• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.6
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• pp.481-485
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• 2012

Background: Tracheostomy is a common procedure for patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. However, the timing of tracheostomy is quite variable. This study was performed to find out the factors determining the timing of tracheostomy in medical intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Patients who were underwent tracheostomy between January 2008 and December 2009 in the medical ICU of Seoul National University Hospital were included in this retrospective study. Results: Among the 59 patients, 36 (61.0%) were male. Median Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores on the admission day were 28 and 7, respectively. The decision of tracheostomy was made on 13 days, and tracheostomy was performed on 15 days after endotracheal intubation. Of the 59 patients, 21 patients received tracheostomy before 2 weeks (group I) and 38 were underwent after 2 weeks (group II). In univariate analysis, days until the decision to perform tracheostomy (8 vs. 14.5, p<0.001), days before tracheostomy (10 vs. 18, p<0.001), time delay for tracheostomy (2.1 vs. 3.0, p<0.001), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (19.0% vs. 2.6%, p=0.049), existence of neurologic problem (38.1% vs. 7.9%, p=0.042), APACHE II scores (24 vs. 30, p=0.002), and $PaO_2/FiO_2$ <300 mm Hg (61.9% vs. 91.1%, p=0.011) were different between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, APACHE II scores${\geq}20$ (odds ratio [OR], 12.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14~136.19; p=0.039) and time delay for tracheostomy (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.11~3.55; p=0.020) were significantly associated with tracheostomy after 2 weeks. Conclusion: APACHE II scores${\geq}20$ and time delay for tracheostomy were associated with tracheostomy after 2 weeks.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.27-44
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• 2015

Objectives This study was carried out to find the effects of Gami-cheongyulsaseub-tang (hereinafter referred to GCST) on the inhibition of zymosan-induced pain in rats and collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1J mouse. Methods As an acute inflammatory pain model, peripheral inflammation was induced by intraplantar injection of zymosan into the right hind paw in rats and then the hyperalgesia and pain regulating factors in spinal cord were analyzed. As a chronic inflammation model, the mixture of collagen II and complete Freund's adjuvant was treated into mice to establish rheumatoid arthritis and then body weight, thickness of hind paw, pathological change of spleen, immunological rheumatoid factor (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgM and anti-collagen II), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and bone injury were analyzed. Results In the acute inflammatory pain model, GCST significantly inhibited the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and the pain regulating factors, including Fos, CD11b, PKA and PKC, in the spinal cord with a dose-dependent manner. In the chronic rheumatoid arthritis model, GCST administration decreased arthritic index and paw edema as compared with CIA control group. In particular, GCST reduced significantly the serum levels of total IgG2a, IgG2b, IgM, and specific anti-collagen II, but not total IgG1. GCST also resulted in the attenuation of bone injury and spleen enlargement/adhesion in CIA mice. Moreover, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in CIA mice was significantly reduced by GCST in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Comparison of the results in this study showed that GCST had anti-nociceptive and immunomodulatory effects. These data imply that GCST can be used as an effective drug for not only rheumatoid arthritic pain but also other auto-immune diseases.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.266-275
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of anatomical predisposing factors on the development of furcation involvement. Root trunk length, root divergency angle, buccal root trunk concavity and cervical enamel projection of the mandibular 1st and 2nd molars with(l03 teeth) and without(42 teeth) furcation involvement and enamel projection were classified by Lindhe's degree and Masters's classification, respectively, and buccal root trunk concavity was examined by probing. Statistical analysis was performed by means of ANOVA and CHI-SQUARE test in Microstat. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Root trunk length was longer in teeth without furcation involvement($4.20{\pm}1.05mm$) than teeth with furcation involvement(I : $3.62{\pm}0.68mm$, II : $3.64{\pm}0.86mm$, III: $3.61{\pm}0.74mm$)(p<0.05), but there was fno significant difference among furcation involvement group according to the degree of furcation involvement(p0>.05). 2. The root divergency angle was wider in teeth with furcation involvement(I : $53.14^0{\pm}15.11^0$, II : $44.82^0{\pm}14.26^0$, III : $52.69^0{\pm}16.09^0$) than teeth without furcation involvement($34.81^0{\pm}16.57^0$(p<0.05). 3. The group of teeth without furcation involvement showed significantly hign percentage of teeth without buccal root concavity, and the group of teeth with furcation involvement showed significantly hign percentage of teeth with buccal root concavity(p<0.05) 4. The group of teeth without furcation involvement showed higher percentage of teeth with grade I cervical enamel projection, teeth with furcation involvement I or II defect showed higher percentage of teeth with grade II enamel projection, and teeth with furcation involvement III defect showed higher percentage of teeth with grade III enamel projection(p<0.05) The results suggest that short root trunk length, wide root divergency, buccal root concavity and well-developed enamel projection could affect development and progression of furcation involvement as anatomical predisposing factors of periodontal diseases.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2005

The functional dyspepsia is a complex disease reaction that ocurs due to the presence of various factors and its pathophysiology has not been clearly verified until now. This disease is diagnosed after the organic diseases are ruled out. Therefore, the main treatments are limited down to compensating for revealed symptoms through exercising the supportive care. The international prevalence of the functional dyspepsia under the Rome I criterior is approximately 25%. For the cases of Koreans, there are very omnifarious symptoms in gastrointestinal disorders and the medical vocabularies which describe the diagnostic standard are not closely associated with the daily vocabularies, thus there would be a lot of restrictions to directly apply the Rome II criterior. However, the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal motility had decided to promote the use of the international standardized Rome II criterior in order for Korea to be comparable to the clinical studies from the other nations. There should be more extensive studies to differentiate the definitions of symptom descriptions from Korea to foreign countries. The extended researches concerning the pathophysiology are highly recommended which in return, would help enabling the reliable treatment techniques for this disease.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.286-294
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• 2009

This study aimed to identify risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Korea, a rapidly changing country. Data of 5,132 adults aged 20-85 were used from the 2001 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to identify risk factors for T2D. Three models were specified: (i) socioeconomic and demographic factors (model 1: age, gender, education, poverty income ratio, employment), (ii) behavioral risk factors and covariates (model 2: obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary quality, family history of T2D, co-morbidity) and (iii) socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors (model 3). The prevalence of T2D was 7.4%. Less education (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.84), age (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.56-3.08 in 40-59 yrs, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.76-5.95 in 60 yrs + comparing to 20-39 yrs) and abdominal obesity (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.79-2.82) were risk factors for T2D even after controlling for other factors simultaneously. There was a significant association of T2D with ever smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.67). The relationship of age with T2D was modified by gender in model 1 and the relationship of smoking with T2D was modified by obesity in model 2. Less educated, older, obese or ever smokers were more likely to have T2D. Gender mediated the relationship of age, and obesity mediated the relationship of smoking, with T2D. Intervention programs for T2D in Korea should take the interactions among risk factors into account.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.227-231
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• 1998

The teleosts represent ancient real-bony vertebrates in phylogeny and resemble major genetic patterns to higher vertebrates. In the present study, we have defined the single family of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), compared to the prototype of IGFs observed in the Agnathan hagfish. In flounder, IGFs are clearly diverged into two major types including type I and II, and they are structurally similar by displaying a multidomain structure consisting of five functional regions as previously found in other vertebrates. However, flIGF-I appears to be more basic (pI 8.03) than the flIGF-II (pI 5.34) in the fully processed form for the B to D domain region. The flIGF-I seems to contain an evolutionary conserved Asn-linked glycosylation in E domain, which is not found in flIGF­II. The most interesting feature is that flIGF-II appeared to be structurally close to hagfish IGF in secondary structures, particularly in Band D domains. This could tell us an idea on the molecular divergence of IGFs from the Agnatha to teleosts during the vertebrate phylogeny. It also support, in part, a notion regarding on how IGF-II is appeared as more embryonic during development. Nonetheless, the biologically active B to D domain region of flIGF-II shows significant sequence homology of $65.6\%$ to flIGF-Is and contains the evolutionary conserved insulin-family signature, as well as a reserved recognition site (Lys) in D domain, necessary to generate proteolytic cleavage for E-peptide. A significant structural difference was found in E domain in which flIGF-I possesses two potential alternative splicing donor site at $Val^{17,\;24}$ of E domain. Therefore, it seems so far that IGF-I sorely produces spliced variants due to the spliced E-peptide moiety while IGF-II appears to be maintained in a single type during evolution. IGF-II, however, may be also possible to transcribe unidentified variants, depending on the physiological conditions of tissues in vertebrates in vivo.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.93-102
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• 1998

This article aims at suggesting a practicla auide to navigation under restricted visibility by a study of an English court. This case os a good example of setting out safe speed. close-quarters situation, safe passing distance as the above factors are not enumerated in Collision Regulations.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2009

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.sup1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors in patients who suffered an intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) due to a ruptured middle cerebral artery(MCA) aneurysm. Methods : Among 148 case of ruptured MCA aneurysm, ruptured MCA aneurysm with ICH was compared with ruptured MCA aneurysm alone. According to factors, the prognosis in these two groups was analyzed. Prognosis was evaluated postoperatively by applying Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS) at discharge. Prognostic factors were evaluated with Chi square test, Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA test with differences being considered significant for value less than 0.05. Results : Ruptured MCA aneurysm alone revealed better consciousness on admission and final outcome than those combined with ICH. Ruptured MCA aneurysm alone showed 74% in H-H grade I, II and 82% in GOS I, II. But ruptured MCA aneurysm with ICH showed 63% in H-H grade IV, V and 52% in GOS IV, V. Age, sex, lesion site, aneurysmal size, temoporary clipping time, interval to operation, operative approach were statistically not significant in prognosis(p>0.05). But H-H grade on admission(p<0.05), complication(esp. cerebral infarction)(p<0.05), preoperative ICH volume and site(p<0.01), preoperative midline shifting(p<0.01), remained ICH volume(p<0.05) showed significance statistically. Conclusion : Prognostic factors are helpful to neurosurgeon to estimate clinical and neurological outcome postoperatively. We suggest that the good prognostic factors in ruptured MCA aneurysm with ICH were good H-H grade on admission, cerebral infarction(-), preoperative ICH volume <25cc, temporal and intrasylvian ICH, preoperative midline shifting <5mm, remained ICH volume <10cc.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.623-635
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• 2011

Over the past few decades, the proportion of elderly people with depression in Korea has been rapidly increasing. The purpose of this study is to explore relative effects of health and family factors on geriatric depression. The data sources are from Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging(2008). The Analysis sample consists of 4,040 cases. Analysis results show that there is a significant variability in geriatric depression according to sociodemographic characteristics, health characteristics, and family characteristics. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses are employed to assess the causal relationship between health characteristics and geriatric depression. Model II showed that ADL(exp(B)=1.732), having difficulties due to sight deterioration(exp(B)=1.398), having difficulties due to masticatory force deterioration(exp(B)=1.414), having difficulties due to pain(exp(B)=2.435), and subjective health status(exp(B)=2.010) are reported as predictors of geriatric depression. Namely, the probability of having geriatric depression of the above predictors has been 1.7 times, 1.4 times, 1.4 times, 2.4 times. 2.0 times higher than normal figures. Among health characteristics, pain is the most prevalent factor. Model III showed that as for family characteristics, coresiding with children(exp(B)=1.312) and frequency of contacting with children by phones, letters, or emails(exp(B)=1.477) are reported as predictors of geriatric depression. Key findings are that health factors have larger effects than family factors on geriatric depression.