• 한국안광학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2007

엄밀한 조절자극과 폭주자극 값 그리고 프리즘 디옵터는 어떻게 정의되어야 하는지를 고찰하여 정리 하였다. 양안시기능 검사와 분석의 실무에서 조절자극과 폭주자극 값은 어떻게 처리되는지를 고찰하여 정리 했다. 그 결과 실무에서의 처리과정은 근거리를 렌즈면으로부터 40 cm로 하는 경우 평균 P.D가 64 mm일 때 안구의 회선점에서 시험렌즈까지 거리 $l_c$이 26.67 mm인 경우에 가장 적합하였다. 본 논문에서 이 값들을 사용하여 필요한 값들을 계산하였다. 그리고 실무에서 사용되는 (5)식의 조절자극 값이 지니는 오차를 눈의 물측 주점에서 시험렌즈까지 거리 $l_H$를 15.07 mm로 하여 계산했다. 굴절력이 $P_m$인 프리즘 가입에 의한 폭주자극 값의 변화량 P'을 순환 계산법으로 계산하였다. P'는 $P_m$, 회선점에서 프리즘까지의 거리 $p_c$, 프리즘을 가입하기 전의 폭주 값 $C_o$와 프리즘 재질의 굴절률 n에 따라 변한다. 그리고 순환 계산법과 필요한 수식들을 자세히 제시했다. P'를 증대시키는 요인에는 두 가지가 있다. 그 첫 번째는 주된 것으로서 폭주 값이 보통의 덧셈법에 따라 더해지지 않는 성질이다. 다른 하나는 영향력이 작은 것으로서 프리즘의 실제 굴절력이 빛의 입사각에 따라 다르게 되는 이유이다. 그리고 $p_c$와 $C_o$가 커짐에 따라 P'은 괄목할 만큼 작아진다. $P_m=20{\Delta}$, P.D=64 mm 그리고 n=1.7인 경우에 대해 $p_c$와 $C_o$값들에 따르는 $P^{\prime}/P_m$을 계산하여 그래프로 나타냈다. $P^{\prime}/P_m$의 굴절률 n에 대한 의존성은 무시 할만 큼 아주 작다(Fig. 6 참조). 가입 프리즘의 굴절력과 폭주자극 값의 변화량이 같게 되는 프리즘의 위치 값 $p_c$를 구했다(Table 1). 실무에서 약식으로 처리되는 조절자극과 폭주자극 값의 참 값을 구하였다. 이를 토대로 약식으로 처리된 조절자극과 폭주자극 값이 참 값의 위치에 표시 되게 하는 두 가지의 그래프 양식을 제시하였다. 하나는 기존의 것과 같은 형태(Fig. 9)이고 다른 하나는 프리즘 가입에 의한 폭주자극 값의 변화량만을 나타내는 형식이다(Fig. 11).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2019

Human cytochrome P450 2C9 is a highly polymorphic enzyme that is required for drug and xenobiotic metabolism. Here, we studied eleven P450 2C9 genetic variants-including three novel variants F69S, L310V, and Q324X-that were clinically identified in Korean patients. P450 2C9 variant enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli and their bicistronic membrane fractions were prepared The CO-binding spectra were obtained for nine enzyme variants, indicating P450 holoenzymes, but not for the M02 (L90P) variant. The M11 (Q324X) variant could not be expressed due to an early nonsense mutation. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to measure the catalytic activities of the P450 2C9 variants, using diclofenac as a substrate. Steady-state kinetic analysis revealed that the catalytic efficiency of all nine P450 2C9 variants was lower than that of the wild type P450 2C9 enzyme. The M05 (R150L) and M06 (P279T) variants showed high $k_{cat}$ values; however, their $K_m$ values were also high. As the M01 (F69S), M03 (R124Q), M04 (R125H), M08 (I359L), M09 (I359T), and M10 (A477T) variants exhibited higher $K_m$ and lower $k_{cat}$ values than that of the wild type enzyme, their catalytic efficiency decreased by approximately 50-fold compared to the wild type enzyme. Furthermore, the novel variant M07 (L310V) showed lower $k_{cat}$ and $K_m$ values than the wild type enzyme, which resulted in its decreased (80%) catalytic efficiency. The X-ray crystal structure of P450 2C9 revealed the presence of mutations in the residues surrounding the substrate-binding cavity. Functional characterization of these genetic variants can help understand the pharmacogenetic outcomes.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 1989

The effect of pH variation in starting solution on the characteristics of hydroxyapatite precipitates and powder prepared by the wet method was investigated. Hydroxyapatite precipitates was agglomerated, the average agglomerated particle size was decreased in the range from 2 to 6${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ with increasing pH values in starting solution. The aspect ratio of rod-shaped hydroxyapatite particle was rapidly increased at pH 11 and 11.5. The maximum specific surface area, 91.1$m^2$/g, was at pH 10.5. Dried powder prepared at high pH values contained more minutes CO2 than that prepared at low pH values. The poor crystallinity was maintained up to $600^{\circ}C$ regardless of the pH values in starting solutions. However, the second phase or high crsytalline hydroxypatite phase appeared above 80$0^{\circ}C$. In pH 9.5 and pH 10, $\beta$-whitlockite transformed to $\alpha$-whitlockite at 120$0^{\circ}C$, while in pH 10.5-11.5, hydroxyapatite phase was maintained up to 120$0^{\circ}C$.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권35호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2014

뼈의 보존 상태를 화학적으로 평가하기 위하여 조선시대 인골 10점을 대상으로 감쇠전반사법을 활용한 적외선 분광분석(FTIR-ATR)을 실시하였다. FTIR-ATR 스펙트럼을 통해 결정화 지수(crystallinity index; CI), 탄산염간의 비(C/C), 탄산염과 인산염의 비(C/P)를 계산한 결과 CI는 $4.25{\pm}0.78$, C/C는 $0.91{\pm}0.04$, C/P 는 $0.19{\pm}0.06$으로 확인되었다. 화학적 평가 결과 조직학 지수가 높을수록 CI와 C/P 값이 증가하며, C/C는 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 반면 뼈에서 추출한 DNA 분석 가능 여부는 C/C가 낮고 C/P가 높을수록 분석이 가능 하였다. 이를 통해 FTIR을 이용한 화학적 평가와 조직 분석 결과가 출토 인골의 보존 상태를 종합적으로 파악하기 위한 기준으로 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.95-102
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• 1999

It is important to estimate the magnitude of settlement and the time of primary consolidation in geotechnical engineering projects. For these purposes, site explorations and laboratory tests are usually performed. However, the mechanical properties determined from laboratory tests on the samples obtained by different sampling techniques show different trends. In this study, three types of consolidation test were carried out on the soil samples obtained by three different sampling techniques (76mm tube, 76mm piston, and block samples), to verify the effect of sample disturbance on consolidation properties. It was found that sampling methods have influence on the $\varepsilon$ - log $\sigma$'$_{v}$ relationship. While insignificant difference of compression indices from the samples obtained by different sampling techniques was observed in compression region, these values showed a different trend in precompression region. The values of $c_{v}$ and k of block samples had a tendency to be larger than those of piston and tube samples. At consolidation pressure larger than $\sigma$'$_{p}$, however, these properties became similar regardless of sampling methods. The block and piston samples gave slightly higher values of $C_{a/}$ $C_{c}$ than tube samples. In the results of I $L_{EOP}$ and CRS test, it was observed that the values of $\sigma$'$_{p measured}$/$\sigma$'$_{p best estimated}$ of Yang-San clay decreases when strain becomes larger than 1.0% and that precompression strain of block samples is in the range of 1.5~2.0% while those of piston and tube samples are 1.75~3.75%. It was also shown that the values of $\sigma$'$_{p}$ of block samples exceed those of piston and tube samples by about 6~10%.6~10%.%.%.%.%.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2020

Background: Previous studies showed neurography and tractography of the greater occipital nerve (GON). The purpose of this study was determining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters of bilateral GONs and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in unilateral cervicogenic headache as well as the grading value of DTI for severe headache. The correlation between DTI parameters and clinical characteristics was evaluated. Methods: The fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in bilateral GONs and cervical DRG (C2 and C3) were measured. Grading values for headache severity was calculated using a receiver operating characteristics curve. The correlation was analyzed with Pearson's coefficient. Results: The FA values of the symptomatic side of GON and cervical DRG (C2 and C3) were significantly lower than that of the asymptomatic side (all the P < 0.001), while the ADC values were significantly higher (P = 0.003, P < 0.001, and P = 0.003, respectively). The FA value of 0.205 in C2 DRG was considered the grading parameter for headache severity with sensitivity of 0.743 and specificity of 0.999 (P < 0.001). A negative correlation and a positive correlation between the FA and ADC value of the GON and headache index (HI; r = -0.420, P = 0.037 and r = 0.531, P = 0.006, respectively) was found. Conclusions: DTI parameters in the symptomatic side of the C2 and C3 DRG and GON were significantly changed. The FA value of the C2 DRG can grade headache severity. DTI parameters of the GON significantly correlated with HI.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the growth rate, hematological and serological changes of the rats when they were fed with the high(at diets supplemented with or without chitosan for five weeks. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats($235.7{\pm}10.7g$ of body weight) were randomly divided into three groups control group(C) and two treatment groups. Rats in the control group were fed with the high-fat diet containing 10% lard, 1% cholesterol and 0.5% sodium cholate(w/w) which was modified from the formula of the American Institute of Nutrition-76(AIN-76) diet. Rats in treatment groups were red with above diet supplemented with 2.5% of chitosan(CS-2.5) or 5.0% chitosan(CS-5) on the weight to weight basis, respectively. The supplementation of chitosan did not induce any significant difference on the final body weight, gain of body weight and amount of feed intake of rats in between control and treatment groups but the feed efficiency of rats in CS-5 was lower than that of rats in C(p<0.05). The hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values showed no significant differences among groups. In addition the values of glucose concentration, total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio showed no significant differences among groups. The values of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) in sera of rats in CS-5 were lower than those in both C and CS-2.5(p<0.01). The values of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in sera of rats in CS-5 were higher than in both in C and CS-2.5(p<0.05). The values of atherogenic index(AI) of rats in CS-5 were the lowest among groups(p<0.01). AI of CS-2.5 were lower than that or C(p<0.05). The values of triglyceride in sera of rats showed no significant differences among groups. The values of AST in sera of rats in CS-2.5 were lower than those in both C and CS-5(p<0.05). However ALT values showed no significant differences among groups. Therefore the supplementation of chitosan to high fat diet reduced effectively the serum lipid levels such as total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides which were regarded as to cause the cardiovascular diseases moreover it elevated effectively HDL-C value which was regarded protect cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.3-7
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• 1979

A bark comprises about 10 to 20 percents of a typical log by volume, and is generally considered as an unwanted residue rather than a potentially valuable resources. As the world has been confronted with decreasing forest resources, natural resources pressure dictate that a bark should be a raw material instead of a waste. The utilization of the largely wasted bark of genus Pinus, Quercus and Populus grown in korea can be enhanced by Knowing its chemical Properties. Specially, uses of bark in mulching, growing media and soil amendment can be enhanced by knowing pH and C.E.C values. In this paper, an investigative study is carried out on the pH-and C.E.C-values. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. Bark is acid in nature, and pH values of bark varying from 3.3 to 4.7, is lower than that of wood.pH value of Pinus is the lowest. 2. Cation exchange capacity of bark is greater than that of wood, silt loam soil, and wheat straw.CEC of bark is 45.7 meq/100gm in Pinus, 41.8 meq/100gm in populus, 37.8 meq/100gm in Quercus.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.733-740
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• 2011

Multiple regression analysis was used for the calculation of pKa values of 15 substituted benzaldoximes by using various types of descriptors as parameters. These descriptors are based on quantum mechanical treatments. They were derived by employing semi-empirical calculation represented by the PM3 model and an Abinitio method expressed by Hartree-Fock(HF) model performed at the 6-311 G(d, p) level of theory. The parameters tested for their ability to represent the variations observed in the experimental pKa(s) are atomic and structural properties including Muliken charges on the atoms of hydroxyl group and C=N bond, the angle $C_6-C_1-C_7$, and length of O-H bond. Molecular properties are also used like energies of HOMO and LUMO, hardness(${\eta}$), chemical potential(${\mu}$), total energy(TE), dipole of molecule(DM), and electrophilicity index(W). The relation between pKa values and each of these parameters of the studied compounds is investigated. Depending on these relations, two sets of parameters were constructed for comparison between the PM3 and HF methods. The results obtained favor the Abinitio method for such applications although both models proved to have high predictive power and have sufficient reliability to describe the effect of substituents on pKa values of benzaldoxime compounds under consideration which is clear from the values of correlation coefficient $R^2$ obtained and the consistency between the experimental and the calculated values.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.15-36
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• 2006

Objectives . The aim of this study was to examine the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) at the ST36 on normal humans by using power spectral analysis. Methods : EEG(Electroencephalogram) power spectral exhibits site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. 32 channel EEG study was carried out in 12 subjects (10 males; age=26.7 years old, 2females; age=28 years old). Results ; In ${\alpha}$ (alpha) band, the power values at Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, FTC1, FTC2, T3, C3, Cz, C4, TT1, TCP1, CP1, CP2,T5, P3, Pz, P4, Po1, Po2, O1, Oz,O2 channels(p<0.05) during the ST36-acupoint treatment were significantly increased. In ${\beta}$ (beta) band, the power values at Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, FTC1, FTC2, T3, C3, Cz, C4, TT1, TCP1, CP1, CP2, T5, P3, Pz, P4, Po1, Po2, O1, Oz, O2 channels(p<0.05) during the ST36-acupoint treatment were significantly decreased. In ${\delta}$ (delta) band, the power values at F7, Fz, T3, C3, TT1, TCP1, CP1, CP2, T5, P3, Pz,T6, Po1, PO2,O1, Oz, O2 channels(p<0.05) during the ST36-acupoint treatment were significantly decreased. In ${\theta}$(theta) band, the power values at F7, Fz, FTC1, T3, TCP1, CP2, TCP2, Po1, Po2 channels(p<0.05) during the ST36-acupoint treatment were significantly decreased. ${\alpha}$/${\beta}$ values at Cz, T5, O1, Oz, O2 channels during the ST36-acupoint treatment were increased. ${\beta}$/${\theta}$ values at Fpl, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, FTC1, FTC2, T3, C3, C4, T4, TT1, TCP1, TCP2, TT2, P3, P4, T6, Pol channels during the ST36-acupoint treatment were increased. Conclusions : This results suggest that Electroacupuncture at the ST36 mostly affects the charge on alpha(23 channels), beta(25 channels) bands.