• 자원환경지질
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.799-816
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• 2023

Mineralogical and geochemical studies of shales within the Lower Anambra Basin was conducted to unravel the depositional environment, provenance, maturity, paleo-weathering conditions, and tectonic settings. Mineralogical studies conducted using X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the samples were composed of kaolinite, montmorillonite, chlorite, and illite. KaolinIite is the dominant mineral, constituting approximately 41.5% of the bulk composition, whereas the non-clay minerals are quartz, ilmenite, and sillimanite. Geochemical analysis showed a predominance of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ contents of the shale samples with mean values of 52.29%, 14.09%, and 6.15% for Imo Shale (IS); 52.31%, 16.70%, and 7.39% for Mamu Shale (MS); 43.21%, 21.33%, and 10.36% for Enugu Shale (ES); 53.35%, 15.64%, and 7.17% for Nkporo Shale (NS); and 51.24%, 17.25%, and 7.78% for Agwu Shale (AS). However, the shales were depleted in Na₂O, MgO, K₂O, MnO, TiO₂, CaO, and P₂O₅. The trace element ratios of Ni/Co and Cu/Zn of the shale suggest an oxic depositional environment. The average SiO₂ vs. Al₂O₃ ratio of the shales indicated textural maturity. Compared to the PAAS standard, the shales plot below the PAAS value of 0.85, suggesting a high degree of maturity and intensive chemical weathering, further confirmed on a CIA vs. PIA plot. On log (K₂O/Na₂O) against SiO₂ and tectonic setting discriminant function diagrams, the shales plot mostly in the field of passive continental margin tectonic setting. The discriminant function diagrams as well as Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratio of the shales showed that they were derived from a mixed source (mafic and intermediate igneous rocks).

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the Keum river estuary adjacent to coastal area. For this study we collected the 21 surface sediments samples. Mean size of surface samples was $3.24{\sim}6.65{\phi}$ on inner estuary and was $2.15{\sim}3.42{\phi}$ on outside estuary. Surface samples were composed of silt on inner estuary and were composed of sand which was more larger than $4{\phi}$ on outside estuary. Most major elements except CaO, $Na_2O$ showed good relationships between variation of contents and grain size. Contents of $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO, $K_2O$, $TiO_2$, $P_2O_5$ and $M_nO$ were increased predominately owing to the variation of mean size of surface samples. Contents of Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Sr, Zn, La, Ce, Pb, Rb, Nd have a good relationships with grain size but Ba, Th, Sm have not. All of major and minor elements contents except $K_2O$ and Ba were less than world mean contents of shallow surface sediments but apprehend a high pollution possibility on silt sediments in the estuaries.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2021

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enhances the stability of cathode materials via surface modification. Previous studies have demonstrated that an Ni-rich cathode, such as LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂, is a promising candidate owing to its high capacity, but is limited by poor cycle stability. In this study, to enhance the stability of the Ni-rich cathode, synthesized LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ was coated with Al₂O₃ using ALD. Thus, the surface-modified cathode exhibited enhanced stability by protecting the interface from Ni-O formation during the cycling process. The coated LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ exhibited a capacity of 176 mAh g^-1 at 1 C and retained up to 72% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles within a range of 2.8-4.3 V (vs Li/Li⁺. In contrast, pristine LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ presented only 58% of capacity retention after 100 cycles with an initial capacity of 173 mAh g^-1. Improved cyclability may be a result of the ALD coating, which physically protects the electrode by modifying the interface, and prevents degradation by resisting side reactions that result in capacity decay. The electrochemical impedance spectra and structural and morphological analysis performed using electron microscopy and X-ray techniques establish the surface enhancement resulting from the aforementioned strategy.

• 암석학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.156-170
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• 1994

대흥활석광상의 광석은 크게 녹니석질과 돌로마이트질로 구분되어지며 전자는 주로 녹니석과 활석, 그리고 소량의 돌로마이트, 백운모 및 불투명광물로, 후자는 활석과 돌로마이트, 그리고 사문석 및 방해석으로 구성되어 있으며 마그네사이트가 산출되기도 한다. 녹니석질 광석에서는 녹니석이, 그리고 돌로마이트질 광석에서는 사문석과 녹니석이 활석화되어 있으며 탄산염광물들은 도입된 열수용액으로부터 또는 활석화작용의 부산물로 생성되어졌다. 이것은 원암의 화학조성과 도입되는 열수용액의 화학조성 및 양이 부분적으로 다름에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 공존하는 활석과 녹니석, 그리고 활석과 사문석 사이의 Mg, Al 및 Fe등이 주성분들은 화학적 평형을 이루고 있어 활석화작용이 안정되게 진행되었음을 나타내고 있다. 활석이 녹니석과 사문석으로부터 생성되는 과정의 대표적인 반응식은 다음과 같다. (1)녹니석+$Mg^{++}+Si^{4+}+H_2O$=활석, (2)녹니석+$Mg^{++}+Si^{4+}+Ca^{++}+CO_2+O_2+H_2O$=활석+돌로마이트+자철석, 및 (3) 사문석+$Mg^{++}+Fe^{++}+Si^{4+}+Ca^{++}+CO_2+H_2O$=활석+돌로마이트, 열수용액에는 비교적 많은 양의 Mg와 Si가 함유된 것으로 생각되며 $fO_2$ 및 $fCO_2$가 높은 경우 탄산염광물이 형성되었다. 따라서 활석화작용은 화강암화작용에 수반된 열수용액이 편마암류내에 협재된 녹니석편암 또는 녹니석편마암과 반응하여 열수변성교대작용에 의하여 이루어졌다고 생각된다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1020-1024
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• 2006

Europium$(Eu^{2+}\;or\;Eu^{3+})$-activated calcium aluminium silicate phosphors were synthesized for the first time and the structures and luminescence characteristics of these phosphors were investigated. The phosphors in this study emitted blue, green, and even red light depending on the starting milterials and annealing conditions for synthesis. In addition, the structure was also changed when the different starting materials were used. When $CaCO_3$ was used as a starting material, tetragonal $Ca_2Al_2SiO_7$ was formed. However, pure green light was emitted when the annealing was conducted in reduced atmosphere and red one was emitted by annealing in air. In the case of $CaSiO_3$ as a starting material, triclinic $CaAl_2Si_2O_8$ was formed and only pure blue emission was observed. Moreover, this blue phosphor exhibited higher intensity than that of commercial YAG:Ce phosphor, which showed the possibility of application on the phosphor for new light source such as a UV-LED.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.403-412
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• 2009

이산화탄소의 지중저장이 가능한 것으로 알려진 대염수층에서, 과임계이산화탄소 접촉에 의한 대표적 규산염 광물인 장석류의 지화학적 변화를 규명하기 위해 고압셀 실험을 실시하였다. 단일 시료광물인 사장석($[Ca:Na_2]O{\cdot}Al_2O_3{\cdot}2SiO_2$)과 정장석($KAlSi_3O_8$) 슬랩을 과임계이산화탄소를 형성하는 지중 조건을 재현한 고압셀 내부(100 bar, $50^{\circ}C$)에 고정시킨 후, 과임계이산화탄소와 30일 이상 반응시켰다. 고압셀 실험은 pH 8로 적정한 증류수(염수의 pH)를 포함한 과임계이산화탄소-염수-장석 반응과 염수를 제외한 과임계이산화탄소-장석 반응으로 구분하여 실시하였다. 반응 시간에 따른 장석의 표면 변화를 규명하기 위하여 광물 슬랩 평균 표면 거칠기 변화, 물 시료 내 용존 이온 변화, 반응 후 고압셀 내부에 형성된 침전물 성상을 규명하였다. 과임계이산화탄소-염수-장석 반응 실험 결과 사장석 표면의 평균 거칠기 값이 실험 전에는 0.118 nm에서 반응 30일 후에는 2.493 nm로 약 20배 이상 증가하였으며, 정장석 표면의 경우에도 표면 평균 거칠기 값은 0.246 nm에서 1.916 nm로 증가하였다. 이러한 표면 거칠기 변화는 SPM 이미지 사진에서도 관찰되어, 지중 대수층의 장석은 지중 주입된 과임계이산화탄소와 공극 내 존재하는 염수와 접촉하여 수 개월 이내에 용해/침전 반응이 진행될 것으로 판단되었다. 과임계이산화탄소에 의해 고압셀 내 물시료의 pH는 4로 떨어졌고, 사장석 슬랩 실험의 경우 물시료의 양이온 농도 분석 결과 $Ca^{2+}$와 $Na^+$ 농도가 75 mg/L, 50 mg/L로, 가장 많이 용해되는 것으로 나타났으며, 정장석의 경우 $Al^{3+}$, $K^+$, $Si^{+4}$, $Na^+$ 순으로 용존 이온 농도가 높았다. 고압셀 안에 침전된 고상 물질의 성분 분석결과 사장석 실험의 경우 Ca를 다량 함유한 무정형의 규산염 물질이었으며, 정장석의 경우에는 카올리나이트가 침전됨을 알 수 있었다. 염수를 제외한 과임계이산화탄소와 장석만을 반응시킨 셀실험의 경우에는 반응 시간에 따른 광물 표면의 평균 거칠기 값의 변화나 광물 표면의 용해현상도 거의 나타나지 않아, 물이 없는 환경에서 광물과 과임계이산화탄소와의 반응에 의한 광물의 상변화 정도는 현저하게 낮을 것으로 판단된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.497-508
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• 2017

이 연구는 장기간 백색 피복물질로 덮여 있던 승가사 석조승가대사좌상의 보존처리 직후 상태를 기록하기 위해 수행하였다. 좌상과 더불어 석조 광배도 함께 검토되었으며, 정밀조사와 비파괴 진단을 통해 자료를 확보하였다. 표면 손상도 평가 결과, 좌상과 광배 모두 물리적 손상은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났으나 변색으로 인한 화학적 손상률은 비교적 높았다. 초음파 측정을 이용한 물성진단 결과, 좌상과 광배의 평균 초음파속도는 3,570 m/s와 3,373 m/s로서 3등급(MW)에 해당하는 양호한 물성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 좌상의 표면 피복물질에서는 Ca, Ti, Pb, Fe, Al 및 Si가 검출되었는데, 이는 호분($CaCO_3$) 또는 석회($CaO{\cdot}Ca(OH)_2$)와 규산염광물의 조성이 복합적으로 작용한 것이다. 또한 Ti과 Pb은 백색안료인 타이타늄화이트($TiO_2$)와 연백($2PbCO_2{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$)의 성분으로 판단된다. 따라서 승가대사좌상은 과거에 호분 또는 석회로 칠해진 이후, 타이타늄화이트와 연백에 의해 덧칠되었던 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2011

The influence of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films degraded under high temperature and damp heat on the performance deterioration of Cu(In,Ga)$Se_2$ (CIGS) solar cells was investigated. CIGS solar cells with AZO/CdS/CIGS/Mo structure were prepared on glass substrate and exposed to high temperature ($85^{\circ}C$) and damp heat ($85^{\circ}C$/85% RH) for 1000 h. As-prepared CIGS solar cells had 64.91% in fill factor (FF) and 12.04% in conversion efficiency. After exposed to high temperature, CIGS solar cell had 59.14% in FF and 9.78% in efficiency, while after exposed to damp heat, it had 54.00% in FF and 8.78% in efficiency. AZO thin films in the deteriorated CIGS solar cells showed increases in resistivity up to 3.1 times and 4.4 times compared to their initial resistivity after 1000 h of high temperature and damp heat exposure, respectively. These results can be explained by the decreases in carrier concentration and mobility due to diffusion or adsorption of oxygen and moisture in AZO thin films. It can be inferred that decreases in FF and conversion efficiency were caused by an increase in series resistance, which resulted from an increase in resistivity of AZO thin films degraded under high temperature and damp heat.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.47-50
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• 2010

Various thicknesses of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films were deposited on glass substrate using pulsed dc magnetron sputtering with a cylindrical target designed for large-area high-speed deposition. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films of various thicknesses were characterized. All deposited AZO films have (0002) preferred orientation with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate. Crystal quality and surface morphology of the films changed according to the film thickness. The samples with higher surface roughness exhibited lower Hall mobility. Analysis of the measured data of the optical band gap and the carrier concentration revealed that there were no changes for all the film thicknesses. The optical transmittances were more than 85% regardless of film thickness within the visible wavelength region. The lowest resistivity, $4.13\times10^{-4}\Omega{\cdot}cm^{-1}$ was found in 750 nm films with an electron mobility $(\mu)$ of $10.6 cm^2V^{-1} s^{-1}$ and a carrier concentration (n) of $1.42\times10^{21} cm^{-3}$.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.544-548
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• 2014

Aluminum nitride was synthesized using a carbothermal method from mesoporous alumina having a high surface area (> $1,000m^2/g$) as an aluminum source and CNTs (carbon nano tubes) as a carbon source. In this case the mesoporous alumina was used as the starting material instead of ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ with the expectation that the mesopores in mesoporous alumina act as channels for N2 gas and elimination of CO generated as by-product. It is also expected that the synthetic temperature should be lower compared to the use of ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ as a starting material due to its high surface area. The crystallinity of the produced aluminum nitride was studied by XRD and FT-IR, and the microstructure was investigated by FE-SEM. Also the purity of the aluminum nitride was analyzed through N/O determinator and ICP analysis.