• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of maturity at harvest and inoculants on the quality of round baled rye(Secale cereale L.) silage at the experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plots were 3 harvesting stages such as boot(20 April), heading(29 April), and flowering stages(14 May). The subplots wered inoculant treatments : control (untreated), inoculant A, and inoculant B. Acid detergent fiber(ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage were significantly increased with delayed harvesting date, but there was not significant difference between inoculants. Mean silage pH at flowering stage was the lowest(4.35), but the highest at early harvest(4.91). Inoculants significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. Dry matter(DM) content of the control was higher than that of inoculants. Ammonia-N as proportion of total N was below 10% which was maximum level of high quality silage. The addition of inoculants reduced ammonia-N. There were significant difference in organic acid contents between harvesting stages and inoculants. Lactic acid was increased with inoculants, but acetic and butyric acids were decreased. Various treatments increased colony forming unit(CFU) of lactic acid bacteria by 2 or 3 times compared with the control and the highest at flowering stage with inoculant B treatment. Results of this study indicate that use of microbial inoculant and harvesting after heading stage will improve the silage fermentation and quality of round baled rye silage.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

As a silicate source to rice, a coal ash (50%) was mixed with a phosphogypsum (hereafter, gypsum, 50%). Field experiments were carried out to evaluate rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in silt loam (SiL) to which 0, 20, 40 and $60Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of the mixture were added. The mixture increased rice yield and showed the highest yields following the addition of $30Mg\;ha^{-1}$. The mixture did not result in an excessive uptake of heavy metals by the rice grain. The mixture improved available silicate and phosphate and exchangeable calcium contents in soil. The available boron content in soil increased with the mixture application levels up to $1.42mg\;kg^{-1}$ following the application of $60Mg\;ha^{-1}$, but boron toxicity in rice was not found. It is concluded that the coal ash and gypsum mixture could be a good alternative to inorganic soil amendments to restore the soil nutrient balance in paddy soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.240-240
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• 2011

The first neutral beam injector (NBI-1) has been developed for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) tokamak. A first long pulse ion source (LPIS-1) has been installed on the NBI-1 for an auxiliary heating and current drive of KSTAR core plasmas. Performance of ion and neutral beam extractions in the LPIS-1 was investigated initially on the KSTAR NBI-1 system, prior to the neutral beam injection into the main plasmas. The ion source consists of a JAEA magnetic bucket plasma generator with multi-pole cusp fields and a set of KAERI prototype-III tetrode accelerators with circular apertures. The inner volume of plasma generator and accelerator column in the LPIS-1 is approximately 123 liters. Final design requirements for the ion source were a 120 kV/ 65 A deuterium beam and a 300 s pulse length. The extraction of ion beams was initiated by the formation of arc plasmas in the LPIS-1, called as an arc-beam extraction method. A stable ion beam extraction of LPIS-1 has been achieved up to an 100 kV/42 A for a 4 s pulse length and an 80 kV/25 A for a 14 s pulse length. Optimum beam perveance of 1.21 microperv has been found at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. Neutralization efficiency has been measured by using a water flow calorimetry (WFC) method of calorimeter and an operation of bending magnet. The full-energy species of ion beams have been detected by using the diagnostic method of optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). An arc efficiency of the LPIS was 0.6~1.1 A/kW depending on the operating conditions of arc discharge.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.405-414
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• 2004

This study evaluated the effects of preslaughter feed withdrawal and chiller ageing on objective meat quality traits in longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris(BF), and triceps brachii(TB) muscles of Korean native black pigs. Twenty males were assigned into a 2(pre-slaughter feeding) ${\times}$ 2(pre-slaughter stress) ${\times}$ 4(chiller ageing) factorial. Pre-slaughter fasting for 18 h resulted in significantly(P < 0.05) higher pHs at 1.5 h for both LD and BF. On the other hand, muscle temperature did not differ between the fasted and fed animals. The result implied that pigs with different pre-slaughter feedings experienced different pH-temperature profiles during rigor development. This was reflected by the significan(P < 0.05) increase in cooking loss and hunter $L^*$ for LD of the fed pigs. However, WB-shear force of LD was not affected by the treatment. Furthermore, objective meat quality of BF and TB did not differ between the treatments. Hunter $L^*$ value and cooking loss for LD were constant for 7 d, followed by a significant(P < 0.05) increase at 14 d. BF and TB had significantly(P < 0.05) higher hunter $L^*$ value and cooking loss at 14 d than at 1 d. Significant(P < 0.05) linear reductions in LD WB-shear force took place from 1 to 7 d, while BF and TB WB-shear forces were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at 14 d. Simple correlation for WB-shear force between LD and BF, and between LD and TB indicated that 6 kg of shear force for LD was equivalent to approximately 3.5 and 6 kg for TB and BF, respectively. On the basis of the current result, feeding until the morning of slaughter appeared to contribute to favourable meat color for LD. However, negative effect on palatability due to increase in cooking loss should be taken into account. A 7-d chiller ageing was likely the best practice for LD, while TB appeared not to require chiller ageing. A 14-d ageing could improve the tenderness of BF, but could likely reduce juiciness.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1983

This study was conducted to find out the effects of such parameters as specific draft resistance, slip rate, and fuel consumption rate on plowing performance in paddy fields spread with chopped rice straw. The plowing operation by an 8 P.S. power tiller was carried out in 6 different fields having the soil moisture content of 27~36 percent in dry basis in clay loam soil texture, and applying chopped rice straw of 10, 20, 30 and 60cm in length in the spring of 1982. The effects of soil hardness and moisture content on the plowing performance were also investigated. The results of the study are summarized as follows; 1. The minimum draft during the plowing operation was 110kg in the 30cm rice straw plot having the soil moisture content of 32 percent in dry basis. 2. The multiple regression equation of the specific draft(D) as a function of soil moisture content(M) and cutting length of rice straw(L) was obtained as follows. $D=14.1978-0.8565M+0.0661LxM-2.9685L+0.0133M^2+1.093L^2$ 3. In the 30cm rice straw plot with the soil moisture content of 32 percent in dry basis, the minimum specific draft resistance and the rate of slip were 0.35kg per $cm^2$ and 16 percent respectively. The specific draft resistance varied sensitively in accordance with the soil moisture content, and the slip rate of power tiller was dependent upon the cutting length of rice straw rather than the soil moisture content. 4. The highest plowing performance was 5.3 ares per hour at the soil moisture content of 35 percent and soil hardness of 10kg per $cm^2$. The relationship between the plowing performance and the soil moisture content was obtained by a quadratic equation. 5. The minimum fuel consumption rate in the plowing operation was recorded 6.5 liters per 10 ares in 30cm chopped rice straw plot with the soil moisture content of 32 percent in dry basis.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2011

When we bury the infected poultry into the ground, we have many problems such as the difficulty of making sufficient area for burying, environmental contamination by the leachate, unpleasant ordor. Also, in case of burning the carcass of the infected poultry, there are some problems such as high cost, dust, unpleasant odor, etc. It could cause environmental contamination which many peoples and environmental organization complains about. In this study, we develop a treating system which treats the infected poultry carcass in a environmental method preventing the environment contamination. This system is composed of many processes. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap and to do a euthanasia the infected poultry with lethal gas, carbon dioxide. And then, with the tractor attached grappler infected poultry carcass could be put into the carcass treating system. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap the infected birds and to confine lethal gas, carbon dioxide. Infected poultry carcass are moved to carcass disposal system by collecting device which is attached at tractor. The carcass treatment system (capacity of disposal : 6.3 $m^3$) is installed on a truck and do one pass work, which is input, crush, stir, sterilize, and discharge treated carcass. 1,000 chickens was killed within 9.7min by $CO_2$ (300L/min) in the tent (10 $m^3$). The collecting device could carry 142 chickens at a time, and the movable carcass treatment system could sterilize 2 tons carcass per hour (at one time). This treatment systems was eco-friendly because it reduced the volume of carcass by 31.9% with no wastewater generation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 2013

In this study, the antibacterial and antioxidative activities of Epimedium koreanum Nakai were investigated for applications as cosmetic ingredients. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fraction-bacterium, that showed high antibacterial activity from disc diffusion assay on human skin pathogens, were tested. The ethyl acetate fraction on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium acnes and 50% ethanol extract on S. aureus exhibited higher antibacterial activities than methyl paraben, well known as a preservative. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activities of 3 fractions of E. koreanum Nakai were lower than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as a typical antioxidant. From the results of the scavenging activities of various ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ systems ($OSC_{50}$), 50% ethanol extract ($OSC_{50}=2.46{\pm}0.06{\mu}g/ml$) and aglycone fraction ($OSC_{50}=1.45{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/ml$) showed high activities similar to L-ascorbic acid ($OSC_{50}=1.50{\pm}0.85{\mu}g/ml$), used as reference. The cellular protective effects (${\tau}_{50}$) on photohemolysis by $^1O_2$ generated by photosensitization reaction were tested. The cellular protective effect of 50% ethanol extract (${\tau}_{50}=37.0{\pm}0.3$ min) was similar to (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}=38.0{\pm}1.8$ min), used as reference. In particular, the ${\tau}_{50}$ of aglycone fraction results were $165.9{\pm}7.2$ min. This is a high cellular protective effect, more than 4 times that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. These results indicate that E. koreanum Nakai extract, and its fractions, could be utilized as a cosmetic ingredient possessing antibacterial and antioxidative activities.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1999

With ${15}^N$ labeling under split roots system of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and forage rape (Brassica napus L.) grown at $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, the N flows were respectively quantified to investigate the transport of newly absorbed nitrate-N in whole plant level at low temperature. Comparing with $25^{\circ}C$ culture condition, the total absorbed nitrate-N content at $5^{\circ}C$ decreased to 59.3% and 27.1% in winter rye and forage rape during 9 days. About 2.5% and 7.6 % of nitrate-N were transported into roots, respectively, in winter rye and in forage rape at $25^{\circ}C$. These proportions increased at $5^{\circ}C$ to 3.8% and 10.9%, respectively. Total N contents transferred by xylem in winter rye grown and forage rape grown at $25^{\circ}C$ during were 55.9 and 54.4 mg N/plant, respectively. xylem flows at $5^{\circ}C$ were 60.4% and 28.8% lower than at $25^{\circ}C$ for winter rye and forage rape. These valves represented that averagely 96.8 % and 90.8% of total absorbed nitrate-N were transferred to leaves in winter rye and forage rape during 9 days. Phloem flows were the smallest among other N flows and were much less influenced by temperature treatment for two species examined. About 2.5% and 0.5% of absorbed N were recycled into roots by phloem transport at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, for winter rye and forage rape. These proportions increased to 5.2% and 0.9% at $5^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 1986

The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment (Banvel: 100, 200, U-46: 150, 300, Hedonal: 150, 300, Simazin: 100, 200g/10 a) on change in the botanical composition and dry matter productivity of ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) dominated pasture mixtures. The experiment was laid down as a randomized block design with 4 replications at experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon from 1983 to 1985. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Against ladino clover in mixie grass-clover swards Banvel, U-46 and Hedonal gave good control. The percentage of ladino clover under herbicide tratment decreased to about 1-2%(Banvel), 11-18%(U-46) and 22-31%(Hedonal), respectively, while it increased to 71% in untreated pastures. However, in the second year this trend stated to reverse and occurred clover dominance again in U-46 and Hedonal application, while those remained approximately constant until end of the years under Banvel treatment. Simazin is to be not recommended. 2. The best time for herbicide treatment was found to be late summer before autumn sown 20-25 days. When it applied in early summer weed infestigation by Digitaria spp., Echinochloa spp. and other species was a severe problem. 3. Emergence and early development of introduced pastures were less satisfactory, if it oversown immediatley after herbicide treatments due to its phytotoxical damage. Residual chemicals remained about 7-10 days in topsoils. Perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were slightly less tolerant than the other species. 4. In dry matter, taken as average of three year results, Banvel applied pastures produced the remarkably high yield of 1023 kg/10 a, which is as much as 44% higher than that of untreated plot. Dry matter yields under U-46 and Hedonal treatment were 842 and 811 kg/10 a, respectively. 5. Weender components and net energy concentration were affected by change in the botanical composition. Crude protein and NEL value were slightly higher in clover dominance than those in herbicide treatments. Total yields of net energy lactation, however, were the highest in Banvel application with 5401 MJ and the lowest in untreatment with 3889 MJ-NEL/10 a DM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.298-303
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• 2010

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics of Korean traditional wine fermented from foxtail millet and nuruk at different mixing rates. The alcohol contents of fermented wine ranged from 12.70 to 13.38%. Two kinds of commercial nuruks, SH and BS nuruk, were used. The brix degrees of foxtail millet wine fermented by SH and BS nuruks were 21.6 and $22.4^{\circ}Bx$, respectively. The pH, total acidity, and turbidity of the wines fermented by SH and BS nuruks were 3.74 and 3.40, 1.40 and 1.51%, and 0.441 and 0.149, respectively. With an increase in the amount of foxtail millet, brix degree, pH, turbidity, b-value and L-value decreased, and total acidity and a-value increased. Total color difference (${\Delta}Eab$) parameter of the wine fermented by SH nuruk were 8.58, 22.59 and 22.55, while those by BS nuruk were 0.35, 4.08 and 7.16 in 30, 70 and 100% addition rates of foxtail millet, respectively. With an increase in the amount added of foxtail millet, glucose content decreased. The organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid were predominantly detected in the fermented wine. Finally, based on sensory evaluations, the wine fermented by BS nuruk showed the best overall quality at the 30% addition rate of foxtail millet.