• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

컬럼시기 연속추출장치에 의해 산세폐액으로부터 질산 및 불산을 정제산으로 회수하기 위한 연속실험을 행하였다. 먼저 컬럼식 연속추출장치에 의한 조업시 조업특성을 살펴보면 Pulse Velocity(AxF)가 증가함에 따라 추출율 및 탈거율이 증가하고 잇으나 AxF가 임계치 이상으로 증가하게 되면 수상과 유기상의 강력한 혼합에 의해 분리층이 형성되지 못하고 컬럼전체가 혼합형태가 되어, 효율이 낮아지고 HETS가 길어지게 된다. 또 총유량에 있어 너무 느리게 디면 Backmixing 효과가 나타나게 되고, 반대로 총유량이 매우 빠르게 되면 수상과 유기상의 접촉시간이 불충분하여 효율이 떨어지게 된다. 산세폐액을 컬럼식 연속추출장치로 처리할 경우 추출시에는 70% TBP를 사용하여 상비 A/O=1/2에서 추출하고, 증류수로 상비 1에서 탈거하면 질산 및 불산의 최종회수율은 각각 90.7% 및 75%정도이고 정제산 중 질산농도는 102g/$\ulcorner$ 그리고 불산은 8.8g/$\ulcorner$정도가 된다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.84-98
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• 2000

주왕산 화산암체의 최하부층에 해당하는 대전사 현무암층은 전체적으로 12매의 용암과 9매의 페페라이트가 교호하며, 각 용암과 페페라이트의 암층의 두께는 다양하다. 현무암류는 육안으로 반정이 관찰되지 않으며 기공이 없는 치밀한 현무암이지만, 한 단위의 용암층 내에서 상부에는 다공질의 현무암이 발견되기도 한다. 경하에서의 현무암류는 주된 반정 광물로 가상의 감람석을 가지며, 사장석과 단사휘석의 반정도 보인다. 석기는 주로 서브오피틱 조직을 보인다. 대전사 현무암류는 MgO 함량이 4.8∼7.6 wt.%, Al2O3 함량은 16∼18 wt.%, CaO 함량은 9.1∼10.9 wt.%, 그리고 FeOT 함량은 7.4∼8.7 wt.%의 조성을 보인다. TAS 성분도와 SiO2에 대한 K2O의 성분도 그리고, 알칼리지수에 대한 Al2O3의 관계도에서는 칼크-알칼리 현무암에 도시된다. MgO를 분화 지수로한 각 산화물의 변화 경향은 MgO가 감소함에 따라서 Al2O3와 CaO는 증가하며, FeOT 함량은 감소하고, 호정성 원소는 감소한다. 불호정성 원소 중에서 HFS 원소는 MORB값 비슷한 반면에, LIL 원소는 부화되어 있다. 특히 Ce, P, 및 Sm이 약간 부화되어 있으며, Nb는 뚜렷한 부이상을 보인다. 희토류 원소는 전체적으로 부화되어 있으며, HREE에 비해서 LREE가 부화되어 있다. 조구조 판별도에서는. 지판이 침강 섭입하는 지판경제부 영역의 칼크-알칼리 계열 현무암에 도시되고, 특히 Th/Yb에 대한 La/Yb의 상관도에서는 본 현무암류가 대륙연변호 칼크-알칼리 화산대 환경에서 생성되었음을 알 수 있다. 대전사 현무암류의 초생 마그마는 섭입에 따른 유체의 공급으로 쐐기형 상부맨틀을 구성하는 석류석 감람암이 약 15% 부분용융되어 생성된 현무암질 마그마에서 유래되었다. 이들 마그마는 분출되기 직전에 주로 감람석의 분별 정출작용과 지각 물질이 동화되면서 진화된 후, 분출하였다. 필요가 있다.이 높게 나타났다.들을 대상으로 규칙적인 식사의 중요성과 다양한 식품의 섭취를 홍보하는 영양교육 이 보건소를 통해 강화되어야 하리라고 보여진다.인들의 계절별 식품 섭취량에 있어 겨울철의 식품 섭취량이 다른 계절에 비해 유의하게 높았으며, 남자노인보다는 여자노인이 식품섭취에 계절에 의한 영향을 더욱 더 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 장수 노인들은 가공식품보다는 계절마다 제철에 생산 되는 자연 식품의 섭취비율이 높았다. 전반적으로 장수노인들은 소식의 경향을 보였으며 이 와 같은 소식습관과 신선한 식물성 식품들의 일상 섭취가 건강한 장수에 영향을 미쳤을 가 능성도 있을 것으로 사료된다.며, 지방 조직내 지방축적에 영향을 미친다는 것을 말해 준다.에서 하는 부모교육과 반상회의 홍보자료에 반상회의 홍보자료에 반드시환경친화적 음식소비행동에 관한 교육이 포함되어야 한다. 조리사의 경우 정기교육과정에 환경친화적 음식소비행동에 관한 홍보를 함께 함으로써 외식이나 단체급식에서 발행하는 음식물 쓰레기의 양을 줄 일 수 있을 것이다.m its genes controlling host specificity to its population sturctures and dynamics, have begun to provide new insights into the potential mechanisms underlying race variation. In this review we aim to provide an overview on (a) the molecular basis of host specificity of M. grisea, (b) the population structure and dynamics of rice pathogens, and (c) the nature and mechanisms of genetic changes underpinning virulence variation

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2020

This work presents the results of laboratory scale tests of the CARBOFLUOREX (CARBOnate FLUORide EXtraction) process - a novel technology for the recovery of U and Pu from the solid fluorides residue (fluorination ash) of Fluoride Volatility Method (FVM) reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). To study the oxidative leaching of U from the fluorination ash (FA) by Na₂CO₃ or Na₂CO₃-H₂O₂ solutions followed by solvent extraction by methyltrioctylammonium carbonate in toluene and purification of U from the fission products (FPs) impurities we used a surrogate of FA consisting of UF₄ or UO₂F₂, and FPs fluorides with stable isotopes of Ce, Zr, Sr, Ba, Cs, Fe, Cr, Ni, La, Nd, Pr, Sm. Purification factors of U from impurities at the solvent extraction refining stage reached the values of 10⁴-10⁵, and up to 10⁶ upon the completion of the processing cycle. Obtained results showed a high efficiency of the CARBOFLUOREX process for recovery and separating of U from FPs contained in FA, which allows completing of the FVM cycle with recovery of U and Pu from hardly processed FA.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.1300-1309
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• 2023

Simulated debris was synthesized using UO₂, Zr, and stainless steel and a heat treatment method under inert or oxidizing conditions. The primary U solid phase of the debris synthesized at 1473 K under inert conditions was UO₂, whereas a (U, Zr)O₂ solid solution formed at 1873 K. Under oxidizing conditions, a mixture of U₃O₈ and (Fe, Cr)UO₄ phases formed at 1473 K, whereas a (U, Zr)O_2+x solid solution formed at 1873 K. The leaching behavior of the fission products from the simulated debris was evaluated using two methods: the irradiation method, for which fission products were produced via neutron irradiation, and the doping method, for which trace amounts of non-radioactive elements were doped into the debris. The dissolution behavior of U depended on the properties of the debris and aqueous solution for immersion. Cs, Sr, and Ba leached out regardless of the primary solid phases. The leaching of high-valence Eu and Ru ions was suppressed, possibly owing to their solid-solution reaction with or incorporation into the uranium compounds of the simulated debris.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2015

This study was performed to provide fundamental data to establish the new soil pollution standards and the soil contamination management plans in a rational manner. The distribution characteristics of new soil contaminants such as barium (Ba) and chromium (Cr) in soils (n=140) were investigated in relation to land-use classification and geological features. Also, the sequential extraction test was conducted to evaluate fate and mobility of new soil contaminants. The soil samples taken from 140 sites were analyzed to survey distribution levels of selected new soil contaminants. The average concentration and range for hazardous metals (Ba, Cr) were Ba 128.946 (26.757~489.587) mg/kg, Cr 30.121 (2.579~132.783) mg/kg. Based on land use classification, the highest Ba concentration was found in factory soils, followed by dry field and park soils, while Cr concentration was highest in rice paddy soils, followed by dry field and factory soils. Within 10 geological units investigated the highest Ba and Cr concentrations were observed in the soils from Okcheon group and metamorphic rocks, respectively. The BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction was conducted to identify chemical distributional existence of 2 elements of soils from each geological unit. Ba in soils is mainly assumed to exists as reducible form (such as BaSO₄, BaCO₃) and Cr in soils mainly is assumed to exist as residual form (such as Cr₂O₃, Cr_xFe_1-x(OH)₃(x < 1)).

• 자원환경지질
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.147-164
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• 1975

소백산(小白山) 변성대내(變成帶內)의 옥방(玉房), 선산(善山), 지례(知禮) 및 단성(丹城)일대에 분포하는 각섬석질암(角閃石質岩) 중 옥방지역(玉房地域)의 것은 주변 변성암류(變成岩類)에 상합적(相合的)이며 엽이(葉理)가 잘 발달되어 있고 그외 지역의 것은 심한 화강암화작용(花岡岩化作用)의 영향을 받아 편마암(片磨岩)및 화강암질암내(岡岩質岩內)에 lense 상(狀)의 잔류체(殘留體)로 산출(産出)된다. 본 연구에서는 주로 소백산(小白山) 변성대내(變成帶內)의 각섬석질암(角閃石質岩)옥방중석광상((玉房重石鑛床) 포함)과 그의 경계부에 위치한 옥천지향사대내(沃川地向斜帶內)의 상동광상(上東鑛床)의 염기성변성암(鹽基性變成岩)의 시료를 대상으로 습식(濕式) 및 방출분광분석(方出分光分析)을 수행하여, 24개 주성분(主成分) 및 희유원소(稀有元素)의 정성(定性) 정량적(定量的)인 값을 variation trend와 discriminant function analysis 를 통하여 비교검토함으로써 이들의 성인(成因)을 밝혀보려 하였다. 주성분원소(主成分元素)의 Niggli value를 사용한 각종 도면에서는 화강암화작용(花岡岩化作用)으로 인한 alkali, alumina, 및 silica 등의 증가로 인하여 충분한 data를 얻지못했으나, 연구(硏究) 대상 시료(試料)의 희유원소(稀有元素)들은 alkli, alumina, silica의 증감(增減)에 영향을 받지않아 (도면 12, 13) 성인규명(成因規明)에 만족한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 옥방(玉房), 선산(善山), 지례(知禮) 및 단성지역(丹城地域)의 각섬석질암(角閃石質岩)은 각 도표에서 높은 비율의 Cr, Ni, Co, Ti, Sr 및 V의 값을 가지며 염기성(鹽基性) 화성암(火成岩)의 variation trend를 잘 보여주고, 상동지역(上東地域)의 염기성변성암(鹽基性變成岩)은 낮은 Cr, Ni, Co, Ti, Sr 및 V의 값과 낮은 Niggli mg 값을 가져서 화성(火成), 퇴적(堆積)의 두 특징을 동시에 나타내고 있으나 화성기원의 특징을 더욱 강조하여 준다. 한편 Discriminant function test ($X_1$, $X_2$, $X_3$)에서도 옥방(玉房), 선산(善山), 지체(知體), 단성(丹城)지역의 각섬석질암(角閃石質岩)은 한 개의 시료(試料)를 제외하고는 모두 $X_1$, $X_2$, $X_3$ 중 둘이상이 positive값을 가져 화성기원(火成起源)을 지시해주며 상동광상(上東鑛床)의 것은 하나의 시료는 둘이상의 positive 값 ($X_1$=7.08, $X_2$=0.43, $X_3$=-4.42) 을 나타내고 두 개의 시료는 둘 이상의 negative 값($X_1$=7.66, -8.60, $X_2$=-0.78, -2.13, $X_3$=4.62, -1.00) 을 나타낸다. 또한 기원암(起源岩)의 규명에서 본 연구의 대상이 된 모든 염기성(鹽基性) 변성암(變成岩)이 분출암(憤出岩)및 퇴적암(堆積岩)의 특징인 높은 oxidation ratio (2 $Fe_2O_3{\times}100/2$ $Fe_2O_3+FeO$, in mols)를 가지는 것으로 보아 주성분(主成分) 및 희유원소(稀有元素) 연구(硏究)결과와 비교하여 보면 분출암(憤出岩)에서 유래된 것으로 결론 될 수 있으나 소백산변성암(小白山變成帶)의 경우는 oxidation ratio의 증가가 심한 화강암화작용(花岡岩化作用)의 영향 일수도 있으며 야외산출상태와 현미경기재에서도 분출암(憤出岩)의 잔류증거를 찾지못하였다. 결론적으로 소백산변성대내의 옥방(玉房), 선산(善山), 지체(知體), 단성(丹城)일대의 각섬석질암(角閃石質岩)은 염기성(鹽基性) 관입암(慣入岩)으로부터 유래된 것으로 사료되고, 옥천지향사대내(沃川地向斜帶內)의 상동광상(上東鑛床)일대의 염기성변성암(鹽基性變成岩)은 Kamp (1968)와 Orville (1969)가 취급한 연구 결과에서와 같이 탄산염퇴적물(炭酸鹽堆積物)의 퇴적환경에서 침천한 염기성(鹽基性) tuff로부터 유래된 가능성이 많다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.701-717
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to extensively estimate the air quality trends of the study area by surveying con-centration trends in months or seasons, after analyzing the mass concentration of PM-10 samples and the inorganic lements, ion, and total carbon in PM-10. Also, the study introduced to apply the PMF (Positive Matrix Factoriza-tion) model that is useful when absence of the source profile. Thus the model was thought to be suitable in Korea that often has few information about pollution sources. After obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources at the study area were qualitatively identified The PM-10 particles collected on quartz fiber filters by a PM-10 high-vol air sampler for 3 years (Mar. 1999∼Dec.2001) in Kyung Hee University. The 25 chemical species (Al, Mn, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, Ce, Pb, Si, N $a^{#}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, TC) were analyzed by ICP-AES, IC, and EA after executing proper pre - treatments of each sample filter. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols. the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided source profiles (scaled F matrix). So, 11 sources were qualitatively identified, such as secondary aerosol related source, soil related source, waste incineration source, field burning source, fossil fuel combustion source, industry related source, motor vehicle source, oil/coal combustion source, non-ferrous metal source, and aged sea- salt source, respectively.ively.y.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2014

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the association between subjective distress symptoms and argon welding among workers in Gyeongnam Province shipyard. Method: 31 argon and 29 non-argon welding workers were selected as study subjects in order to measure concentrations of personal dust, welding fumes and other hazardous materials such as ZnO, Pb, Cr, FeO, MnO, Cu, Ni, $TiO_2$, MgO, NO, $NO_2$, $O_3$, $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and Ar. An interviewer-administered questionnaire survey was also performed on the same subjects. The items queried were as follows: age, height, weight, working duration, welding time, welding rod amounts used, drinking, smoking, and rate of subjective distress symptoms including headache and other symptoms such as fever, vomiting and nausea, metal fume fever, dizziness, tingling sensations, difficulty in breathing, memory loss, sleep disorders, emotional disturbance, hearing loss, hand tremors, visual impairment, neural abnormality, allergic reaction, runny nose and stuffiness, rhinitis, and suffocation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 18. Data are expressed as the mean ${\pm}SD$. An ${\chi}^2$-test and a normality test using a Shapiro wilk test were performed for the above variables. Logistic regression analysis was also conducted to identify the factors that affect the total score for subjective distress symptoms. Result: An association was shown between welding type (argon or non-argon welding) and the total score for subjective distress symptoms. Among the rate of complaining of subjective distress symptoms, vomiting and nausea, difficulty breathing, and allergic reactions were all significantly higher in the argon welding group. Only the concentration of dust and welding fumes was shown to be distributed normally after natural log transformation. According to logistic regression analysis, the correlations of working duration and welding type (argon or non-argon) between the total score of subjective distress symptoms were found to be statistically significant (p=0.041, p=0.049, respectively). Conclusion: Our results suggest that argon welding could cause subjective distress symptoms in shipyard workers.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.292-300
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• 1996

Hexavalent chromium($Cr^{+6}$) compounds are considered to be particularly hazardous, primarily because of the associated risk of allergic reaction and cancer. The analytic method of hexavalent chromium such as the s-diphenylcarba-zide(DPC) method and all ether previously used methods are often made uncertain due to significant interferences from organic components. This report can provide a technique for the more rapid and simple determination of total hexavalent chromium. than other currently using methods. The s-diphenylcarbazide method proposed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has low recovery rate(15.67 - 48.20%) due to interference, iron chloride and nickel chloride. A microwave oven technique has high recovery rate(about 70%) of insoluble hexavalent chromium. For the difference of ionic charges of $Cr^{+3}$-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) chelate and $CrO_4{^{-2}}$, we could detect them simultaneously by ion exchanged high performance liquid chromatography. The confirmation of $Cr^{+3}$ and $Cr^{+6}$ were checked by fraction collector and flameless atomic absorption spectrometer. We observed that the small amount of hexavalent chromium is converted to trivalent chromium due to enhancement of chromium reduction by $Fe^{+3}$ or $Ni^{+2}$. As a result of this study, on the analysis of insoluble hexavalent chromium with microwave oven was used for, it may be better and more precise analysis after pretreatment by 2% NaOH-3% $Na_2CO_3$ and then analysis UV-spectrophotometer. It should be done for various studies on insoluble hexavalent chromium on the basis work environmental monitoring so called welding, painting etc.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.1069-1074
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• 2019

A novel fabrication method of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel cladding tubes for advanced fast reactors has been investigated using the cold spray powder-based materials deposition process. Cold spraying has the potential advantage for rapidly fabricating ODS cladding tubes in comparison with the conventional multi-step extrusion process. A gas atomized spherical 14YWT (Fe-14%Cr, 3%W, 0.4%Ti, 0.2% Y, 0.01%O) powder was sprayed on a rotating cylindrical 6061-T6 aluminum mandrel using nitrogen as the propellant gas. The powder lacked the oxygen content needed to precipitate the nanoclusters in ODS steel, therefore this work was intended to serve as a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate that free-standing steel cladding tubes with prototypical ODS composition could be manufactured using the cold spray process. The spray process produced an approximately 1-mm thick, dense 14YWT deposit on the aluminum-alloy tube. After surface polishing of the 14YWT deposit to obtain desired cladding thickness and surface roughness, the aluminum-alloy mandrel was dissolved in an alkaline medium to leave behind a free-standing ODS tube. The as-fabricated cladding tube was annealed at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in an argon atmosphere to improve the overall mechanical properties of the cladding.