• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2013

As part of a study on insects as food, the nutritional and harmful components in the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) were analyzed. In addition, due to a recent introduction of live Chinese mealworms in the Korean market, components between Korean and Chinese mealworms were compared. Analysis of general composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrates) showed that crude protein (50.32~52.79%) was abundant in both Korean and Chinese mealworm powders, with the protein content in the Chinese mealworm powder higher than that in the Korean mealworm powder by 2.67%. The amino acid compositions were similar, but the fatty acid compositions differed in the Korean and Chinese mealworm powders. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were 76.80~80.55% of the total fatty acid content in the mealworms. The linoleic acid contents in the Korean and Chinese mealworms were $20.8{\pm}1.1%$ and $34.69{\pm}1.9%$; the linolenic acid contents were 0.47% and 1.31%; and the oleic acid contents were $51.40{\pm}0.9%$ and $40.20{\pm}1.5%$, respectively. With respect to harmful components, such as heavy metals and bacteria that cause food poisoning, bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in both Korean and Chinese mealworms, and the mercury content was below the standard values for common foods (Korea, 0.03 mg/kg; China, 0.08 mg/kg).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.973-979
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• 2016

Lentils (Lens culinaris) have been gaining increasing attention recently as a top five superfood, as they are high in protein and other essential nutrients, including folate, iron, potassium, and various antioxidants. In the present study, phenolic extracts from four different lentil cultivars (green, red, French, and beluga) were evaluated for their total phenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant activities. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of four different lentil extracts were 27.30~30.30 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/g and 13.14~16.29 mg quercetin equivalents (QUE)/g, respectively. Beluga and red lentil extracts showed higher polyphenol contents than others (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in flavonoid contents among the four lentil cultivars. $RC_{50}$ values of the lentil extracts for DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and $H_2O_2$ were $57.42{\sim}64.49{\mu}g/mL$, $66.11{\sim}75.69{\mu}g/mL$, and $59.72{\sim}72.86{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Among the four lentil extracts, beluga lentil extract showed the most potent scavenging effect in all three reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging assays, and thus beluga extract was further tested for its inhibitory effect on early peroxidation of linoleic acid. The results showed that beluga lentil extract significantly inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner (concentration required for 50% reduction=$222.76{\m}g/mL$). In addition, beluga lentil extract showed a significant protective effect against alcohol-induced cytotoxicity in AML-12 cells (normal mouse hepatocyte cell line). Taken together, these results suggest that lentil extracts represent potential sources of natural antioxidants, and further studies will be necessary to determine their protective effects against oxidative stress in vivo.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2006

In this study the membrane preparation and water vapor permeation of the hydrophilic polymer materials, polyaminosiloxane and polyhydroxylsiloxane, used as the coating materials for the preparation of asymmetric flat and hollow fiber membranes were investigated. And the water vapor permeation towards air permeation and their permselectivity were intensively studied for the resulting Resin A/Resin C (coupling agent) and Resin B/Resin C membranes. The water vapor permeability for 3 wt% Resin C introduced into Resin A (Resin A/Resin C) membrane was higher than for 1 and 5 wt% membranes and also water vapor permeability increased with increasing operating temperatures. In addition, at this content of 3 wt% Resin C, the absorption capability became maximum through dynamic equilibrium absorption experiment. Water vapor permeability, 43578 Barrer (1 Barrer = $10^{-10}cm^3(STP){\cdot}cm/cm^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}cmHg$) and 53000 Barrer, and the selectivity of $P(H_2O)P(Air)$, 101.3 and 102.6 were shown at 25 and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.101-110
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• 2015

Purpose: Sclerostin, an inhibitor of Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin signaling, exerts negative effects on bone formation and contributes to periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss. Recent studies have demonstrated that serum sclerostin levels are increased in diabetic patients and that sclerostin expression in alveolar bone is enhanced in a diabetic periodontitis model. However, the molecular mechanism of how sclerostin expression is enhanced in diabetic patients remains elusive. Therefore, in this study, the effect of hyperglycemia on the expression of sclerostin in osteoblast lineage cells was examined. Methods: C2C12 and MLO-Y4 cells were used in this study. In order to examine the effect of hyperglycemia, the glucose concentration in the culture medium was adjusted to a range of levels between 40 and 100 mM. Gene expression levels were examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays. Top-Flash reporter was used to examine the transcriptional activity of the ${\beta}$-catenin/lymphoid enhanced factor/T-cell factor complex. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF{\alpha}$) protein levels were examined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of reactive oxygen species on sclerostin expression was examined by treating cells with 1 mM $H_2O_2$ or 20 mM N-acetylcysteine. Results: The high glucose treatment increased the mRNA and protein levels of sclerostin. High glucose suppressed Wnt3a-induced Top-Flash reporter activity and the expression levels of osteoblast marker genes. High glucose increased reactive oxygen species production and $TNF{\alpha}$ expression levels. Treatment of cells with $H_2O_2$ also enhanced the expression levels of $TNF{\alpha}$ and sclerostin. In addition, N-acetylcysteine treatment or knockdown of $TNF{\alpha}$ attenuated high glucose-induced sclerostin expression. Conclusions: These results suggest that hyperglycemia increases sclerostin expression via the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and $TNF{\alpha}$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 1998

Whereas cationic extracellular peroxidases (PODs) were observed in the suspension cultures of rose (Rosa sp. L. cv Pual's scarlet) grown under normal conditions, new anionic isozymes were induced within 24 hr by the treatment of low host-specific elicitor (10 mg glucan/L media) prepared from yeast cell wall. Prominent anionic (pI 6.1) and cationic POD (pI 8.4) were purified and characterized to understand the physiological role of the enzymes. Both enzymes were purified (ca.200 fold) by the ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromate-graphy and gel filtration chromatography. The Km values of the purified anionic POD for ferulic acid and $\textrm{H}_2\textrm{O}_2$ were 4.64 mM and 0.72 mM, whereas those of the cationic POD were 1.38 mM and 0.48 mM, respetively. The activity of the anionic POD as NADH oxidase was twice higher than that of cationic POD. The NADH oxidation in the anionic POD fraction was inhibited by 60% on the addition of 0.1 mM coniferyl alcohol, while that in the cationic fraction was inhibited by 15%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.279-289
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of coagulants and solid-liquid separation methods on algal removal in water treatment processes. Thus characterization of raw water quality in terms of turbidity. UV-254, $KMnO_4$ consumption, chlorophyll-a and correlation analysis of these parameters were conducted. In addition, the effect of commercial Al-based coagulants(Alum. PAC and PACS) on algal removal was studied by turbidity and organic removal, algal species removal, characteristic of pH drop and alkalinity consumption using laboratory jar tests. Organic components including UV-254, $KMnO_4$ consumption, chlorophyll-a in case of algal bloom were highly correlated with turbidity and the correlation coefficients of UV-254, $KMnO_4$ consumption, chlorophyll-a with turbidity were 0.775, 0674 and 0.623, respectively. In coagulation and sedimentation, the Al-based coagulants showed similar efficiency of organic and turbidity removal in low organic($KMnO_4$ consumption below 15mg/l) and low turbidity(below 30NTU). However, PAC and PACS showed better algal removal than alum in high organic concentration($KMnO_4$ consumption above 20mg/l) and high turbidity(above 100NTU) raw water conditions generated by high algal growth, which is considered to be due to the floc settleability. In comparison of sedimentation and flotation after chemical coagulation and flocculation, the removal efficiency of organic and turbidity were higher in case of alum dose with flotation than with sedimentation, while those were better in case or PAC and PACS with sedimentation than with flotation. Thus, Alum with flotation and PAC and PACS with sedimentation is recommended for efficient algal removal. The dominant phytoplankton in raw water were Microcystic and pediastrum simplex and the removal efficiency of algae with sedimentation using alum. PAC and PACS were 27%, 45% and 22% respectively, while those with DAF showed 100% removal of phytoplankton and zooplankton.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.119-120
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• 2004

Urban groundwater has a unique hydrologic system because of the complex surface and subsurface infrastructures such as deep foundation of many high buildings, subway systems, and sewers and public water supply systems. It generally has been considered that increased surface impermeability reduces the amount of groundwater recharge. On the other hand, leaks from sewers and public water supply systems may generate the large amounts of recharges. All of these urban facilities also may change the groundwater quality by the recharge of a myriad of contaminants. This study was performed to determine the factors controlling the recharge of deep groundwater in an urban area, based on the hydrogeochemical characteristics. The term ‘contamination’ in this study means any kind of inflow of shallow groundwater regardless of clean or contaminated. For this study, urban groundwater samples were collected from a total of 310 preexisting wells with the depth over 100 m. Random sampling method was used to select the wells for this study. Major cations together with Si, Al, Fe, Pb, Hg and Mn were analyzed by ICP-AES, and Cl, N $O_3$, N $H_4$, F, Br, S $O_4$and P $O_4$ were analyzed by IC. There are two groups of groundwater, based on hydrochemical characteristics. The first group is distributed broadly from Ca-HC $O_3$ type to Ca-C1+N $O_3$ type; the other group is the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type. The latter group is considered to represent the baseline quality of deep groundwater in the study area. Using the major ions data for the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type water, we evaluated the extent of groundwater contamination, assuming that if subtract the baseline composition from acquired data for a specific water, the remaining concentrations may indicate the degree of contamination. The remainder of each solute for each sample was simply averaged. The results showed that both Ca and HC $O_3$ represent the typical solutes which are quite enriched in urban groundwater. In particular, the P$CO_2$ values calculated using PHREEQC (version 2.8) showed a correlation with the concentrations of maior inorganic components (Na, Mg, Ca, N $O_3$, S $O_4$, etc.). The p$CO_2$ values for the first group waters widely ranged between about 10$^{-3.0}$ atm to 10$^{-1.0}$ atm and differed from those of the background water samples belonging to the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type (<10$^{-3.5}$ atm). Considering that the p$CO_2$ of soil water (near 10$^{-1.5}$ atm), this indicates that inflow of shallow water is very significant in deep groundwaters in the study area. Furthermore, the P$CO_2$ values can be used as an effective parameter to estimate the relative recharge of shallow water and thus the contamination susceptibility. The results of our present study suggest that down to considerable depth, urban groundwater in crystalline aquifer may be considerably affected by the recharge of shallow water (and pollutants) from an adjacent area. We also suggest that for such evaluation, careful examination of systematically collected hydrochemical data is requisite as an effective tool, in addition to hydrologic and hydrogeologic interpretation.ion.ion.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.508-513
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• 2000

In an attempt to evaluate the fertilizer of sediments obtained from coastal farming areas, chemical composition, bacteriological quality and heavy metals in the sediments alkalized by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide were analyzed. The optimum conditions of alkalization were also measured. A perfect reaction was possible by the addition of quicklime of $30{\%}$ at the rate of $25{\%}$ of sediment and $100{\%}$ of livestock wastes. According to the classification standard for compost constituent by Higgins, all composts had the intermediate or high grade in $T-N, K_2O,\;CaO\;and\;MgO$, but below the low grade in $P_2O_5$, Stabilization by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide has been known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, raising pH of stabilized sediments to 12 for 2 hours (PSRP rriteria of EPA) allowed $99.9{\%}$ of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count to be reduced. As a result, sediments of coastal farming areas are likely to be used to produce the organic fertilizer by alkaline stabilization.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.29
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• pp.133-152
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• 2023

This study references preceding studies to examine the history of paint application techniques using various paints in the past, with the aim to contribute to the long-term preservation of large military cultural heritage assets situated outdoors. To this end, the study compared the findings of preceding research with the findings of an analysis conducted on a H-13 helicopter housed at the War Memorial of Korea. Upon collecting and analyzing samples from three grounded WWII aircraft from above-ground by preceding studies, it was confirmed from each sample that the various chemical properties of chrome ensured the effectiveness of the protective coating. The compound was first tested as a corrosion-inhibiting pigment in the early 1940s and proved its excellent moisture-resistant properties over the course of 80 years, despite the deterioration of the paint layer and long-term exposure to the natural environment. For this reason, it has been widely used as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloys in the aviation industry. In other word, the most widely-used material for preventing corrosion was an organic primer containing chromate. In this study, based on the paint analysis of a H-13 helicopter operated in the Korean War, it was shown that the second layer, consisting of the primer, contains chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃). In addition, it was estimated that red lead tetraoxide (Pb₃O₄) was used for the vehicle. Analysis results and data from previous studies can help to confirm the continued effectiveness of corrosion prevention function provided by chromate. Meanwhile, the result of infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the use of alkyd resin. In the future, comparisons with a more diverse range of artifacts will allow the identification of changes in the manufacturing technology of paints used to protect alloys from corrosion.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2008

Animal welfare advocates, claim that the induced molting by fasting be avoided. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of molting induced by various feeding methods on productivity and egg quality in laying hens. We used 400 flocks of 60-week-old leghorn laying hens in four treatments(five replicates of 20 hens each): fasting method (C), feeding single corn grain diet (T1), feeding single wheat bran diet (T2) and feeding single alfalfa meal diet (T3). As the result of the experiment, egg production and daily egg mass significantly decreased only in T1 compared with the control during the $1{\sim}4th$ week after the secondary egg laying (P<0.05). Although the amount of feed intake was significantly less in T1 group during the $1{\sim}4th$ week compared to the control, no significant difference was detected during the total period (P>0.05). In addition, no significant difference of feed conversion was observed between treatment groups. In terms of egg quality, the egg shell thickness was significantly improved in T1 group than the control group by feeding only corn at the 10th and 14th week after the secondary egg laying (P<0.05), but the significant decrease was observed at the corn (T1) and wheat bran (T2) fed treatment groups than the control group at the 26th week of the experiment (P<0.05). The eggshell strength and haugh unit did not show any difference by the molting methods. Egg yolk color was significantly decreased in T1 and T2 group than the control group at the 6th week (P<0.05). However, T1 and T2 group resulted to show significantly high egg yolk color at the 18th week of the experiment (P<0.05). As the result of the experiment, no large difference was observed in the productivity by the feeding molting method and by the fasting induced molting method. In addition, the single diet fed feeding induced molting method by using alfalfa revealed to show more satisfactory trend than the corn or wheat bran single diet fed feeding induced molting methods even if no statistically significant difference was found in terms of egg productivity.