)가 2.91~3.41%로서 큰 차이(差異)를 나타낸 것으로 볼 수 없다. 따라서 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)의 영양생장촉진형(營養生長促進型) 유도(誘導) 특히 초장촉진(草丈促進)은 가리(加里)가 질소흡수(窒素吸收)를 촉진(促進)한데 연유(然由)한 것이 아니라 가리자체(加里自體)의 효과로 보인다. 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)에서는 괴근형성(塊根形成)이 불능(不能)하였지만 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)에서는 영양생장촉진생육상(營養生長促進生育相)에 수반하며 질소효과와는 달리 후기(後期)에는 괴근형성(塊根形成)도 왕성(旺盛)하였다. 고수준가리구중(高水準加里區中)에서도 암기저온구(暗期低溫區)에서는 더욱 영양생장촉진경향(營養生長促進傾向)이 원저(願著)하고 암기고온구(暗期高溫區)에서는 지상부대지하부비(地上部對地下部比), 또는 괴근비(塊根比)가 월등(越等)하여 원래(元來)의 온도주기성(溫度週期性)의 효과가 고수준가리(高水準加里)에 의(依)하며 변화(變化)된 것으로 보인다. 인(燐)-32 가리(加里)-42의 개체당(個體當) 흡수(吸收) 및 흡수율(吸收率)은 고수준(高水準) 가리구(加里區)에서 현저(顯著)하고 특(特)히 괴근형성기(塊根形成期) 및 괴근생성(塊根生成)이 가장 왕성(旺盛)한 구(區)에서 증대(增大)되고 있나 p-32보다 k-42동태(動態)가 이점(點)에 관하여 더 활발(活潑)한 것을 볼 수 있다. 저수준가리구(低水準加里區)에서는 P-32, K-42의 지상부(地上部)로의 이동(移動)이 억제(抑制)되고 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)에서는 촉진(促進)되고 있다. 즉 가리(加里)가 인(燐)-32와 가리(加里)-42의 지상부전이(地上部轉移) 특(特)히 생장점(生長點)으로의 전이(轉移)에 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)를 가지고 있다. 가리함량(加里含量)은 고수준가리구(高水準加里區)에서 높고 근신장기(根伸長期)보다 괴근형성기(塊根形成期)에 감에 따라 증가(增加)되고 있지만 인산함량(燐酸含量)은 별차이(別差異)가 없고 나토리움함량(含量)은 가리(加里)와 대조적(對照的)으로 정반대(正反對)의 경향(傾向)을 나타내고 있다. 가리(加里)는 온도주기성(溫度週期性)의 관여하(關與下) 고구마생장(生長)에 지리(持異)한 효과를 나타내고 또 P-32, K-42이동(移動)등 기본적(基本的) 대사과정(代謝過程)에 관여(關與)하기 때문에 공급량(供給量)이나 조건(條件)에 따라서 다양적효과를 가질 수 있는 영양요소(營養要素)라고 본다. 본연구(本硏究)를 지도(指導)하신 조백현원자력위원(趙伯顯原子力委員)과 협조(協調)하여주신 국제원자력기구(國際原子力機構) 및 가리연구회(加里硏究會)에 심사(深謝)한다.