• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the effects of pyroligneous liquor on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in the liver of Cri/Bgi CD rats (7 rats per group). Male rats were fed a basic diet prepared in our Lab., PL-0 (Control), PL-1, PL-25, PL-50 and PL-75 groups were Prepared to be 0%, 1%, 25%, 50% and 75%with distilled water using pyroligneous liquor (35% of Choa Co. Ltd.), and were administrated orally for 8 weeks. Superoxide radical contents in liver mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased to 12-14%, 11-15%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50groups compared with the control group. Hydroxyl radical content in mitochondria and microsomes were markedly decreased to 12-20% and 17%, respectively, in these PL-25 and PL-50% groups compared with the control group. Hydrogen peroxide content in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly decreased about 15-12% and 22-20% in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD activities in liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups were remarkably increased to 15-25%, 11-16%, respectively, compared with the control group. GPx activities in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly increased in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. CAT activities in mitochondria and cytosol were significantly increased to 12-14%, 15-27%, respectively, in the liver of PL-25 and PL-50 groups compared with the control group. These results suggest that long term administration orally of 25 and 50% pyroligneous liquor may effectively inhibit the formation of oxygen free radicals, and also scavenger enzyme activities significantly increase through the administration orally.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.6 s.122
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• pp.325-333
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• 2004

Birds were censused to investigate the composition of landscape structure for bird diversity around Ulsan between May and November 2002. Associations with three main categories of habitat variables were evaluated: 1) amount and type of forest; 2) residual habitats not classified as forest or crops; 3) land-use variables. Cluster analysis of bird community shows the highest forest variables of $79.06\%$, and the others are residual habitat variables ($17.98\%$), land-use variables ($2.94\%$) in spring, and forest variables of $57.77\%$, land-use variables ($23.16\%$), residual habitat variables ($18.47\%$) in autumn, respectively. In Principal Component Analysis of a total of 196 sites, the populations are strongly correlated to Component I ($54.8\%$) based forest habitats and to Component II based on land-use. Species preferring sites were clearly separated with heterogenous forest along the first axis. In autumn, the populations are moderately correlated to Component I based land-use and to component II based forest habitats. Species preferring local habitats were also clearly separated. Fifty three species of 1,700 birds were recorded: Brown-eared Bulbul, Vinous-throated Parrotbill, Great Tit, Tree Sparrow and Black-billed Magpie accounted for over $60\%$ of the observed birds in spring and autumn. The important species were Brown-eared Bulbul, Vinous-throated Parrotbill, Great Tit and Tree Sparrow in spring and autumn. Four habitats in terms of their species richness were computed as follows: Wonhyosan has the highest an expected species number, $E[S_{59}]=19$. Moonsusan has the lowest expected species number, $E[S_{59}]=17$ in spring. In autumn, Kuenamsan has the highest expected species number, $E[S_{63}]=16$. Moonsusan has the lowest expected species number, $E[S_{63}]=12$. Pairwise similarity declined with increasing distance between recording site and recording site from Moonsusan-Wonhyosan (0.62), the same geographical regions clustered separately in a UPGMA cluster tree in spring, and in autumn from Moonsusan-ChungJoksan (0.53).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.739-743
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• 2014

This work characterizes 'Yeolha', a new strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.) cultivar that was released by the Highland Agriculture Research Center, RDA, in 2013. This cultivar originated from a 2008 cross between 'Goha' and 'Elsinyo' and showed excellent ever-bearing characteristics including continuous a flowering habit under long-day and high temperature conditions. It was originally named 'Saebong No. 5' after examining its characteristics and productivity in summer culture from 2010 to 2013. After two regional adaptability tests in 2012, it was selected as an elite cultivar and renamed 'Yeolha'. The general characteristics of 'Yeolha' include a semi-spreading plant type, elliptic leaves, and strong vigor in growth. Its fruit is conical and red. T he s oluble s olids content of 'Yeolha' is 8 .6%, w hich is 0.6% h ig her than t hat of 'Flamenco', b ut f ruit hardness is lower than that of 'Flamenco'. The average fruit weight of 'Yeolha' is about 12.1 g and the marketable yield is $28,133kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, which is 117% higher than that of 'Flamenco'. 'Yeolha' is resistant against Fusarium wilt. In addition, 'Yeolha' is suitable for four-season cultivation as a high harvesting cultivar because it shows continuous flowering under long-day and high temperature conditions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.431-437
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• 2002

In order to understand the spatiotemporal variation of water quality, an investigation on variation characteristics of water quality was conducted at 13 stations in Yongil bay from 1990 to 1998. The salinity in summer was relatively lower than that in other seasons and it have increased from inner bay to outside of the bay gradually. However, nitrate concentration in summer was relatively higher than that in other seasons, and it was the highest, up to $65.40\%$, among dissolved inorganic nitrogens, Nitrate concentration indicates the possibility of affecting by freshwater discharges to Yongil bay. Correlation analysis showed that salinity had a significantly good correlation with nitrate. This result suggested that inflow of river had an influence on increase of nitrate. The result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that nitrate was major factor to influence the water quality in Yongil Bay.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.76-94
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate Acute$\cdot$Subacute Toxicity and Anti-cancer Effect of K-Herbal-acupuncture in mice and rats. Methods : Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with K-herbal-acupuncture for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with K-herbal-acupuncture for subacute toxicity test. K-Herbal-acupuncture was injected on abdomen of mice with S-180 cancer cell line. Result : 1. $LD_{50}$ of K-Herbal-acupuncture was limited $4{\times}10^{-3}$ml/kg~$2{\times}10^{-3}$ml/kg by the test. 2. In acute toxicity test, all of mice were down to the moving reflex, but the weight of mice was increased in treatment group, compared with the normal group. (P<0.05) 3. In acute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of mice, glucose was increased in treatment II group, total cholesterol was increased both treatments.(P<0.05) 4. In subacute toxicity test, the clinical signs of toxication was down to the moving reflex, but it is not severe like acute toxicity test, and observed weight loss at the treatments. 5. In subacute toxicity test, liver weight was decreased compared with the normal group. (P<0.05) 6. In subacute toxicity test of complete blood count test (CBC) of rat, HCT was decreased in treatments, compared with the normal group.(P<0.05) 7. In subacute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of rat, uric acid and triglyceride were decreased, and glucose was increased in treatment groups compared with the control group. (P<0.05) 8. Median survival time was increased about $45\%$ in treatment groups compared with the control group.(P<0.05) 9. Natural killer cell activity was increased in B16F10 lung cancer model, but it was not in sarcoma-180 abdomen cancer. 10. In interleukin-2 productivity test, treatment groups didn't show significant change in lung cancer and abdomen cancer, compared with the normal group.(P<0.005) 11. In making an examination of metastatic cancer with the naked eye, melanoma metastasized in the Lung of C57BL/6 mice. The treated group showed more Melanoma than the control in the numbers and volume. Conclusion : According to the result, K-herbal-acupuncture need further study to know the function and effect in cancer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2009

In order to optimize tissue culture conditions for genetic transformation of Miscanthus sinensis, we investigated the effects of different plant growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration using mature seeds as explant. Dehusked mature seeds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 to 10 mg/L 2,4-D, dicamba or NAA, 30 g/L sucrose and 750 mg/L $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$. A number of combinations of auxin and cytokinin (BA, kinetin) were also used. MS medium containing 3 mg/L 2,4-D was found optimal for embryogenic callus induction (75.7%) from mature seed. The highest number of plants were regenerated (44.6%) upon transferring the embryogenic callus to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D plus 2 mg/L BA. This high efficient plant regeneration system could be useful to use for molecular breeding of new cultivars by genetic transformation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.428-441
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• 1992

We synthesized a series of binuclear pentadentate Schiff base complexes such as $Co(Ⅱ)_2$ (BSPP)($H_2O)_2$, $Co(Ⅱ)_2$ (BSPD)($H_2O)_2$, $Mn(Ⅱ)_2$ (BSPP)($H_2O)_2$ and $Mn(Ⅱ)_2$ (BSPD)($H_2O)_2$, mononuclear pentadentate Schiff base complexes such as Co(Ⅱ)(BSP)($H_2O)$ and Mn(Ⅱ)(BSP)($H_2O)$. The composition of these complexes identified by IR, UV-visible spectrum, T.G.A., DSC, and elemental analysis. The electrochemical redox processes have been examined by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse polarography with glassy carbon electrode in 0.1M TEAP-Py(-DMSO and -DMF) as a supporting electrolyte solution. As a result of electrochemical measurements, the reduction processes for pentadentate binuclear Schiff base cobalt(Ⅱ) and manganese(Ⅱ) complexes occurred to four steps in $M(Ⅲ)_2$ / $Mn(Ⅱ)_2$ and $Mn(Ⅱ)_2$ / $M(Ⅰ)_2$ (M; Co, Mn) two processes through each two reduction steps with one electron, by contrast, the mononuclear pentadentate Schiff base cobalt(Ⅱ) and manganese(Ⅱ) complexes occurred to two steps in M(Ⅲ) / M(Ⅱ) and M(Ⅱ) / M(Ⅰ) (M; Co, Mn) two processes with one electron reduction steps.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 1995

The model equations including scaling factors to estimate the soil water characteristics curve(SWCC) without direct measurement of soil water tension were developed. Scaling were applied to a data set of soil water content, soil water tension, particle size distribution, and OM contents of the 134 soil samples with the 10 soil textural classes. The capability of the model equations was tested on another 205 soil samples. The parameter, ${\theta}^*$, of soil water contents was used by scale transformation as follows : ${\theta}^*=[{\theta}i-{\theta}(1.5MPa)]$/$[{\theta}(10KPa)-{\theta}(1.5MPa)]$ Using ${\theta}^*$ a model equation to estimate SWCC, which was applicable to all textural classes, was developed as follows: $H(0.1MPa)=0.13{\cdot}({\theta}^*)^{-2.04}$. Other model equations to estimate the water content at the soil water tension of 10KPa [${\theta}(10KPa)$] and 1.5MPa [${\theta}(1.5MPa)$], which are required to ${\theta}^*$ were developed by using scale factors of sand(S) and silt(Si) content and organic matter content(OM) as foilows : ${\theta}(10KPa)=26.80-3.99ln[S]+2.36{\sqrt{[Si]}}+2.88[OM]$ ($R=0.81^{**}$) ${\theta}(1.5KPa)=15.75-2.86ln[S]+0.55{\sqrt{[Si]}}+0.70[OM]$ ($R=0.76^{**}$) The measured and estimated values of ${\theta}(1/30MPa)$ on the 205 soil samples were highly correlated on 1 : 1 corresponding line with $R=0.85^{**}$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2018

To investigate the effect of light sources on the growth and photosynthesis of the dwarf apple rootstock M.9 for the production of standard seedlings, the plants were cultivated in a controlled environment for 6 weeks. The sources of light are six treatments [Red (R), Blue (B), White (W), RBUV (R7B3 containing UV-A), RBW (R3B1W1), SMF (high pressure sodium + metal halide + fluorescent lamp) under $154{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Growth characteristics of apple seedlings varied depending on artificial light source at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. The plant height of apple seedling was high in the R, RBUV, RBW, and SMF light sources at 3 weeks, and in the R light at 6 weeks. There was no significant difference on stem diameter among the treatments at 3 weeks, but showed high in RBUV and RBW light at 6 weeks. Leaf number was the highest in RBUV light at 3 and 6 weeks. The chlorophyll content (SPAD value) was high in the B and RBUV light at 3 weeks, but it was not significant at 6 weeks. The growth rate to height of the R light (1.12mm/day) was the highest among the treatments, followed by RBUV, RBW, SMF, W and then B. Leaf area was the highest in RBUV and RBW lowest in B. Specific leaf area was high in W and fresh and dry weight were high in RBUV. The photosynthetic rate at 6 weeks was highest in the B and lowest in the R. Stomatal conductivity and transpiration rate were higher in the B and W compared to the other light sources. Therefore, we are considered that light sources for growth of dwarf apple rootstock M.9 seedlings are suitable the R, RBUV, and RBW light sources with a high mixing ratio of Red and Red +Blue.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.675-681
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• 2012

We aimed to examine the co-doping effects of 1/6 mol% $Mn_3O_4$ and 1/4 mol% $Cr_2O_3$ (Mn:Cr = 1:1) on the reaction, microstructure, and electrical properties, such as the bulk defects and grain boundary properties, of ZnO-$Bi_2O_3-Sb_2O_3$ (ZBS; Sb/Bi = 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) varistors. The sintering and electrical properties of Mn,Cr-doped ZBS, ZBS(MnCr) varistors were controlled using the Sb/Bi ratio. Pyrochlore ($Zn_2Bi_3Sb_3O_{14}$), ${\alpha}$-spinel ($Zn_7Sb_2O_{12}$), and ${\delta}-Bi_2O_3$ (also ${\beta}-Bi_2O_3$ at Sb/Bi ${\leq}$ 1.0) were detected for all of the systems. Mn and Cr are involved in the development of each phase. Pyrochlore was decomposed and promoted densification at lower temperature on heating in Sb/Bi = 1.0 system by Mn rather than Cr doping. A more homogeneous microstructure was obtained in all systems affected by ${\alpha}$-spinel. In ZBS(MnCr), the varistor characteristics were improved dramatically (non-linear coefficient, ${\alpha}$ = 40~78), and seemed to form ${V_o}^{\cdot}$(0.33 eV) as a dominant defect. From impedance and modulus spectroscopy, the grain boundaries can be seen to have divided into two types, i.e. one is tentatively assigned to ZnO/$Bi_2O_3$ (Mn,Cr)/ZnO (0.64~1.1 eV) and the other is assigned to the ZnO/ZnO (1.0~1.3 eV) homojunction.