• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.380-390
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the topographical factors (16 items), physico-chemical properties of soil (13 items) and meteorological factors(9 items) on the height growth of Pinus thunbergii stands along the coastal area in Korea. According to the coefficients by partial correlation analysis in total area, it was found that tree height growth was considerably affected by local topography, soil hardness, soil B-horizental depth, effective soil depth, soil moisture, parent rock, soil texture, and etc.. And the soil factors were available $P_2O_5$, total nitrogen, base saturation, exchangeable $Ca^{{+}+}$, and etc.. In partial correlation analysis, annual relative humidity, annual precipitation, index of aridity, and etc. were found to be the most important factors influencing on tree height growth of Pinus thunbergii stands. In conlusion, the topographical, soil and meteorological factors have multiplex influence on the tree height growth in the Pinus thunbergii stands. They promise to provide the basis of improving not only the selection of suitable sites and the management of soil fertilizer but also the estimation of growth and yield. Hence these results would be used successfully for the design in the scientific forest working plan.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.103-130
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• 2008

Background: For standardizing of Han-Yeol [寒熱], which is a kind of diagnosis method in oriental medicine, it is necessary to investigate into relationship of symptoms and signs representative of Han-Yeol [寒熱] to the biofunctional medical signals; thermal temperature by Thermography, Pulse-Respiration Ratio and so on. By correlation analysis of these data items acquired from patients, it could be provides the fundamental data for standardizing of Han-Yeol [寒熱]. Objectives: We performed this study to check the characteristics of thermal temperature with Han-Yeol [寒熱] statue by pulse-respiration ratio. Methods: We selected nine regions around acupoints including Yin dang[印堂], Sugu[水溝, GV26], Ch'ondol[天突, CV22], Chonjung[CV17], Chung-wan[中脘, CV12], Chonchu[天樞 S25], No-gung[勞官, P8], and calculated based on the utility of R.O.I.(Region of Integer) by IR-2000 these points temperature from 68 subjects. In practicing pulse-respiration ratio over 4.0 means the statues of Yeol [熱], pulse-respiration ratio below 4.0 means the statues of Han [寒]. To optimum conditions thermal temperature, which are not effected by internal and external variables, we studied preceding research. The results shows that optimal time period is 20minutes after undressed and the optimal region is the region around acupoints including Sugu [水溝, GV26]. Based on a preceding research results, we analyzed these data by Paired T-test between GV26 Region and 8-Thermography Regions and two-way repeated ANOVA with thermography$({\Delta}T)$ and Han-Yeol [寒熱] statue by pulse-respiration ratio. Results: 1. In applying of two-way repeated ANOVA with thermography$({\Delta}T)$ and Han-Yeol [寒熱] statue by pulse-respiration ratio, Sugu [水溝穴, GV26] - [印堂穴, HN1], Sugu 水溝, GV26] - Chonjung[CV17], Sugu [水溝, GV26] -Chung-wan[中脘, CV12]had significant differences. 2. In applying of Paired T-test between Sugu [水溝穴, GV26] Region and 8- Thermography Regions, there were significant differences except of Sugu [水溝穴, GV26] -Chondolp[天突, CV22]. 3. In the difference of Sugu [水溝, GV26] -Chung-wan[中脘, CV12], thermal temperature increases a lot in the statues of Yeol [熱], thermal temperature decreases a lot in the statues of Han [寒]. Conclusions: On the analysis of Thermography, we obtain the measurement conditions were considered the individual variations. And it is different that the thermal temperature change on Thermography according to Han-Yeol [寒熱] statue by pulse-respiration ratio.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.27.1-27.8
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• 2016

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy, essential amino acids, and fatty acids in extruded pellets containing various fish meals were determined for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eight extruded pellet diets were prepared to contain different fish meals (herring fish meal, anchovy fish meal, mackerel fish meal, sardine fish meal-A, sardine fish meal-B, tuna fish meal, pollock fish meal-A, and pollock fish meal-B) designated as HM, AM, MM, SM-A, SM-B, TM, PM-A, and PM-B, respectively. Chromic oxide ($Cr_2O_3$) was used as an inert indicator at a concentration of 0.5 % in the diet. Feces were collected from triplicate groups of fish ($151{\pm}4.0g$) using a fecal collection column attached to the fish rearing tank for 4 weeks. Dry matter ADCs of the MM, SM-A, SM-B, and PM-A diets were higher than those of all the other dietary groups, and the lowest digestibility of dry matter was observed in the PM-B diet. Fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets showed significantly higher ADC of protein than those fed the AM, SM-B, TM, and PM-B diets. Lipid ADC of PM-B was significantly lower than that of the other diets. Energy ADCs of fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were significantly higher than those of the other diets. The availability of essential amino acids in the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than that of the other fish meal diets, while TM showed the lowest values among all the experimental diets. ADCs of fatty acids in the AM, MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than those of fatty acids in the other diets, and the lowest values were recorded for the PM-B diet. These results provide information on the bioavailability of nutrients and energy in various fish meals which can be used to properly formulate practical extruded feeds for olive flounder.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to examine the effect of a silicate fertilizer on the growth and development of potted plants. Cutting of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana 'Kaluna' and 'Taos', and Dianthus caryophyllus L. 'Kazan' and 'Tula' were grown in 50 and 128-cell plug trays, respectively. Rooted cuttings transplanted to the mixture of a commercial medium and perlite (5:1, v/v) supplemented with a silicate fertilizer at 0, 40, 80, 120 or $160g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ medium was evaluated. A silicate fertilizer supplementation at $40g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ medium resulted in the greatest plant height, leaf thickness, and root fresh and dry weights in both kalanchoe and carnation. However, plant height was suppressed in the treatment of a silicate fertilizer supplementation at higher concentrations in both kalanchoe and carnation. According to the scanning electron microscope images of transversal sections of tissues of roots and leaves in kalanchoe and carnation, the treatment of a silicate fertilizer supplementation at $40g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ medium resulted in plants with more compact tissue than the control.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.140-149
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• 2018

Along with the recent increase in national income, social phenomena such as aging due to a decrease in population and an increase in single households are observed. There are also an increasing number of households raising pets in proportion to aging households and the increase in the number of single households, most of which use animal companions to overcome loneliness and boost domestic vitality. As more and more people consider pets as family members, the size of the domestic pet market is also growing. The growing number of pets in older households and single households is not properly managed by care such as food meals and exercise management for pets. It is necessary to research and develop robots that can monitor animal companions remotely, feed a certain amount of food at regular intervals, and manage their health through exercise. Among pet companions, dog selection is the highest. Therefore, this study identified robot research on driving methods, examples of existing pet care systems, and researched pet care robots using obstacle avoidance algorithms. In order to use the snack pay behavior and obstacle avoidance algorithm of the pet animals by applying IoT and we .oPI technology, it is able to use ultrasonic sensors on the front and has four infrared sensors on the back. However, this study does not reflect the characteristics of other pet animals as a study on pet care robots, and it requires continuous observation and testing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.390-400
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• 2021

Background: We recently showed that gintonin, an active ginseng ingredient, exhibits antibrain neurodegenerative disease effects including multiple target mechanisms such as antioxidative stress and antiinflammation via the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a spinal disease characterized by neurodegenerative changes in motor neurons with subsequent skeletal muscle paralysis and death. However, pathophysiological mechanisms of ALS are still elusive, and therapeutic drugs have not yet been developed. We investigate the putative alleviating effects of gintonin in ALS. Methods: The G93A-SOD1 transgenic mouse ALS model was used. Gintonin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) administration started from week seven. We performed histological analyses, immunoblot assays, and behavioral tests. Results: Gintonin extended mouse survival and relieved motor dysfunctions. Histological analyses of spinal cords revealed that gintonin increased the survival of motor neurons, expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, choline acetyltransferase, NeuN, and Nissl bodies compared with the vehicle control. Gintonin attenuated elevated spinal NAD(P) quinone oxidoreductase 1 expression and decreased oxidative stress-related ferritin, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-immunoreactive microglia, S100β-immunoreactive astrocyte, and Olig2-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes compared with the control vehicle. Interestingly, we found that the spinal LPA1 receptor level was decreased, whereas gintonin treatment restored decreased LPA1 receptor expression levels in the G93A-SOD1 transgenic mouse, thereby attenuating neurological symptoms and histological deficits. Conclusion: Gintonin-mediated symptomatic improvements of ALS might be associated with the attenuations of neuronal loss and oxidative stress via the spinal LPA1 receptor regulations. The present results suggest that the spinal LPA1 receptor is engaged in ALS, and gintonin may be useful for relieving ALS symptoms.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.145-158
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• 2024

Life history characteristics, habitat landscape, and historical events are believed to have shaped the patterns of genetic variation in many taxa. The bony lip barb, Osteohilus vittatus, represent a potamodromous fish that complete all life cycle in freshwater and is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. It usually lives in small rivers and other freshwater habitats, and movement between habitats for either food or reproduction has been typical. These life history characteristics may promote gene flow, leading to less structured populations. However, many freshwater habitats are fragmented, which restricts gene flow. We investigate how this interplay has shaped patterns of genetic variation and phylogeographic structure within this species in the Sundaland, a biodiversity hotspot with a complex geological history, using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) as a genetic marker. Forty-six mtCOI sequences of 506 bp long were collected from ten localities, eight geographically isolated and two connected. The sequences were used for population genetic and phylogeographic analyses. Our results showed a low genetic diversity within populations but high between populations. There was a deep phylogeographic structure among geographically isolated populations but a lack of such structure in the connected habitats. Among geographically isolated populations, sequence divergence was revealed, ranging from 1.8% between Java and Sumatra populations to 12.2% between Malaysia and Vietnam. An indication of structuring was also observed among localities that are geographically closer but without connectivity. We conclude that despite high dispersal capacity, the joint effects of historical events, long-term geographic isolation associated with sea level oscillation during the Pleistocene, and restricted gene flow related to lack of habitat connectivity have shaped the phylogeographic structure within the O. vittatus over the Sundaland.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2022

The proper estimation of physical and chemical properties of Earth materials and their structures at high pressure and high temperature conditions is key to the full understanding of diverse geological processes in Earth and planetary interiors. Multi-anvil press - high-pressure generating device - provides unique information of Earth materials under compression, mainly relevant to Earth's upper mantle. The quantitative estimation of the relationship between the oil load within press and the actual pressure conditions within the sample needs to be established to infer the planetary processes. Such pressure-load calibration has often been based on the phase transitions of crystalline earth materials with known pressure conditions; however, unlike at high temperature conditions, phase transitions at low (or room) temperatures can be sluggish, making the calibration at such conditions challenging. In this study, we explored the changes in Al coordination environments of permanently densified pyrope glasses upon the cold compression using the high-resolution ²⁷Al MAS and 3QMAS NMR. The fractions of highly coordinated Al in the cold compressed pyrope glasses increase with increasing oil load and thus, the peak pressure condition. Based on known relationship between the peak pressure and the Al coordination environment in the compressed pyrope glasses at room temperature, we established a room temperature pressure-load calibration of the 14/8 HT assembly in 1,100-ton multi-anvil press. The current results highlight the first pressure-load calibration of any high pressure device using high-resolution NMR. Irreversible structural densification upon cold compression observed for the pyrope glasses provides insights into the deformation and densification mechanisms of amorphous earth materials at low temperature and high pressure conditions within the subducting slabs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-46
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• 2020

An irrigated-maize agroecosystem is viewed as an open thermodynamic system upon which solar radiation impresses a large gradient that moves the system away from equilibrium. Following the imperative of the second law of thermodynamics, such agroecosystem resists and reduces the externally applied gradient by using all means of this nature-human coupled system acting together as a nonequilibrium dissipative process. The ultimate purpose of our study is to test this hypothesis by examining the energetics of agroecosystem growth and development. As a first step toward this test, we employed the eddy covariance flux data from 2003 to 2014 at the AmeriFlux NE1 irrigated-maize site at Mead, Nebraska, USA, and analyzed the energetics of this agroecosystem by scrutinizing its radiation, energy and entropy exchange. Our results showed: (1) more energy capture during growing season than non-growing season, and increasing energy capture through growing season until senescence; (2) more energy flow activity within and through the system, providing greater potential for degradation; (3) higher efficiency in terms of carbon uptake and water use through growing season until senescence; and (4) the resulting energy degradation occurred at the expense of increasing net entropy accumulation within the system as well as net entropy transfer out to the surrounding environment. Under the drought conditions in 2012, the increased entropy production within the system was accompanied by the enhanced entropy transfer out of the system, resulting in insignificant net entropy change. Drought mitigation with more frequent irrigation shifted the main route of entropy transfer from sensible to latent heat fluxes, yielding the production and carbon uptake exceeding the 12-year mean values at the cost of less efficient use of water and light.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.4 s.96
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• pp.298-309
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the filtering-feeding effect of a freshwater mussel (Corbicula leana) on the phytoplankton communities in two lakes with different trophic conditions between June and September, 2000. Manipulation experiments were conducted with two treatments (the control and mussel addition), and each established in duplicate 10 l chambers. Both ambient nutrient (TN, TP) and chlorophyll-a concentrations were significantly (p<0.01) higher in Lake Ilgam than Lake Soyang. Cyanophytes (Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya and Dactylococcopis) consistently dominated algal community in Lake llgam, while flagellated algae (Dinobryon divergence, Mallomonas, Rhodomonas) and cyanophytes (Microcystis)dominated in Lake Soyang. The net exponential death rate ($R\;=\;day^{-1}$) of total phytoplankton in the mussel treatment ranged $1.70{\sim}7.39$ and $0.38{\sim}1.64$ in Lakes Soyang and Ilgam, respectively. Mean filtering rate standardized by mussel AFDW ($ml\;mgAFDW^{1}\;h^{-1}$) was much higher in Lake Soyang ($1.70{\sim}3.06$) than in Lake Ilgam($0.24{\sim}0.88$0.24~o.88). Estimating FR per mussel, 1 mussel filtered $1.6{\sim}7.8\;l$ per day and $1.7{\sim}3.0\;l$ per day in Lakes Soyang and Ilgam, respectively. Based on tile C-flux tobiomass ratio, Corbicula leana consumed $0.8{\sim}4.4$ fold of phytoplankton standing stock in Lake Soyang, and $0.4{\sim}1.6$ fold in Lake Ilgam per day. Mussel feeding resulted in increase of SRP concentration by $30{\sim}50%$, compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that filter-feeding activity of Corbicula leana varies depending on the phytoplankton density and community composition. The high seston consumption rate of Corsicuja Jeaua even in a eutrophic lake suggests that biomanipulation approach using filter-feeding mussels can be used far wate rquality management in small eutrophic reservoirs.