• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.244-252
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• 2009

This research aims at comparison of climatic conditions of sweet pepper's greenhouse between Korea (KOR) and the Netherlands (NL) to find out the reason of much lower yield in KOR than NL focus-ing on greenhouse climatic conditions. Hence, greenhouse climate data were obtained from each one commercial glasshouse in both countries. The crops (cv. 'Derby') were grown on rockwool slab with two stems per plant with 3.75plants/$m^2$ in KOR and three stems per plant with 2.5plants/$m^2$ or four stems per plant with 1.875plants/$m^2$ in NL. Even though plant density was differed but stem density was on the same to 7.5stems/$m^2$. There was no significantly difference on weekly growth of sweet pepper plant both countries, whereas harvested nodes to whole nodes of NL's plant was more than two times higher compared to KOR. The averaged daily global radiation during the whole growing periods was 14.5MJ/$m^2$/day in KOR and l2.1MJ/$m^2$/day in NL. Averaged 24h temperature was similar to both glasshouse as $21.6^{\circ}C$ in KOR and $21.2^{\circ}C$ in NL during the whole growing periods, however the variance was higher in KOR than NL. Humidity deficit (HD) was observed higher in KOR during the whole growing periods. Averaged day $CO_2$ concentration was measured contrary pattern in both countries because of heating to greenhouse on NL winter season. Averaged 24h temperature and day $CO_2$ concentration to daily global radiation was regular pattern in NL, whereas there are large scatter in KOR. Consequently, more irregular greenhouse climate condition in KOR could be induced irregularly crop growth.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2002

The Xiaoxinancha Cu-Au deposit in the Jilin province, located in NNE 800 km of Beijing, is hosted by diorite. The ore mineralization of Xiaoxinancha Cu-Au deposit show a stockwork occurrence that is concentrated on the potassic and phyllic alteration zones. The Xiaoxinancha Cu-Au deposit in the south is being mined with its reserves grading 0.8% Cu, 3.64 g/t Au and 16.8 g/t Ag and in the north, grading 0.63% Cu, 3.80 g/t Au and 6.8 glt Ag. The alteration assemblage occurs as a supergene blanket over deposit. Hydrothermal alteration at the Xiaoxinancha Cu-Au deposit is centered about the stock and was extensively related to the emplacement of the stock. Early hydrothermal alteration was dominantly potassic and followed by propylitic alteration. Chalcocite, often associated with hematite, account for the ore-grade copper, while chalcopyrite, bornite, quartz, epidote, chlorite and calcite constitute the typical gangue assemblage. Other minor opaque phases include pyrite, marcasite, native gold, electrum, hessite, hedleyite, volynskite, galenobismutite, covellite and goethite. Fluid inclusion data indicate that the formation of this porphyry copper deposit is thought to be a result of cooling followed by mixing with dilute and cooler meteoric water with time. In stage II vein, early boiling occurred at 497$^{\circ}$C was succeeded by the occurrence of halite-bearing type III fluid inclusion with homogenization temperature as much as 100$^{\circ}$C lower. The salinities of type 1II fluid inclusion in stage II vein are 54.3 to 66.9 wt.% NaCI + KCI equiv. at 383$^{\circ}$ to 495$^{\circ}$C, indicating the formation depth less than 1 km. Type I cupriferous fluids in stage III vein have the homogenization temperatures and salinity of 168$^{\circ}$ to 365$^{\circ}$C and 1.1 to 9.0 wt.% NaCI equiv. These fluid inclusions in stage III veins were trapped in quartz veins containing highly fractured breccia, indicating the predominance of boiling evidence. This corresponds to hydrostatic pressure of 50 to 80 bars. The $\delta$$^{34}S$ value of sulfide minerals increase slightly with paragenetic time and yield calculated $\delta$$^{34}S_{H2S}$ values of 0.8 to 3.7$\textperthousand$. There is no mineralogical evidence that fugacity of oxygen decreased, and it is thought that the oxygen fugacity of the mineralizing fluids have been buffered through reaction with magnetite. We interpreted the range of the calculated $\delta$$^{34}S_{H2S}$ values for sulfides to represent the incorporation of sulfur from two sources into the Xiaoxinancha Cu-Au hydrothermal fluids: (1) an isotopically light source with a $\delta$$^{34}S$ value of I to 2$\textperthousand$, probably a Mesozoic granitoid related to the ore mineralization. We can infer from the fact that diorite as the host rock in the Xiaoxinancha Cu-Au deposit area intruded plagiogranite; (2) an isotopically heavier source with a $\delta$$^{34}S$ value of > 4.0$\textperthousand$, probably the local porphyry.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 1983

To select appropriate herbicides for adzukibean and mungbean, a series of experiments was carried out in both field and pot from 1980 to 1983. Tolerance to the herbicides tested was highest in soybeans and followed by mungbean and adzukibean in the order. Pre-emergence herbicides showed relatively low phytotoxicity were chlorambem, linuron, and metribuzin for adzukibean and alachlor and butachlor for mungbean. Post-emergence herbicides showed no external phytotoxicity for adzukibean and mungbean were alloxydim, Dowco 453, fluazifop, etc.. For mungbean, terbutryn (1.5 kg, a.i./ha) which is pre-emergence herbicide showed the best weeding control efficacy but some possible phytotoxicity. Among post-emergence herbicides, acifluorfen (300 g, a.i./ha) showed the best weeding efficacy with no yield reduction though some phytotoxicity which recovered within 20 days. Compared to single herbicide application, the mixture or systemic treatments of herbicides showed much higher weeding control efficacy and seed yields: the systemic treatments of linuron (500 g, a.i./ha) / Dowco 453 (180 g, a.i./ha) or linuron (500 g, a.i./ha) / fluazufop (260 g, a.i./ha) for adzukibean and the mixture treatment of alachlor (1.31 kg, a.i./ha) / acifluorfen (150 g, a.i./ha) for mungbean, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.757-768
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• 2002

These study were conducted to determine the effects of a whole or steam-flaked corn based diet on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro and ruminal metabolism in the Korean Native Goat(KNG) in vivo. The experiments consisted of two dietary treatments: control, steam-flaked corn(SFC) based diet(80%) + rice straw mixed(20%)(SFCR); 100% whole corn based diet(WC). The first experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole corn on ruminal metabolism in vitro for 0 to 48 h. pH values were optimally maintained during incubation time, and were not significantly different between treatments. Gas production of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration tended to increase for WC, but not significantly different between treatments. The mean value of total volatile fatty acid concentration of WC was significantly lower than SFCR(p<0.01), but SFCR and WC linearly increased as the time of incubation approached 48 h. Mean value of acetate concentration of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). Propionate concentration of WC for the total incubation time was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01). The digestibility of dry matter was not significantly different between treatments, but SFCR was somewhat higher than WC. The second experiment was conducted to effect of whole shelled corn based diet on rumen metabolism in KNG. pH values tended to decrease through all treatments. There was not a significantly difference between treatments. Microbial protein yield of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration of WC was significantly (p<0.01) higher than SFCR. Total VFA and propionate concentration of WC was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01), but acetate concentrate of WC was not significantly higher than SFCR. The mean value of total lactate concentration was significantly(p<0.01) different but the value of SFCR and WC were lower than the average concentration of acidosis. In sacco DM disappearance rate of SFC was significantly(p<0.01) higher than WC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.518-523
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• 2014

There are multiple experiments conducted with male Korean native ducks (KND) to evaluate the optimal levels of limiting amino acids (AA). In Exp. 1, a total of 450 one-d-old male KNDs were divided into five groups with six replicates and fed experimental diets with varying levels of lysine, total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) and threonine (T1, 0.90/0.74/0.70%; T2, 1.00/0.82/0.77%; T3, 1.10/0.90/0.85%; T4, 1.20/0.98/0.93%; T5, 1.30/1.07/1.01%) to 21 d of age. In Exp. 2, one-d-old male KND were received and fed commercial starter diet from hatching to 21 d of age, and then divided into five groups with six replicates and fed one of five diets varying levels of lysine, TSAA, and threonine (T1, 0.73/0.62/0.54%; T2, 0.80/0.68/0.60%; T3, 0.87/0.74/0.65%; T4, 0.94/0.80/0.70%; T5, 1.01/0.86/0.75%) during 22 to 56 d of age, respectively. The BW gain was linearly increased as dietary limiting AA levels increased to 1.20% lysine, 0.98% TSAA and 0.93% threonine. There were no significant differences in feed intake, gain:feed and uniformity among groups. In Exp. 2, the BW gain and gain:feed were not affected by dietary limiting AA levels. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and meat quality among groups. The growth performance and carcass characteristics did not show the significant response to increasing dietary limiting AA levels in KND during 22 to 56 d of age. In conclusion, the levels of lysine, TSAA and threonine necessary to maximize growth for starter phase were at least 1.20%, 0.98%, and 0.93%, respectively. On the other hands, KND require relatively low levels of limiting AA for late growth and carcass yield. The dietary levels of 0.73% lysine, 0.62% TSAA and 0.54% threonine appear to be adequate during growing phase.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.36-43
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• 2006

Using fluidized bed type fast pyrolysis system (capacity 400 g/h) bio-oils were produced from beech (Fagus sylvatica) and softwood mixture (spruce and larch, 50:50). The pyrolysis was performed for 1~2 s at the temperature of $470{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. Pyrolysis products consisted of liquid form of bio-oil, char and gases. In beech wood bio-oil was formed to ca. 60% based on dry biomass weight and the yield of bio-oil was 49% in soft wood mixture. The moisture contents in both bio-oils were ranged between 17% and 22% and the bio-oil's density was measured to $1.2kg/{\ell}$. Bio-oils were composed of 45% carbon, 47% oxygen, 7% hydrogen and lower than 1% nitrogen,which was very similar to those of original biomass. In comparison with oils from fossil resources, oxygen content was very high in bio-oils, while no sulfur was found. More than 90 low molecular weight components, classified to aromatic and non aromatic compounds, were identified in bio-oils by gas chromatographic analysis, which amounted to 31~33% based on the dry weight of bio-oils.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.609-614
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• 2001

This study was carried out to obtain a basic data on the production of the Nd-Fe-B system rare earth anisotropic bonded magnet by R-D & HDDR process. The reduction reaction of Nd$_2$O$_3$by metallic Ca and the diffusion reaction of Nd into Fe-B alloy powder were investigated for the production the Nd-Fe-B alloy powder. We concluded that a proper quantity of metallic Ca was about 1.3 times of theoretical equivalent from the yields of Nd and B after the R-D reaction at 100$0^{\circ}C$ for 1h. In the XRD analysis the diffusion reaction of Nd into the center of Fe-B alloy powder for the completed homogenization was required through about 45min at 110$0^{\circ}C$ for the R-D reaction, and also the maximum efficiency on the yield of Nd was obtained with such a condition. Residual Ca and oxygen contents of the final powder sample after washing were detected in 0.17wt% and 0.42wt% by ICP and oxygen analyzer, respectively.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.238-248
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• 2007

A series of polyhydroxyamides(PHAs) having ether linkages in the polymer backbone were prepared via solution polycondensation at low temperature. These polymers were studied by FT-IR, $^1H-NMR$, DSC, TGA and PCFC. The PHAs exhibited inherent viscosities in the range of $0.5{\sim}1.1dL/g\;at\;35^{\circ}C$ in DMAc solution. Most of PHAs except PHA 3 were soluble in polar organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP), and N,N-dimethylform-amide(DMF). Subsequent thermal treatment of PHAs afforded polybenzoxazols(PBOs). However, the PBOs were insoluble in a variety of solvents. Most of the PBOs except PBO 3 showed glass-transition temperature($T_g$) in the range of $200{\sim}246^{\circ}C$ by DSC and maximum weight loss temperature in the range of $597{\sim}697^{\circ}C$ in nitrogen by TGA. PBOs showed high char yields in the range of $51{\sim}64%$. PCFC results of the PBOs showed the heat release(HR) capacity, $8{\sim}65J/gK$ and total heat release(total HR), $2.4{\sim}4.7kJ/g$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 1993

Marine organisms were investigated to identify the marine actinomycetes that produced noble bioactive compounds. Microorganism counts range from $2.1{\times}10^3\;to\;1.2{\times}10\;CFU/g$ of marine organisms. Actinomycetes constituted 0.01 to $0.5\%$ of culturable microbial community. We identified the marine actinomycetes that produced novel bioactive compounds. During the course of screening for bioactives from the marine microorganisms, we found that the strain in sponge had antimicrobial activities. From the morphological, cultural and various physiological characteristics, this strain was identified for Actinomycetes No. 101. The optimal compositions of culture medium for Actinomycetes No. 101 were starch 30g/l as carbon source, casamino acid 10g/l as nitrogen source. The optimal pH of medium and fermentation temperature were $6.5{\sim}7.0$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Fermentation has been conducted in the marine broth at $30^{\circ}C$ for 72 hour. The yield of fermentation got about 3g as dry weight(per liter of broth). The distribution of antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes No. 101 was screened by paper disc. The extract of cultured cell and broth inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, but the inhibition action was week against yeast and mold.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.