• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1217-1224
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• 2007

Purpose : Due to its high potency against leukemic blasts, our institution has opted for the use of dexamethasone during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remission induction, but in our most recent treatment protocol, CMCPL-2005, we shortened the length of steroid treatment from 4 to 3 weeks. We compared both the rates of remission induction and significant complications observed during induction with CMCPL-2005, with those noted for our previous protocol, CMCPL-2001. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients diagnosed with ALL from January, 2001 to December, 2006 at the Department of Pediatrics, St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea. Data concerning age, sex, WBC count at diagnosis, immunophenotype, cytogenetic traits, and risk group were collected for each patient. Results of remission induction treatment were compared between the two patient groups. Infection and other major complications resulting from treatment were investigated according to NCI toxicity criteria. Results : A total of 141 and 88 patients received remission induction under CMCPL-2001 and CMCPL-2005 respectively. In the CMCPL-2001 group, 136 (96%) achieved complete remission while 82 (93%) achieved CR in the CMCPL-2005 group. Patients in the CMCPL-2005 group were more likely to undergo remission induction without experiencing major complications. However, with regards to steroid related toxicities such as infection, no significant differences were noted. Conclusion : We shortened the length of steroid administration from four to three weeks, yet found the remission induction rate to be comparable to that of our previous regimen. However, rates of steroid related toxicities such as infectious complications remain unchanged despite shortened exposure to dexamethasone.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.183-194
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• 1988

Twenty five patients with histologically proven medulloblastoma received craniospinal radiotherapy (CSRT) at the Seoul National University Hospital from 1979 to 1984. The extent of tumor removal was biopsy only in 2 patients, partial in 18, and near total in 5. With orthogonal technique of CSRT, mainly 55Gy was delivered to the posterior fossa (PF), 40Gy to whole brain (WB), and 30Gy to whole spine (WS). And with AP; PA technique, 50Gy to PF, 45-50Gy to WB, and 36 Gy to WS. Complete remission was obtained in $84\%$ of patients. Among 21 CR's 10 failures were observed, thus total failure rate was $56\%$ (14/25). Of 14 faiure 13 had the primary failure, 11 failed in primary site alone, 1 failure was combined with ventricular seeding, and another 1 was combined with neck node metastasis. There was 1 isolated spinal failure. Actuarial overall survival rates at 3 and 5 years were $75\%$ and $54\%$, and disease-free survival rates were $58\%$ and $36\%$, respectively. Better 5 year disease-free survival was noted in patients with 55 Gy to the posterior fossa than those with 50Gy $(62\%\;vs\;17\%,\;p<0.05)$, in patients treated with orthogonal technique than those treated with AP:PA technique $(87\%\;vs\;12\%,\;p<0.05)$, and in patients with near total removal than those with partial or less removal of tumor $(56\%\;vs\;30\%,\;N.S.)$ Re-irradiation was not satisfactory No severe late sequelae was noted among the survivors. For the higher control of medulloblastoma, dose to posterior fossa should be at least 55Gy with orthogonal CSRT to small tumor burden. And dose reduction in the subarachnoidal spaces might be safe, but optimal dose to the subarchnoidal spaces should be determined by the thorough tumor staging before radiotherapy.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to analyze hazards for the growing stage of 6 tomato farms (A, B, C; soli farms, D, E, F; Nutriculture farms) located in Gyeongsangnam-do to establish the good agricultural practices (GAP). A total of 144 samples for analyzing hazards collected from cultivation environments (irrigation water, soil, nutrient solution, and air) and personal hygiene (hands, gloves, and cloths) were assessed for biological (sanitary indications and major food borne pathogens) and chemical hazards (heavy metals). Total bacteria, coliform, and fungi were detected at levels of 0.2-7.2, 0.0-6.1, and 0.0-5.4 log CFU/g, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$, respectively. Escherichia coli were only detected in the soil sample from B farm. In case of pathogens, Bacillus cereus was detected at levels of 0.0-4.4 log CFU/(g, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$), whereas Staphylococuus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157, and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. Heavy metals as a chemical hazard were detected in soil and irrigation water, but levels of them were lower than the permit limit. In conclusion, chemical hazard levels complied with GAP criteria, but biological hazards at the growing stage of tomato farms were confirmed. Therefore a proper management to prevent microbial contamination is needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 1979

For the use of antarctic krill as a fond protein source its compositional characteristics were investigated as the first part of the work includes other subjects such as processing of drill paste, concentrates, and fermented or seasoned product. In general composition of fresh frozen and preboiled frozen krill on board, the contents of crude fat and free amino nitrogen were higher in the former than in the latter which contained a high amount of ash. VBN was rather high as much as 37.6 and $26.4\;mg\%$ in both fresh frozen and preboiled krill. The pH of drill homogenates was 7.1 to 7.2 in both cases. Such a low pH might be attributed to a long term storage and temperature fluctuations during frequent transshipping. The amino acid competition of fresh frozen krill meat showed relatively high amount of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, proline, and leucine while methionine, histidine, serine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were lower. Among the essential amino acids lysine and leucine were higher and methionine was lower. In tile composition of free amino acid proline, lysing, arginine, and alanine were higher comparatively to the contents of histidine, aspartic acid, serine, and threonine. It is noteworthy for nutritional qualification that tile essential amino acids particularly as lysine were abundant similarly to that of fishes. Heavy metal contents of krill meat 0.039 to 0.048 ppm as Hg, 0.06 to 0.11 ppm as Pb, less than 0.32 ppm as Zn, 0.008 to 0.012 ppm as Cd, 0.61 to 0.68 ppm as Fe, 0.87 to 1.37 ppm as Cu, and nondetective as Cr. A high Cu content seems to be resulted by tile blood pigment of crustacea. The ratio,1 of edible portion to non-edible portion were 37:63 in fresh frozen and 42:58 in preboiled frozen krill respectively. Release of drip after thawing was more in fresh frozen than in preboiled frozen drill marking $36\%$ and $24\%$ of both respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.883-888
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• 2003

Purpose : The etiology of hemolytic anemia can be classified as either cellular or extracellular defects of red blood cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory findings of hemolytic anemia concerning its etiological classification. Methods : Clinical and laboratory findings of the patients with hemolytic anemia treated from January 1987 to May 2002 at Severance Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into two groups based on the types of red cell defects(group I : erythrocytic defect, group II : extraerythrocytic defect). Results : Twenty one cases were included in group I, thirty four cases in group II, and three cases were unclassified. In group I, nineteen cases(90.5%) were diagnosed as hereditary spherocytosis and were proved to have red cell membrane disorders while two cases(9.5%) were shown to have red cell enzyme deficiencies. In group II, thirteen cases(38.2%) were noted as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, eleven cases(32.4%) as traumatic or microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, four cases(11.8%) as drug induced hemolytic anemia, two cases(5.9%) were related with systemic lupus erythematosus and one case(2.9%) with malignancy. Hemoglobin at the time of diagnosis(7.5 g/dL vs. 6.2 g/dL, P<0.05) and the incidence of splenomegaly(85.7% vs. 18.2%, P<0.05) were higher in group I though blood urea nitrogen(9.0/0.4 mg/dL vs. 27.8/1.6 mg/dL, P<0.05) was higher in group II. Conclusion : Comparing the clinical features of pediatric hemolytic anemia, we concluded as following : In cases associated with extraerythrocytic defect, blood tests revealed significant initial lower hematocrit with higher level of BUN and Cr while cases with erythrocytic defect, splenomegaly were more common noted.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 1997

The apparent nutrient digestibilities were examined by using chromic oxide indicator according to the various fecal collection methods in juvenile and adult Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Feces were collected from three replicate groups of fish by dissection, stripping or decantation using fecal collector attached to fish rearing tank, respectively. The digestibilities of dry matter, protein, lipid, and energy were affected by fecal collection methods (P<0.01), but not affected by fish size. The digestibilities of nutrient determined by stripping or decantation methods were significantly higher than those determined by dissection method (P<0.01). No significant differences in the digestibilities of protein, lipid and energy were found between the stripping and decantation methods in adult fish (P>0.01). The digestibilities of dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, nitrogen-free extract, and total amino acids in juvenile and adult fish were 58, 93, 94, 79, 32, and $93\%$, and 61, 94, 96, 80, 29, and $94\%$, respectively, when they were measured by decantation method. Methionine, cystine and valine digestibilities were significantly lower than those of other amino acids in both juvenile and adult fish (P<0.01). Results indicate that stripping or decantation with fecal collector could be a reliable digestibility procedure for measuring the nutrient digestibilities in Korean rockfish.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.138-147
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• 2001

The stochiometric mixtures mixture of evaporating materials for the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film, $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ mixed crystal was deposited on throughly etched semi-insulting GaAs(100) in the Hot Wall Epitaxy(HWE) system. The sourceand substrate temperature were $610^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively and the growth rate of the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film was about 0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$/hr. The crystalline structure of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film was investigated by photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD) measurement. The carrier density and mobility of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film measured from Hal effect by van der Pauw method are $8.51{\times}10^{17}{\textrm}{cm}^{-3}$, 291$\textrm{cm}^2$/V.s at $293^{\circ}$K, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting $\Delta$So and the crystal filed splitting DCr were 0.0148eV and 0.1678 eV at $10^{\circ}$K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition($E_{X}$) typically observed only in high quality crystal and neutral donor bound exicton ($D^{\circ}$, X) having very strong peak intensity. The full width at half maximum and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 9meV and 26meV, respectively. The activation energy of impurity measured by Haynes rule was 130meV.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.255-279
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• 2014

It is not too much to say that smartphones have become an essential part of our lives due to their versatility. Nevertheless, they still have less overall capabilities than their desktop counterparts. Specifically, they have small screens and low resolutions, which make their applications difficult to have a usable interface. To account for these limitations, the interface of smartphone applications should be designed carefully and properly. Good interface design to any application is critical. However, a comprehensive information systems (IS) literature review found that there has been little research on the user interface design of smartphone applications. More specifically, there has been little empirical evidence and understanding about how metaphors, an imaginative way of describing objects and concepts, in the user interface of smartphone applications affect users' intention to use the applications. Thereby, the research goals of this study are to examine 1) the effects of the metaphors in the user interface of smartphone applications on the interaction between users and applications and 2) the effects of mediating variables including the interaction between users and applications, users' beliefs and attitudes, on users' intention to use the applications. A survey was conducted to collect data. University students and practitioners participated in the survey. A 24-item questionnaire was developed on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The measurement items were mostly adapted from the previous studies in the IS literature and modified to fit the context of this study. First, a principal component factor analysis was performed to explore the inter-relationships among a set of variables. The analysis showed that most of the items loaded quite strongly on the six components. The analysis also revealed the six components with eigenvalues exceeding 1, explaining a total of 70.7 per cent of the variance. The reliabilities of the items were also checked. Most Cronbach alpha values were above 0.8, so the scales were considered reliable. In sum, the results of the analysis support the decision to retain the six factors for further investigation. Next, the structural model was analyzed with AMOS structural equation modeling. The values of GFI, AGFI, NFI, TLI, CFI, and RMSEA were checked. The values showed that the research model considerably have a good fit in general. Next, the convergent and discriminant validities of all constructs were examined. The values for the standardized regression weights and critical ration (CR) indicated sufficient convergent validity for all constructs. In addition, the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) of each construct was compared with its correlations with all other constructs. The results supported discriminant validity for all constructs. In sum, the results of analysis demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validities for all constructs. Finally, path coefficients between the variables were examined. Methphor was found to have an impact on interaction (${\beta}$ = .457, p = .000). There were also significant effects of the interaction on perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .273, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .405, p = .000). User attitude was significantly influenced by these two beliefs, perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .386, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .347, p = .000) respectively. Further, the results of analysis found that users' intention to use smartphone applications was significantly influenced by user attitude (${\beta}$ = .567, p = .000). Based upon the analyses, all hypotheses were supported. This study found that the metaphors used in the interface of smartphone applications affect not only the interaction between users and applications, but also users' intention to use the applications through the mediating variables, perceived usefulness and ease of use. These findings imply that if the metaphors used in the user interface of application are easy enough to understand for smartphone users, then the application can be perceived useful and easy to use, which in turn make users to have an intention to use the application. In conclusion, this study contributed not only to validate and extend Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) partially, but also to develop the construct of metaphor in smartphone settings. However, since a single empirical study cannot be enough to validate the findings, some limitations should be considered.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 1994

Background: The pathogenetic mechanism of adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) is not clearly defined yet, but it is well known that increased pulmonary capillary permeabilty is characteristic feature of ARDS. The increased alveolar-capillary permeability is usually preceded by damage of pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The released enzymes and oxygen free radicals from the activated neutrophils seem to play a predominant role in endothelial cell cytotoxicity. The activated neutrophils, however, probably are not the sole contributing factor in this type of damage because many cases of ARDS have been reported in severe neutropenia. Bacterial endotoxin perse and/or oxygen free radicals released from endothelial cells are suggested to be possible factors that contribute to the development of ARDS. The purpose of this study is to investigate the direct cytotoxicity of endotoxin and the role of oxygen free radicals released from the endothelial cells in endotoxin-induced endothelial cell cytotoxicity. Methods: First, to investigate whether endotoxin is cytotoxic to HUVE by itself, various doses of endotoxin were added to culture medium and cytotoxicity was measured. Second, to evaluate the possible role of oxygen free radical in endotoxin-induced HUVE cytotoxicity, various antioxidants were added on the endotoxin-induced HUVE cytotoxicity and cytotoxicity was measured. Third, to verify the release of oxygen free radicals from HUVE, the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in the endotoxin-treated culture supernatant were measured. Finally, to observe the cytotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide, HUVE cytotoxicity in the presence of various doses of hydrogen peroxide was measured. The fourth generations of subcultured HUVE from primary culture were used. The cell cytotoxicity was quantified by the chromium-51 release assay. Results: 1) Endotoxin alone showed HUVE cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. 2) Endotoxin-induced HUVE cytotoxicity was significantly attenuated by the pretreatment of catalase and DMTU. 3) Hydrogen peroxide was released from HUVE after endotoxin treatment in a dose-dependent fashion. 4) Exogenous hydrogen peroxide also showed HUVE cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. Conclusion: These results suggest that endotoxin alone can directly injure HUVE, and, oxygen-free radicals released from HUVE in response to endotoxin may also participate in the endotoxin-induced HUVE cytotoxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.683-689
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• 2006

This study was established to investigate the effect of germanium-fortified yeasts on the serum lipid composition and immune system of human body. All 50 subjects with the age range of $50{\sim}75$ were entered in this clinical trial for 6 months. The effects were determined by the proliferative responses of immune-mediated cells, T-cell, B-cell and NK-cell during daily supplementation with/without germanium-fortified yeast. The results of hematology and blood chemistry didn't show any significant differences during administration periods. Serum lipid compositions also didn't show any significant differences during administration periods except triglyceride (TG) and VLDL-cholesterol. TG and VLDL-cholesterol levels were increased significantly by the consumption of germanium-fortified yeast (p<0.05). Immune mediated T-celt and NK-cell didn't increased in both control and test group supplemented with germanium fortified yeast, while B-cell increased in the germanium fortified yeast group after 8 week (p<0.05). Also $TNF-{\alpha}$ increased in the group of germanium fortified yeast after 8 week (p<0.05) but not in the control group. From the above results, germanium fortified yeast is expected to be useful on the improvement of the cellular immune response and protection of organs from various chronic diseases.