• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2015

The effect of the electrode type on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of $Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-PbZrO_3-PbTiO_3$ (PMN-PZT) single crystals was investigated in an effort to improve their properties for various piezoelectric applications. First, three different types of PMN-PZT single crystals [PMN-PZT-A (piezoelectrically soft type; dielectric constant ~ 10,000), PMN-PZT-B (piezoelectrically soft type; phase-transition temperature between the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases ($T_{RT}$) ~ $145^{\circ}C$), PMN-PZT-C (piezoelectrically hard type; high mechanical quality factor ($Q_m$) ~ 1,000)] were fabricated using the solid-state single crystal growth (SSCG) method. Then, four different types of electrodes [sputtered Au, sputtered Cr/Au, sputtered Ti/Au, and fired Ag] were formed on the single crystals, and their dielectric and piezoelectric properties were measured. The single crystals with a sputtered Ti/Au electrode showed the highest dielectric and piezoelectric constants but the lowest coercive electric field ($E_C$). The single crystals with a fired Ag electrode showed the lowest dielectric and piezoelectric constants but the highest coercive electric field ($E_C$). This dependence on the type of electrode was most significant in the piezoelectrically hard PMN-PZT-C single crystals. However, the effects of the electrode type on the phase transition temperatures ($T_C$, $T_{RT}$) and dielectric loss were negligible. These results clearly demonstrate that it is important to select an appropriate electrode so as to maximize the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of single crystals in each type of piezoelectric application.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.55-59
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• 2011

Mong Hsu rubies from Myanmar include typically the dark core and blue patch but most of the previous research has merely focused on the dark core. This work is aimed to understanding clearly the characteristic of the dark core and blue patch of Mong Hsu rubies. It was found from the FTIR analysis that the dark core and blue patch region showed the absorption peaks of boehmite ($1986\;cm^{-1}$), diaspore ($2115\;cm^{-1}$) and water ($3400{\sim}3900\;cm^{-1}$) but the absorption peaks of O-H stretching ($3309\;cm^{-1}$ and $3078\;cm^{-1}$) were found only in blue patch region. The UV-VIS-NIR analysis of the dark core region revealed the stronger absorption of $Cr^{3+}$ at 405 and 554 nm compared to the blue patch region. In range of 600~800 nm, the UV absorption characteristic at 659, 675 and 693 nm assigned to $Cr^{3+}$ of core group samples is distinct from that of blue patch. The SEM-EDS examinations disclosed the existence of lots of micro-cracks and pores in the core regions compared to blue patch region.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2000

음식물쓰레기는 높은 수분함량 때문에 퇴비화에 상당한 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 퇴비화를 위하여 제작된 소형 퇴비화 용기에 신문지와 음식 쓰레기를 1:7(질량비)의 비율로 혼합하여 투입하고 퇴비화 진행과정에서의 온도, pH, 수분함량 및 유기물함량, 질소량 및 무기물, 중금속함량의 변화를 4계절에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 퇴비화 기간 중 상승한 최대온도는 봄 $66.0^{\circ}C$, 여름 $69.2^{\circ}C$, 가을 $60.9^{\circ}C$, 겨울 $56.0^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. pH변화는 봄${\cdot}$가을철은 1주 후 8.5 전후로 상승하였다가 증감을 반복하였고, 여름${\cdot}$겨울철은 1주 후 8.5로 증가한 후 $8{\sim}9$ 정도로 유지되었다. 수분함량은 겨울을 제외한 3계절은 감소하는 경향이 뚜렷하였으나, 겨울철은 수분 감소가 아주 적었다. 8주 후의 수분함량은 봄 22.2%, 여름 47.6%, 가을 25.5%, 겨울 72.5%이었다. 퇴비화 원료물질의 질량변화는 4계절 모두 초기 1주는 급격히 감소하였으나, 이후에는 완만하게 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 부피감소는 8주 후 봄 59%, 여름 32%, 가을 27%, 겨울은 34%였다. 유기물 함량은 4계절 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 총질소 함량은 4계절 모두 $0.7{\sim}2.2%$로 나타났다. 무기성분의 함량은 계절에 관계없이 $P_2O_5\;0.94{\sim}2.59%$, $CaO\;1.23{\sim}1.87%$, $MgO\;0.37{\sim}0.46%$, $K_2O\;0.55{\sim}1.98%$였다. 중금속은 퇴비화 기간에 따른 큰 변화 없이 모두 비료공정규격의 퇴비허용기준 이하였다. Hg, Cd, Pb는 4계절 모두 검출되지 않았고, $Cu\;ND{\sim}25.89mg/kg$, $Cr\;2.69{\sim}14.13mg/kg$, $Zn\;ND{\sim}99.59mg/kg$, $As\;ND{\sim}5.87mg/kg$이었다. 온도변화, 질량변화, 수분함량변화 등의 상기 실험결과를 살펴보았을 때 음식물쓰레기에 분쇄한 신문지를 첨가하는 것이 음식물쓰레기만을 퇴비화했을 때$^{4)}$보다 퇴비화가 더 원활히 이루어진 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2021

Stainless steel, a type of steel used for high-temperature parts, may cause damage when exposed to high temperatures, requiring additional coatings. In particular, the Cr₂O₃ product layer is unstable at 1000℃ and higher temperatures; therefore, it is necessary to improve the oxidation resistance. In this study, an aluminide (Fe₂Al₅ and FeAl₃) coating layer was formed on the surface of STS 630 specimens through Al diffusion coatings from 500℃ to 700℃ for up to 25 h. Because the coating layers of Fe₂Al₅ and FeAl₃ could not withstand temperatures above 1200℃, an Al₂O₃ coating layer is deposited on the surface through static oxidation treatment at 500℃ for 10 h. To confirm the ablation resistance of the resulting coating layer, dynamic flame exposure tests were conducted at 1350℃ for 5-15 min. Excellent oxidation resistance is observed in the coated base material beneath the aluminide layer. The conditions of the flame tests and coating are discussed in terms of microstructural variations.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1186-1192
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• 2005

간헐폭기시스템에 혐기성 아키아 주입에 따른 질소제거율 변화와 슬러지 발생량변화 및 박테리아의 상관관계를 관찰하기 위해, 표준활성슬러지 공정과 아키아를 주입한 간헐폭기공정과 주입하지 않은 공정을 비교하며 운전하였다. 회분식 실험결과 혐기성 아키아 배양액을 간헐폭기조에 주입한 경우에 유기오염물질 분해율이 향상되었으며, 질산화와 탈질반응 속도가 증가하였다. 특히 표준활성슬러지 공정이나 일반 간헐폭기 시스템에 비해 슬러지 발생량이 매우 낮게 유지되었는데, 이는 혐기성 아키아가 주입됨에 따른 슬러지 생산량이 감소되었기 때문으로 판단된다. 또한, 폭기조에서 용존산소농도를 조절함으로써 혐기성 아키아와 활성슬러지의 공생관계에 따른 효율향상을 간접적으로 확인할 수 있었고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 아키아 배양액을 주입한 간헐폭기조에서 비산소소비속도(SOUR)는 $2.9\;mg-O_2/(g-VSS{\cdot}min)$이었으며 비산소소비속도와 질산화 속도는 아키아 배양액을 주입하지 않은 반응조보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2) 아키아 배양액을 주입한 간헐폭기조, 주입하지 않은 간헐폭기조와 표준활성슬러지 공정에서의 유기물질($TCOD_{Cr}$)의 제거효율은 각각 93%, 90%와 87%이었다. 3) 각각의 반응조에서 모두 질산화 효율은 높았으나, 탈질속도는 아키아 배양액을 주입한 간헐폭기조에서 비교적 매우 높았다. 아키아 배양액을 주입한 간헐폭기조, 주입하지 않은 간헐폭기조와 표준활성슬러지 공정에서 질소제거효율은 각각 75%, 63%와 33%이었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 안료폐수 중에 포함되어 있는 유기물질과 질소를 처리함으로써 재순환방식을 이용한 튜브형 전해모듈시스템의 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 튜브형 전해모듈은 내부 봉형 양극과 외부 튜브형 음극으로 이루어져있다. 양극의 재질은 $RuO_2$로 전착된 티타늄이었고 음극의 재질은 스테인리스 스틸이었다. 재순환형 튜브형 전해모듈시스템에서 오염물질의 제거율은 유량이 감소할수록 그리고 전류밀도가 증가할수록 높아졌다. 전해모듈시스템에서 체류시간이 180분일 때 염소산이온의 농도는 382.4~519.6 mg/L로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 사용한 재순환방식을 이용한 튜브형 전해모듈시스템에서 염소산이온의 생성은 전기화학적 산화의 중요한 인자 중의 하나이다. Bench scale의 재순환방식 튜브형 전해모듈시스템에서 전력량을 $4,500C/dm^2$으로 공급하였을 경우 $COD_{Mn}$은 89.6%, $COD_{Cr}$은 67.8%, T-N은 96.8% 그리고 색도는 74.2%가 제거되었으며, 이때 에너지 소모량은 $5.18kWh/m^3$이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1315-1324
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different diet formulations: F1 (Two complicated basal diets containing different crude protein levels plus tested feedstuff) vs F2 (A simple corn soybean meal [SBM] basal diet plus tested feedstuff) combined with total collection (TC) or chromic oxide ($Cr_2O_3$) marker or acid-insoluble ash (AIA) marker method, and freeze-dry or oven-dry (OD) technique on estimation of nutrient digestibility in diets fed to growing pigs. Methods: In F1, twelve barrows were allocated to two $6{\times}4$ Youden Squares. The treatment diets included a high protein basal (HPB) diet, a low protein basal (LPB) diet, a corn diet and a wheat bran (WB) diet formulated based on the HPB diet, and a SBM diet and a rapeseed meal (RSM) diet formulated based on the LPB diet. In F2, eight barrows were allocated to two $4{\times}4$ Latin Squares. The treatment diets included a corn basal diet, a SBM basal diet formulated based on the corn diet, and a WB diet and a RSM diet formulated based on the SBM diet. Results: Concentration of digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, ash, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre determined by $Cr_2O_3$ marker method were greater than those determined by TC and AIA marker methods in HPB, LPB, and RSM diets formulated by F1 and in corn diet formulated by F2 (p<0.05). The DE values in WB and both DE and ME values in SBM and RSM estimated using F1 were greater than those estimated using F2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: From the accuracy aspect, the AIA marker or TC method combined with OD technique is recommended for determining the energy concentration and nutrient digestibility of components in diets fed to growing pigs.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2001

New types of cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica species would be very useful for the production of F$_1$, hybrid seeds. Leaves and stems of rapid cycling stock of B.juncea (CrGC4-3) containing Anand CMS were used as experimental materials for plant regeneration from protoplast culture. Very high plant regeneration rate (85%) was found in the Kao & Michayluk medium supplemented with 2 mg/L zeatin, 0.5 mg/L BAP, and 1 mg/L NAA when only leaf, not stem, segments were cultured. Protoplasts were isolated from leaves using mixtures of enzymes (1% Cellulycin, 0.5% Macerozyme) in 0.4 M mannitol and 50 mM $CaCl_2$.$2H_2$O. Mcrocalli induced from protoplasts were transferred to the shoot regeneration medium containing 2 mg/L BAP, 2 mg/L zeatin, and 0.5 mg/L NAA. After 60 days of initial protoplast culture, regenerated plantlets were obtained, acclimatized, transplanted into the pots, and grown up to the flowering stage.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2020

This work presents the results of laboratory scale tests of the CARBOFLUOREX (CARBOnate FLUORide EXtraction) process - a novel technology for the recovery of U and Pu from the solid fluorides residue (fluorination ash) of Fluoride Volatility Method (FVM) reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). To study the oxidative leaching of U from the fluorination ash (FA) by Na₂CO₃ or Na₂CO₃-H₂O₂ solutions followed by solvent extraction by methyltrioctylammonium carbonate in toluene and purification of U from the fission products (FPs) impurities we used a surrogate of FA consisting of UF₄ or UO₂F₂, and FPs fluorides with stable isotopes of Ce, Zr, Sr, Ba, Cs, Fe, Cr, Ni, La, Nd, Pr, Sm. Purification factors of U from impurities at the solvent extraction refining stage reached the values of 10⁴-10⁵, and up to 10⁶ upon the completion of the processing cycle. Obtained results showed a high efficiency of the CARBOFLUOREX process for recovery and separating of U from FPs contained in FA, which allows completing of the FVM cycle with recovery of U and Pu from hardly processed FA.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.725-731
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• 2010

This study was to evaluate the ozone oxidation of dissolved Fe, Mn, $SO{_4}^{2-}$ ions and color in abandoned mining drainage by conducting a bench-scale operation at various reaction times in an ozone reactor. The influent was collected from an abandoned mine drainage (AMD) near the J Mine in Jungsungun, Kangwon Province. The ozone reactor was operated at ozone reaction times of 10, 20 and 30 min with ozone doses of 0.0 and $2.4g\;O_3/hr$. Samples from each effluent from subsequent sand filtration were regularly collected and analyzed for pH, Fe, Mn, Al, Cr, Hg, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, alkalinity, color, ORP, TDS and EC. The effluent concentrations of Fe and Mn from the sand filter were less than 0.1 mg/L, which were below the concentrations on Korean drinking water quality standards (Fe, Mn < 0.30 mg/L). The influent $SO{_4}^{2-}$, concentrations were not noticeably changed during this ozone oxidation. Cr and Hg in the raw wastewater from the abandoned mining drainage were not detected in this study. The experimental result shows that the ozone oxidation of dissolved heavy metals and subsequent sand filtration of metal precipitates are desirable alternative for removing heavy metals in AMD.