• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

Previous researches on Korean intonation have been mainly focused on $F_0$ target frequencies, $F_0$ slope, and the duration of intonation patterns. This study investigated Korean intonation patterns, both boundary and phrasal tones, in relation to the $F_0$ percentage change between pitch targets. We measured the percentage change between the pitch targets of both boundary and phrasal tones. Additionally, the $F_0$ change between the preceding pitch target and the first pitch target of the boundary tone and the $F_0$ targets of the sequence of two LH phrasal tones ('LH + LH') were also measured. Two phrasal tones, LHLH and HLH, were compared with 'LH + LH' and the 'HLH' in the LHLH pattern respectively. We found that the percentage change between pitch targets in the phrasal tone is fixed to some extent. This helped explain why the slope of the phrasal tone is closely related to the number of syllables and the duration of the phrasal tone as discussed in previous studies. Since we analyzed the intonation patterns with the utterances from a large speech corpus, the results of this paper are expected to be used in building a larger annotated corpus of Korean.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제6권8호
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• pp.35-40
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• 1983

The fusion frequency of flicker (F.F.F.) of 40 pupils were examined every day repeatedly, from Monday to Saturday. (1) The individual Variations of F.F.F. were statistically highly significant, p < 0.01 (2) Day to day Variations of F.F.F. were statistically highly significant, p < 0.01 (3) The interaction between age and weekly change was highly significant, p < 0.01 (4) The interaction between sex difference and weekly change was also significant, p < 0.01 (5) The interaction among age, sex and weekly change was significant at 1% level of significance.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2012

Recent studies have shown that the stop system of Korean is undergoing a sound change in terms of the two acoustic parameters, voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (f0). Because of a VOT merger of a consonantal opposition and onset-f0 interaction, the relative importance of the two parameters has been changing in Korean where f0 is a primary cue and VOT is a secondary cue in distinguishing lax from aspirated stops in speech production as well as perception. In English, however, VOT is a primary cue and f0 is a secondary cue in contrasting voiced and voiceless stops. This study examines how Korean English learners use the two acoustic parameters of L1 in producing L2 English stops and whether the sound change of acoustic parameters in L1 affects L2 speech production. The data were collected from six adult Korean English learners. Results show that Korean English learners use not only VOT but also f0 to contrast L2 voiced and voiceless stops. However, unlike VOT variations among speakers, the magnitude effect of onset consonants on f0 in L2 English was steady and robust, indicating that f0 also plays an important role in contrasting the [voice] contrast in L2 English. The results suggest that the important role of f0 in contrasting lax and aspirated stops in L1 Korean is transferred to the contrast of voiced and voiceless stops in L2 English. The results imply that, for Korean English learners, f0 rather than VOT will play an important perceptual cue in contrasting voiced and voiceless stops in L2 English.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the related factors of change affecting the stages of change for exercise, on the assumption that there are various stages of change in the exercise behavior of women in nursing college. Methods: The subjects were 496 female college students in D city. The research instruments were stages of change for exercise behavior, the process of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy. The dates were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS 18.0 program. Results: The distribution of the subjects across the stages was: pre-contemplation, 17.7%; contemplation, 58.7%; preparation, 19.0%; action, 2.8%; maintenance, 1.8%. Analysis of variance showed that cognitive process (F=17.26, p<0.01), behavioral process (F=27.05, p<0.01), the pros of decisional-balance (F=7.07, p<0.01), the cons of decision-balance (F=5.82, p<0.01), and self efficacy (F=17.79, p<0.01) were significantly associated with the change of exercise behavior stages. The related factors of change affecting the change of exercise behavior stage were the cons of decision-making, counter conditioning, self re-evaluation, and body mass index, including 28.4% R-square. Conclusion: The transtheoretical model would be applicable to explain the exercise behavior of some women in nursing college. So, this study will be useful information for developing effective exercise behavior programs considering female students' stages of change.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine how speakers use VOT and f0 to distinguish tense, lax, and aspirated stops in isolated sentence reading and paragraph readings. To do so, a total of 20 males between the ages of 20-25 years old were asked to read (1) isolated sentences, (2) information-oriented text and (3) emotional expressive texts in which the stop pronunciation's VOT value and f0 were measured thereafter. The main results are as follows. In the isolate sentence reading, lax stops, and aspirated stops were distinguished by both VOT and f0, but for the Korean men that read reading texts, VOT is not a cue to distinguish between lax and aspirated stops. In general, the VOT differences between lax stops and aspirated stops were smaller for information-oriented texts and emotional expressive texts than that of the isolate sentence reading. In the paragraph reading that induces a natural utterance, the f0 dependence is greater for the distinction between lax and aspirated stops.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the level of body perception, obesity, and factors associated with stages of exercise and dietary habits change in university students. Methods: A descriptive design was used. Data were collected from 279 university students using structured questionnaires. Results: The body perception was significantly associated with self rated health (F=27.89. p<.001), weight satisfaction (F=137.74. p<.001) and weight control interest (F=39.19. p<.001). The BMI was significantly associated with weight satisfaction (F=34.08. p<.001) and weight control interest (F=19.59. p=.003). But the body perception and BMI were not significantly associated with depression (F=2.17, p=.073, F=0.86. p=.462), the change of exercise (F=25.91. p=.055, F=20.34. p=.061), and dietary habits (F=12.96. p=.677, F=11.29. p=.505). The related factors affecting the change of exercise behavior were counter conditioning, self efficacy, eating behavior, and helping relationship, including 30.4% R-square. The related factor affecting the change of dietary habit was only eating behavior, including 20.0% R-square. Conclusion: This study can provide useful information to develop effective programs for the change of exercise and dietary habits considering university students' stages of change according to the transtheoretical model.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.1025-1050
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• 2007

Let $X_k(x)=({\int}^T_o{\alpha}_1(s)dx(s),...,{\int}^T_o{\alpha}_k(s)dx(s))\;and\;X_{\tau}(x)=(x(t_1),...,x(t_k))$ on the classical Wiener space, where ${{\alpha}_1,...,{\alpha}_k}$ is an orthonormal subset of $L_2$ [0, T] and ${\tau}:0 is a partition of [0, T]. In this paper, we establish a change of scale formula for conditional Wiener integrals $E[G_{\gamma}|X_k]$ of functions on classical Wiener space having the form $$G_{\gamma}(x)=F(x){\Psi}({\int}^T_ov_1(s)dx(s),...,{\int}^T_o\;v_{\gamma}(s)dx(s))$$, for $F{\in}S\;and\;{\Psi}={\psi}+{\phi}({\psi}{\in}L_p(\mathbb{R}^{\gamma}),\;{\phi}{\in}\hat{M}(\mathbb{R}^{\gamma}))$, which need not be bounded or continuous. Here S is a Banach algebra on classical Wiener space and $\hat{M}(\mathbb{R}^{\gamma})$ is the space of Fourier transforms of measures of bounded variation over $\mathbb{R}^{\gamma}$. As results of the formula, we derive a change of scale formula for the conditional Wiener integrals $E[G_{\gamma}|X_{\tau}]\;and\;E[F|X_{\tau}]$. Finally, we show that the analytic Feynman integral of F can be expressed as a limit of a change of scale transformation of the conditional Wiener integral of F using an inversion formula which changes the conditional Wiener integral of F to an ordinary Wiener integral of F, and then we obtain another type of change of scale formula for Wiener integrals of F.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2015

Voice complication without the laryngeal nerve injury can occur after thyroidectomy. The purpose of this study is to investigate voice changes according to extent of thyroidectomy with acoustic analysis. Thirty-five female patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma took voice evaluation at before and 1 month, and 3 months after thyroidectomy. Acoustic analysis parameters were speaking fundamental frequency(SFF), min $F_0$, max $F_0$, dynamic range $F_0$, jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio(NHR), and Cepstral prominence peak(CPP). Repeated-measured analysis of variance was applied. Time-related voice changes showed significant differences in all parameters except NHR. At 1 month after surgery, voice quality was worse and pitch was decreasing, but voice quality and pitch were improving at 3-month follow-up. Voice changes according to the extent of surgery were in SFF, max $F_0$, and dynamic range $F_0$. Time by surgery-related voice change existed only in min $F_0$. The result showed that the severity of voice complication depended on the extend of thyroidectomy which had a negative impact on $F_0$-related parameters. The deterioration of voice quality at 1 month after thyroidectomy may be affected by the loss of thyroid hormone in the blood. The descent of $F_0$-related parameters may be impacted by laryngeal fixation of surgical site adhesion.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2021

본고에서는 2020년에 수집된 자유 발화 자료를 바탕으로 어두 폐쇄음 평음, 격음, 경음의 발화가 어떻게 달라지고 있는지 그리고 지각은 어떻게 이루어지고 있는지에 대해 자세히 살펴보았다. 기존 연구의 통제된 실험에서와 다르게, 자유 발화에서는 30대 남성까지도 VOT(voice onset time)에 의해 평음과 격음의 변별이 이루어지지 않았다. 지각실험은 언어 변화의 주도 계층인 젊은 여성 세대를 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과 어두 폐쇄음의 지각에서 F0이 평음과 나머지 둘을 변별하는 역할을 하였고, 그 다음 VOT가 격음과 경음을 변별하는 역할을 하였다. 특히 F0이 낮을 때에는 VOT의 길이가 짧든 길든 간에 항상 평음으로 지각되었다는 점은 평음의 지각에서 F0이 절대적인 역할을 한다는 것을 보여주었다. 그러나 어떤 F0의 경우에는 VOT에 따라 평음과 격음이 변별되기도 하였는데, 이는 20대 여성의 발화와 지각 체계가 일치하지 않기 때문이다. 음 변화의 관점에서 발화와 지각 체계가 일치하지 않는다는 것은 음 변화가 진행 중이라는 것을 의미하는데, 특히 20대 여성에서처럼 발화의 변화가 지각의 변화에 앞서는 경우는 음 변화가 후반 단계에 있을 때이다. 이처럼 언어 변화를 주도하는 계층에서 여전히 지각에서 이전의 체계를 유지하고 있는 이유는 그들의 부모 세대의 발화에서 VOT에 의한 평음과 격음의 변별이 이루어졌기 때문이며 이를 습득한 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 즉 다른 집단과의 소통을 위해 여전히 VOT를 지각에 사용하고 있는 것이다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.539-548
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• 1997

부정교합의 치료를 위한 고정식 교정장치는 치아 이동에는 매우 효율적이지만 치면 세균막 관리는 어렵게 된다. 이에 따라 치태 및 세균이 증가하고 결과적으론, 치아우식 및 치아표면의 탈회등 부작용이 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에선 고정식 교정장치로 치료받는 환자에게서 탈회 및 치아우식을 낮추기 위한 방법으로, 0.05%의 NaF와 10% Xylito띠 함유된 양치액의 효과를 평가하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 고정식 교정장치로 치료받는 환자 11세부터 14세까지(평균 연령 12.7세) 20명을 대상으로 하여 각 10명씩 실험군과 대조군으로 구분하였다. 실험군에선 0.05%의 NaF와 10% Xylitol이 함유된 양치액을 사용하게 하였으며, 대조군에선 증류수를 주로한 placebo 양치액을 사용하게 하였다. 양치액 사용전과 사용 후 3주, 6주, 9주시 치태를 채취하여 MSB배지 및 BHI배지에 배양하여 S. mutans의 수와 비율의 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 0.05%의 NaF와 10%의 Xylitol이 함유된 양치액을 사용한 군에서 S. mutans C.F.U.의 수는 양치액 사용전과 3주(p<0.01), 9주 (p<0.05)에서 통계적 유의차가 있었다. 2. Total C.F.U.에 대한 S. mutans C.F.U.의 비율은 실험군에서 사용전과 3주, 6주, 9주(p<0.01)에서 통계적 유의차가 있었다. 3. 양치액 사용후 일단 감소한 S. mutans 수는 그 후에 3주, 6주, 9주에서 계속적인 유의성 있는 감소는 없었다. 4. 실험군과 대조군에서의 S. mutans C.F.U.의 가장 현저한 감소의 차이는 양치액 사용 3주째였다.