• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.182-190
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• 2015

본 연구는 홍삼추출물(홍삼단)과 생약복합추출물(헤모힘)이 주요 기능성분은 다르지만 면역활성이라는 생리활성 측면에서 동일한 효과를 인정하고 있어서 이들의 병용 처리가 면역세포에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 면역활성능에 관한 평가를 진행하기 위하여 마우스의 골수에서 분리한 미분화 골수세포를 선천면역에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 대식세포 및 수지상세포로 분화시킨 후 홍삼추출물과 생약복합추출물을 병용 처리하였을 때 대식세포 및 수지상세포의 세포 증식능 및 사이토카인의 분비능이 증가되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 활성화된 탐식(면역)세포의 세포 표면에서 발현되는 CD80과 CD86의 발현과 탐식(면역)세포의 항원제시에 밀접한 관련이 있는 주 조직적합성 복합체(MHC class II)의 발현이 홍삼추출물과 생약복합추출물의 병용 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 후천면역에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 면역 T 세포가 다량으로 분포하는 비장 조직으로부터 비장세포를 분리하여 홍삼추출물과 생약복합추출물을 병용처리하였을 때 세포 증식능 및 면역활성을 유도하는 Th1 세포가 분비하는 사이토카인의 함량이 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 홍삼추출물과 생약복합 추출물의 병용 처리는 선천면역뿐만 아니라 후천면역에 관여하는 다양한 면역세포의 활성화에 직 간접적으로 다양한 상승작용을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.444-450
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• 2018

본 연구는 꿀벌 꽃가루 추출물(BPW)의 면역 활성에 관하여 알아보기 위하여, 선천면역계의 대표적인 수지상세포와 후천면역계의 대표적인 비장세포에 BPW를 처리 하여 면역세포의 활성능을 관찰하였다. 수지상 세포에 BPW를 처리하여 세포 생존율, 산화질소(II)와 사이토카인($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6과 $IL-1{\beta}$) 분비능과 세포 표면분자를 관찰 하였다. 세포 생존율은 수지상 세포에 BPW를 처리하였을 때, 세포 독성을 일으키지 않았으며 주요 면역 활성 인자인 산화질소(II) 분비능을 관찰한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 사이토카인의 분비능을 관찰한 결과, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6과 $IL-1{\beta}$의 함량이 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 활성화된 면역세포의 세포 표면에서 발현되는 CD80과 CD86의 발현과 항원제시에 밀접한 관련이 있는 MHC class I, II의 발현이 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 후천면역에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 면역 T 세포가 다량 분포하는 지라 세포를 분리하여 BPW를 처리 하였을 때 Th1 세포가 분비하는 사이토카인의 함량이 농도 의존적으로 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 BPW는 선천면역뿐만 아니라 후천면역에 관여하는 다양한 면역세포의 활성화에 직간접적으로 관여하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2017

Objectives: Radiation is one of the most important sources of free radical (such as reactive oxygen species) production, which plays an essential role in the etiology of over hundred diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate some immune parameters and hematological indices in healthy workers of the Radiology Department, University Hospital of Mashhad, Iran. Methods: The study was performed on 50 healthy workers: 30 radiology staff as the case group and 20 laboratory workers as the control group. The radiation dose received by the radiology staff participating in the study was less than the annual maximum permissible level, 50 millisievert. Hematological parameters, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production were studied in both groups. Results: Among healthy radiology workers, the hematological indices did not differ statistically; however, their proliferation indices and $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels showed significant increases in parallel with decreases in the IL-4 levels as compared to controls. The immune system of workers exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation was found to be shifted from a Type 2 to a Type 1 response to promote cellular immunity. Conclusion: Based on our data, exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation may decrease the prevalence, frequency, and recurrence of various cancers and infectious diseases because of an increase in Th1-cell-based response, thus leading to more protection of the human body against tumor cells and foreign agents and possibly increased longevity. However, due to high rate of fluoroscopy use for interventional radiology, we suggest continuing research projects on radiation protection and hazards to prevent irreversible damage. As a recommendation, in future studies, radiology staff with a weakened immunity due to high radiation exposure should be considered as good choices to be treated using acupuncture techniques because acupuncture has been demonstrated to enhance the function and the number of immune cells.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2004

Objectives : In order to investigate effects and immune improvement of distilled white-ginseng herbal extract, expression of Cox-1, Cox-2, and mRNA of Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed in A549 cell in vivo. Survival time and expression of cytokine mRNA were measured for the mice with Sarcoma-180 induced abdominal cancer. Methods : Balb/c mouse was treated with distilled white-ginseng Herbal Acupuncture at Wisu($Bl_{21}$) and Chung-wan($CV_{12}$) to investigate anti-cancer effects and immune response. Results : 1. For expression of mRNA of Cox-1 using RT-PCR. the control group and the experiment groups show significant increase. For Cox-2, both experiment groups and the normal group showed significant decrease. For Bcl-2, experiment groups showed slight decrease compared to the control group. For Bax, no significant changes were shown between the control group and experiment groups 2. For survival time, all of experiment groups didn't show significant differences. 3. IL-2 productivity using Flow cytometry, experiment group I didn't show any significance, For II-4, all of experiment groups showed slight decrease compared to the control group. 4. For IL-2 productivity using ELISA, experiment group I showed slight decrease compared to the control group, experiment group II didn't show any significance. 5. For expression of cytokine mRNA using RT-PCR, significant increase of IL-2 and IL-4 were witnessed in experiment group I compared to the control group. Significant decrease of IL-10 was shonwn in all of experiment groups compared to the control group. Conclusion : According to the results, we can expect that distilled white-ginseng Herbal Acupuncture may be further effects in anti-cancer and immune improvement if increasing concentration.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.710-713
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• 2017

옥수수수염 추출물에서 분리한 NICS-1 및 NICS-3이 가지고 있는 항염 및 항아토피 활성을 알아보기 위하여 각각 RAW 264.7 및 HaCaT 세포를 이용하여 NO 및 TNF-${\alpha}$ 생성 저해능과 TARC 생성량 정도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 항염활성의 경우 NICS-1 및 NICS-3 두 추출물 모두 NO 및 TNF-${\alpha}$ 생성량이 농도의존적으로 크게 감소하였으며, NICS-3이 더 높은 활성을 나타냈다. 또한 항아토피 활성의 경우도 두 추출물 모두 TARC 생성이 대조구에 비하여 크게 감소하였으며 NICS-3 보다 NICS-1이 더 우수한 활성을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1159-1166
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• 2013

Orientia tsutsugamushi, a gram-negative bacterium, causes severe acute febrile illness in humans. Despite this danger, the route of infection, infectivity, and protective mechanisms of the host's immune response to O. tsutsugamushi are unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most important cell types in bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we observed that O. tsutsugamushi infects and replicates in monocyte-derived DCs (MODCs). During infection and replication, the expressions of the cytokines IL-12 and TNF-${\alpha}$, as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD83, CD86, and CD40, were increased in MODCs. When O. tsutsugamushi-treated MODCs were co-cultured with autologous $CD4^+$ T cells, they enhanced production of IFN-${\gamma}$, a major Th1 cytokine. Collectively, our results show that O. tsutsugamushi can replicate in MODCs and can simultaneously induce MODC maturation and increase proinflammatory cytokine levels in MODCs that subsequently activate $CD4^+$ T cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1021-1028
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• 2012

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) discriminate microbial pathogens and induce T-cell responses of appropriate effector phenotype accordingly. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in part, mediate this microbial recognition and differentiation while the development of T-cell effector functions critically depends on the release of Th1- or Th2- type cytokines. In the present study, buffalo PBMCs were stimulated under in vitro culture conditions by Bacillus subtilis cell wall petidoglycan, a TLR2 ligand, in a dose- and time- dependent manner. The expression of TLR2 as well as the subsequent differential induction of the Th1 and Th2 type cytokines was measured. Stimulation was analyzed across five doses of peptidoglycan ($10{\mu}g/ml$, $20{\mu}g/ml$, $30{\mu}g/ml$, $40{\mu}g/ml$ and $50{\mu}g/ml$) for 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h incubation periods. We observed the induction of TLR2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the peptidoglycan induced tolerance beyond $30{\mu}g/ml$ dose at all incubation periods. The correlation between peptidoglycan stimulation and TLR2 induction was found positive at all doses and for all incubation periods. Increased production of all the cytokines was observed at low doses for 3 h incubation, but the expression of IL-4 was relatively higher than IL-12 at the higher antigen doses, indicating tailoring towards Th2 response. At 12 h incubation, there was a pronounced decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 expression relative to IL-12 in a dose- dependent manner, indicating skewing to Th1 polarization. The expression of IL-12 was highest for all doses across all the incubation intervals at 24 h incubation, indicating Th1 polarization. The relative expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ was also higher while that of IL-4 and IL-10 showed a decrease. For 36 h incubation, at low doses, relative increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was observed which decreased at higher doses, as did the expression of all other cytokines. The exhaustion of cytokine production at 36 h indicated that PBMCs became refractory to further stimulation. It can be concluded from this study that the cytokine response to sPGN initially was of Th2 type which skews, more pronouncedly, to Th1 type with time till the cells become refractory to further stimulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2004

Scutellariae Radix (Scu.), one of the immune-regulatory substances, is recognized to play the role in the metabolic process of inflammation, allergy and immunity. It has been traditionally used in the Oriental medicine to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of water extracts of Scutellariae Radix on the spleen lymphocyte immune function in the Balb/c female mice treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. Water extract of Scutellariae Radix (100 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (50 mg/kg) were administrated orally for 2 weeks of experimental period. Mice were divided into three experimental groups randomly: DSS group (5％ DSS was ad libitum for 5 days) as control group, DSS ＋ Scu. (water extracts of Scutellariae Radix for 2 weeks after 5％ DSS was ad libitum for 5 days) as experimental group, and DSS ＋ Sulfasalazine group (Sulfasalazine for 2 weeks after 5％ DSS was ad libitum for 5 days) as positive control group. Levels of Ig A, Ig E, CD4$^{＋}$, CD8$^{＋}$, TNF-$\alpha$ and other cytokines were measured. Treatment of DSS for 5 days induced bowel inflammation and the treatment with Scu. water exteract and sulfasalazine significantly recovered the damage. The length of intestine of DSS group was significantly shorter than that of other groups. The serum and fecal concentration of Ig A of SS ＋ Scu group was higher than those of DSS group. The contents of CD4$^{＋}$ T cells was higher in the DSS ＋ Scu. group than the other groups and CD8$^{＋}$ T cells was the lowest in DSS ＋ Sulfasalazine group. The Ig A level of cultured supernatant of spleen lymphocyte was the highest, while the Ig E level was the lowest in SS ＋ Scu group. The concentration of TNF-$\alpha$, cytokine secreted from the Th1 cell in the supernatant spleen lymphocyte, was the highest in the DSS group and the lowest in the DSS ＋ Scu. group. The concentration of IFN-${\gamma}$ and ll...-12 was lower in the DSS ＋ Scu. group than those of the other groups. The concentration of IL-4 in the supernatant of spleen lymphocyte was the lowest in the DSS ＋ Scu. group but IL-10 was not significantly different. Based on these findings, water extract of Scutellariae Radix exhibited the inhibitory effect via IL-4 production thereby inhibited the production of Ig E and strengthened immune system, and alleviated injury in DSS- induced colitis mice model.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2012

Objectives : There is a pressing need to determine the clinical and scientific validity of herbal therapies for animal model with atopic dermatitis since some differences in systemic cytokine polarization between in animal model and in patients with atopic dermatitis has been reported. New studies for tang, medicinal herb itself or effective ingradients of medicinal herb showing anti-atopic dermatitis effectiveness are reviewed in terms of cytokine regulation. Methods : Those herbal therapies used to treat atopic dermatitis in animal model were introduced and the expression pattern of cytokine and the activity of mast cell were compared in both animal model and patients with atopic dermatitis. Results : In case of atopic dermatitis in human, there is a biphasic pattern of cytokine expression in atopic dermatitis, with acute skin inflammation associated with a predominance of IL-4 and IL-13 expression from Th2 cells, and chronic inflammation associated with increased IL-5 from Th2-cells and IFN-${\gamma}$ from Th1-cells. However, a pattern of cytokine expression in animal model with atopic dermatitis is not matched well to the biphasic pattern of cytokine expression in patients with atopic dermatitis. In addition, a kind of cytokine is different by animal model with atopic dermatitis. These differences would make herbal medicines, showing their effectiveness on atopic dermatitis, difficult to apply to patients with atopic dermatitis. Conclusion : The pattern of local cytokine expression plays an important role in modulating tissue inflammation, and in atopic dermatitis this pattern depends on the acuity or duration of the skin lesion. Thus, in order to develop medicinal herb itself or effective ingradients of medicinal herb showing anti-atopic dermatitis effectiveness, biphasic pattern of cytokine expression should be considered in animal model with atopic dermatitis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2006

Background: Investigating strategy to enhance efficiency of gene transfer via adenovirus is critical to sustain gene expression in targeted cells or tissues to regulate immune responses. However, the use of adenovirus as a gene delivery method has been limited by the native tropism of the virus. In this study, the critical parameter is to improve the efficient binding of viral particles to the plasma membrane prior to cellular uptake. Methods: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) trans-acting activator of transcription (TAT), a protein transduction domain, was fused to the ectodomain of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR). The CAR-TAT protein was produced from a Drosophila Schneider 2 cells (S2) transfected with CAR-TAT genes. The function of CARTAT was analyzed the efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer by flow cytometry, and then immunizing AdVGFP with CAR-TAT was transduced on dendritic cells (DCs). Results: S2 transfectants secreting CAR-TAT fusion protein has been stable over a period of 6 months and its expression was verified by western blot. Addition of CAR-TAT induced higher transduction efficiency for AdVGFP at every MOI tested. When mice were vaccinated with DC of which adenoviral transduction was mediated by CAR-TAT, the number of IFN-${\gamma}$ secreting T-cells was increased as compared with those DCs transduced without CAR-TAT. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence that CAR-TAT fusion protein enhances adenoviral transduction and immunogenecity of transgenes on DCs and may influence on the development of adenoviral-mediated anti-tumor immunotherapy.