• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2012

표고를 재배하기 위하여 톱밥배지를 $65^{\circ}C$로 저온살균하는 과정은 살균시설비용이 적게들고 배지성분도 보전되는 장점이 있으나, 오염 확률이 높아서 효과는 일정하지가 않았다. 본 연구는 참나무 톱밥배지의 저온살균 후 성공률이 높은 효과적인 배양조건을 알고자 하였다. 참나무톱밥배지를 $65^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $121^{\circ}C$로 살균한 후, 표고톱밥종균을 접종하고 $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$에서 배양하거나, 표고종균의 접종간격을 1 cm, 2 cm, 4 cm(표면적 비율은 4%, 11%, 25%)로 하여 표고균사의 생장과 배지의 오염정도를 비교하였다. 저온살균된 배지에서 표고균사생장은 배양온도 $25^{\circ}C$ 이하에서는 $100^{\circ}C$나 $121^{\circ}C$ 살균된 배지에서 처럼 양호하였으나, $30^{\circ}C$ 배양에서는 표고균사생장이 크게 위축되었다. 그리고 저온살균배지에서 표고종균 접종밀도를 1 cm 간격으로 하였을 때에는 배지가 표고균사로 완전점유되었으나, 2~4cm 간격 접종밀도에서는 14~33%의 배지가 오염되었다. 따라서 저온살균배지는 $25^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 25% 이상의 충분한 종균을 접종하여 배양하는 것이 성공적이라고 결론짓는다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.607-618
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• 2015

An L(2; 1)-labeling of a graph G is a function f from the vertex set V (G) to the set of all non-negative integers such that ${\mid}f(u)-f(v){\mid}{\geq}2$ if d(u, v) = 1 and ${\mid}f(u)-f(v){\mid}{\geq}1$ if d(u, v) = 2. The ${\lambda}$-number of G, denoted ${\lambda}(G)$, is the smallest number k such that G admits an L(2, 1)-labeling with $k=\max\{f(u){\mid}u{\in}V(G)\}$. In this paper, we consider the square of a cycle and provide exact value for its ${\lambda}$-number. In addition, we also completely determine its edge span.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.461-471
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• 2006

In order to achieve a satisfactory esthetic result of periodontal surgery or implant in maxillary anterior area, periodontists must be aware of normal alveolar bone anatomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of alveolar bone morphology to tooth shape and form. 78(mean age : 25 yrs) periodontally healthy volunteers participated in this study. Two maxillary central incisor and one lateral incisor were selected to study. With minimal local anesthesia, gutta-percha cone inserted to labial gingival sulcus of selected teeth just after bone sounding with periodontal probe. Metal ball (4mm diameter) attached to palatal fossa of central incisor. Then, periapical radiograph was taken according to long cone paralleling technique. After film scan, labial alveolar bone profile reproduced along interproximal bone and apical ends of gutta-percha cones on computer screen. By utilizing computer program, the distance from height of interproximal bone to the labial bone crest in central incisor-central incisor and central incisor-lateral incisor area was measured and converted to real distance by using vertical length of metal ball on film. After measuring crown length & width of central incisor, the 10 individuals ranked lowest GW/L ratio (crown width/length ratio) and the 10 ranked highest were selected as having a long-narrow(group N), or a short-wide(group W) form of the central incisors. Means of the distance from height of interproximal bone to the labial bone crest of group N, W were calculated and compared by means of independent t-test. The results were as follows: 1. Mean distance from the height of the interproximal bone to the labial bone crest was $3.5{\pm}0.7mm$ between two central incisor, and $2.8{\pm}0.6mm$ between central and lateral incisor. 2. Mean GW/L ratio of group N was 0.57, and group W was 0.8. Mean distance from the height of the interproximal bone to the labial bone crest of group N was higher than group W in both measured area(measurements of group N, W were $3.9{\pm0.2mm$ and $3.5{\pm}0.2mm$ between two central incisor, $3.0{\pm}0.2mm$ and $2.8{\pm}0.2mm$ between central and lateral incisor), but there were no statistically significant differences when the groups were compared. Within the limits of the present study, there was a tendency that subjects with long-narrow teeth have more scalloped alveolar bone profile than subjects with short-wide teeth in upper anterior area, but no statistically significant differences were found.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1999

A linkage map of Capsicum annuum L. was constructed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers followed in a backcross population of an intraspecific cross between cultivars HDA210 and Yatsufusa. A total of 420 random primers were tested and 311 polymorphic bands were generated by 158 random primers. Among them, 86 Yatsufusa specific bands generated by 52 primers were examined for mapping. Most bands except three segregated in Mendelian fashion fitting the expected 1:1 ratio. The total length of the map was 533 cM distributed in 15 linkage groups. The map distance between adjacent markers ranged 0 to 32.8 cM, with an average distance of 9.1 cM (63 markers). Some markers were clustered and this may be due to the amplification of a repetitive sequence by the RAPDs. Primer pairs for a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) were developed and the segregation scores by the SCAR primers were in accordance with the RAPD data. Two QTL markers for number of axillary shoots and for early flowering were developed. One QTL for early flowering located in the linkage group 3 and explained 61 "io of the phenotypic variation. The other QTL for the number of axillary shoots located in the linkage group 4 explained 55 % of the phenotypic variation.tion.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2013

Children are particularly vulnerable to adverse health effects associated with heavy metal exposure. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between proximity to an industry complex and blood lead and urinary cadmium levels for children aged 7-13 who lived in Ulsan where a big petrochemical complex is located. We conducted a questionnaire survey to collect data including sociodemographics, daily habits, residential environment, etc. We also analyzed blood lead and urinary cadmium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using regression analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS software version 9.2. We calculated distance by using a Geographic Information System (ArcGIS version 10.0). The geometric mean blood lead level was 1.55 ${\mu}g/dL$ (boys: 1.59 ${\mu}g/dL$, girls: 1.51 ${\mu}g/dL$), and the geometric mean urinary cadmium level was 0.51 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine (boys: 0.45 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine, girls: 0.58 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine). In the results of regression analyses, we found that urinary cadmium levels significantly decreased as distance between residence and industrial complex increased after adjusting for age, gender, income, passive smoking and the length of residence. This result was opposite to that for lead levels. Our observations support the hypothesis that urinary cadmium levels in children are related to their proximity to an industrial complex.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2003

The goal of this study is to show the way to decrease the noise from air nozzles. The variables of this test are the shapes of air nozzles, air flow rate and the distance between a reflection plate and a nozzle tip. This experiment is aimed to find the most appropriate condition to minimize the noise. These are the results. If diameter ratio is more than 12:8, noise level increases by over 10 dB(A) regradless of the distance between a reflection plate and a nozzle and the existence of a reflection plate. And when $L_2$ of a nozzle is 5mm long, noise level rise relatively highly. So, it is strongly recommended that $L_2$ should be manufactured more than 10mm. The reason for a high intensity noise is that when diameter ratio is more than 12:8, the diameter of a nozzle tip($D_2$) turns small drastically, which increases the air velocity. It is assumed that when the vortes is great around the spots where a nozzle hole is suddenly smaller, great turbulent flow increases much noise.

• 청정기술
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2007

축산폐수처리에 광촉매공정을 적용하였을 때 운전변수 중 자외선 조사거리, 반응면적, 부유고형물(SS)농도, 컬럼직경이 처리율에 미치는 영향을 실험실 규모의 광촉매반응기를 사용하여 실험하였다. 최적운전조건은 자외선 조사거리 3 cm (7 cm 이하 권장), 반응면적 $3.6\;m^2$, SS농도 40 mg/L (300 mg/L이하 권장), 컬럼직경 5 mm (10 mm 이하 권장)로서 COD, 색도, coliform 제거율이 반응시간 300 min에서 각각 49%, 53% 100%로 나타났다. 최적운전조건에서 난분해성 COD의 제거율은 57%로 나타나 광촉매반응이 난분해성 유기물제거에 어느 정도 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2020

본 연구의 목표는 CuCl₂가 지브라피시에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. CuCl₂에 대한 지브라피시의 반수치사농도를 조사하기 위하여 각기 다른 시간에 따른 농도를 설정하여 노출시켰다. 본 연구에서는 스트레스 반응의 증가를 보기 위하여 whole-body cortisol level 측정과 행동약리학적 변화를 측정하기 위해서 open field test와 novel tank test를 실시하였다. Whole-body cortisol의 sample을 수집하거나 행동실험을 실시하기 전에 CuCl₂ 또는 vehicle을 1시간 동안 처리하였다. CuCl₂의 반수치사농도는 24시간, 48시간, 96시간에서 각각 30.3, 25.3, 14.8 ㎍/l으로 측정되었다. CuCl₂에 노출된 지브라피시의 novel tank test의 결과는 총 이동거리, 움직이는 시간 그리고 속도는 유의성이 있게 감소한 반면, turn angle은 최고농도에서 유의성이 있게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 다른 행동실험인 open field test의 결과에서도 총 이동거리, 움직이는 시간 속도가 CuCl₂의 노출에 의해서 감소하였으며, turn angle과 meandering이 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). CuCl₂에 노출된 지브라피시의 whole-body cortisol은 1.5 or 15 ㎍/l의 농도에서는 유의하게 증가하였으나, 150 ㎍/l의 농도에서는 유의성 있는 변화를 발견하지 못하였다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 CuCl₂의 노출이 지브라피시에서 치사율 증가, 행동 및 내분비의 변화 등을 포함하는 독성 반응을 야기하는 것을 나타낸다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2024

Background: There are concerns about the health effects of various environmental pollution exposures among residents living near coal-fired power plants (CFPP). Objectives: This study attempted to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine and those of urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites according to the residential separation distance. Methods: Participants in the study totaled 334 people who have lived for more than 10 years in areas within 10 km of a CFPP. The separation distance was analyzed in quartiles by dividing it into Q1 (88 people), Q2 (89 people), Q3 (89 people), and Q4 (68 people). We explained the purpose of this study to the participants and collected blood and urine after obtaining signatures on a participation agreement. Results: The study participants were 102 males (30.5%) and 232 females (69.5%), with an average age of 71. The average length of residence and distance were 43.8 years and 4,800 meters. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg in blood and As and Cd in urine were respective 1.35 ㎍/dL, 1.43 ㎍/L, 3.16 ㎍/L. They were 167.88 ㎍/g for creatinine and 1.58 ㎍/g creatinine. The metabolite concentrations of VOCs were 50.67 ㎍/g creatinine in t, t-muconic acid (t, t-MA), 10.73 ㎍/g creatinine in benzyl mercapturic acid, 317.05 ㎍/g creatinine in phenylglyoxylic acid, 123.55 ㎍/g creatinine in methylhippuric acid, and 190.82 ㎍/g creatinine in mandelic acid. The concentration of Pb in the blood and Cd and t, t-MA in the urine of residents within affected area of the CFPP showed statistically significant differences among distance groups. Conclusions: The concentration of urinary VOCs metabolites, especially t, t-MA, differed according to the distance groups of residents within the affected area of CFPP (p<0.05).

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 적외선 열화상 기법을 원전 배관에 적용하여 감육결함을 검사하기 위한 시험 조건을 파악하기 위해서, 인공 결함이 가공된 배관 시편과 평판 시편을 이용하여 적외선 열화상 시험을 수행하였다. 시험에는 할로겐램프를 사용하여 시편을 가열하였으며, 램프의 출력과 시편과 램프의 거리를 변수로 실험을 수행하였다. 시험 결과 시편과 램프의 거리가 1~2 m 이고 램프의 출력이 정격출력의 60 % 이상일 때, 적외선 열화상 기법은 1회 촬영으로 최소한 500 mm 범위 내에 존재하는 원주방향 폭이 $2{\Theta}=90^{\circ}$이고 깊이와 길이가 각각 d/t=0.5와 $L/D_o=0.25$인 배관내 인공 감육 결함들을 검출하였다. 평판 시편과 배관 시편에서 시편과 램프의 거리에 관계없이 램프 출력이 높을수록 결함에 대한 이미지가 선명하였다. 평판 시편과 배관 시편에서 적외선 열화상 방법의 결함 검출 능력은 유사하지만, 최적의 시험 조건은 시편에 따라 다르게 나타났다.