• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

plastochron index was used as a measure for the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum and Glycine max. The material plants treated with $NO_3$-N had higher NRA than those treated with ${NH_4}^+$-N. High NRA were found in young tissues which have low PI or LPI in both A. retroflexus and C. album. These results indicated that this enzyme decreased with increasing plastochron index of the extracted tissues. High level of NRA was detected in Glycine max leaves at PI 4.0. On the other hand, there were no significant differences for PI among $NO_3$-treated, ${NH_4}^+$-treated and control in both stems and roots.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.31B no.5
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• pp.149-161
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• 1994

The Max-Min CRI method , a traditional inference method , has three problems: subjective formulation of membership functions, error-prone weighting strategy, and inefficient compositional rule of inference. Because of these problems, there is an insurmountable error region between desired output and inferred output. To overcome these problems, we propose an Intelligent Neuro-Fuzzy System (INFS) based on fuzzy thoery and self-organizing functions of neural networks. INFS makes use of neural networks(Error Back Propagation) to solve the first problem, and NCRI(New Max-Min CRI) method for the second. With a proposed similarity measure, NCRI method is an improved method compared to the traditional Max-Min CRI method. For the last problem, we propose a new defuzzification method which combines only the appropriate rules produced by the rule selection level. Applying INFS to a D.C. series motor, we can conclude that the error region is reduced and NCRI method performs better than Max-Min CRI method.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.927-934
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• 2014

In this paper, analysis of the vibration characteristic for the mine detectable test platform is described. The test platform system is the multi-sensor mine detectable vehicle. This multi-sensor mine detectable unit is more efficient detection performance than other conventional methods. The test platform system has five subsystems, the UWB(ultra wide band) sensor scanner, the MD(metal detector) sensor scanner, the ND(neutron detector) sensor scanner, and the detectable vehicle. We perform the vibration tests for the test platform and analyze the vibration characteristic, such as the max displacement, the max deformation and the max Von-Misses stress.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2001

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of the L-carnitine family, is a naturally existing molecule synthesized from L-carnitine (LC) by carnitine acetyl transferase. ALC has been shown to improve the cognitive performance of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer's type and proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioefuivalence of two ALC tablets, $Nicetile^{TM} (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co.) and $L-Cartin^{TM}$ (Kuhn Il Pharmaceutical Co.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The ALC release from the two ALC tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method in various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 6.0 and 6.8). Twenty six normal male volunteers, $24.46\pm3.67$ years in age and $64.45\pm5.54$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\times2$cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 500 mg of ALC was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ALC in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Because of the presence of endogenous ALC, the calibration was performed using dialyzed serum. The dissolution profiles of the two ALC tablets were similar in all the dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were $0.35\%,\;0.93\%\;and\;2.34\%$ respectively, when calculated against the $Nicetile^{TM} tablet. The powers $(1-\beta)\;for\;AUC_t$ , and Cmax were $98.72\%\;and\;85.48\%$, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)\;at\;\alpha=0.05\;and\;1-\beta=0.8$ were less than $20\%,\;(e.g.,\;13.21\%\;and\;18.42\%\;for\;AUC_t,\;and\;C_{max}$ respectively). The $90\%$ confidence intervals were within $\pm20\%\;(e.g.,\;-7.38\sim8.09\;and\;-9.86\sim11.72\;for\;AUC_t,\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). These two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $L-Cartin^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Nicetile^{TM} tablet.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two talniflumate tablets, SOMALGEN tablet (Kun Wha Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and FLUTAL tablet (Kukje Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received two tablets at the talniflumate dose of 740 mg in a $2{\pm}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of niflumic acid were monitored by an HPLC-UV for over a period of 14 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$(the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 14 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$(maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$(time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$, ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for SOMALGEN/FLUTAL were $log0.8510{\sim}log1.0318$ and $log0.9264{\sim}log1.0607$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log0.80{\sim}log1.25$. Taken together, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of SOMALGEN and FLUTAL with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of tamsulosin HCl capsule, $Harnal^{\circledR}$(Jeil Korea Ltd.) and $Yutanal^{\circledR}$(Kukje Korea Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four normal male volunteers, $23.29{\pm}2.14$ year in age and $72.08{\pm}7.83$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 0.2 mg of tamsulosin HCl were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and concentrations of tamsulosin in plasma were determined using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were acceptance range of log0.8 to log1.25 (e.g., $log0.93{\sim}log1.11$ and $log0.80{\sim}log0.94$ for $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$, respectively). The major parameters, $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$, met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence indicating that $Yutanal^{\circledR}$ capsule is bioequivalent to $Harnal^{\circledR}$ capsule.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two amlodipine maleate tablets, SKAD tablet (SK Pharma. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and A-PINE tablet (Daewon Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male volunteers, $22.79\;{\pm}\;1.86$ years in age and $70.08\;{\pm}\;8.68$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\;{\time}\;2$ crossover study was employed. After a tablet containing 6.42 mg of amlodipine maleate was orally administrated, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals over a period of 144 hr and concentrations of amlodipine in plasma were monitored using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 144 hr), $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were calculated and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, and untransformed $T_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for A-PINE/SKAD were $log\;0.9429{\sim}log \;1.1476$ and $log\;0.9l46{\sim}log\;1.1488$, respectively. Since these values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log\;0.80{\sim}log\;1.25$, recommended by KFDA, it was concluded that A-PINE tablet was bioequivalent to SKAD tablet, in terms of both rate and extent of absorption.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.352-362
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• 2022

Photosynthesis and respiration of seagrasses are mainly controlled by water temperature. In this study, the photosynthetic physiology and respiratory changes of the Asian surfgrass Phyllospadix japonicus, which is mainly distributed on the eastern and southern coasts of Korea, were investigated in response to changing water temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30℃) by conducting mesocosm experiments. Photosynthetic parameters (maximum photosynthetic rate, P_max; compensation irradiance, I_c; and saturation irradiance, I_k) and respiration rate of surfgrass increased with rising water temperature, whereas photosynthetic efficiency (α) was fairly constant among the water temperature conditions. The P_max and I_k dramatically decreased under the highest water temperature condition (30℃), whereas the I_c and respiration rate increased continuously with the increasing water temperature. Ratios of maximum photosynthetic rates to respiration rates (P_max : R) were highest at 5℃ and declined markedly at higher temperatures with the lowest ratio at 30℃. The minimum requirement of H_sat (the daily period of irradiance-saturated photosynthesis) of P. japonicus was 2.5 hours at 5℃ and 10.6 hours at 30℃ for the positive carbon balance. Because longer H_sat was required for the positive carbon balance of P. japonicus under the increased water temperature, the rising water temperature should have negatively affected the growth, distribution, and survival of P. japonicus on the coast of Korea. Since the temperature in the temperate coastal waters is rising gradually due to global warming, the results of this study could provide insights into surfgrass responses to future severe sea warming and light attenuation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two domperidone maleate tablets, Motilium-$M^{(R)}$ Tablet (Janssen Korea Ltd., reference product) and $Toriem^{(R)}$ Tablet (Daewon Pharm. Co., Ltd., test product). Domperidone was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl ether and separated in less than 3 min on $C_{18}$ reverse-phase column using an isocratic elution. A tandem mass spectrometer, as detector, was used for quantitative analysis in positive mode by a multiple reaction monitoring mode to monitor the m/z $426.1{\rightarrow}119.1$ and the m/z $837.4{\rightarrow}158.2$ transitions for domperidone and the internal standard (roxithromycin), respectively. Calibration curves, from $0.05{\sim}50$ ng/mL of domperidone, showed correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9941. Intra day and inter day precision (C.V. %) for quality control were ranged from 10.04 to 16.09% and from 10.87 to 18.69%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of domperidone was 0.05 ng/mL. The method described is precise and sensitive and has been successfully applied to the study of bioequivalence of domperidone in 24 healthy Korean volunteers. Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received a single dose of each medicine ($2{\times}12.72\;mg$ domperidone maleate) in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of domperidone were monitored for over a period of 24 hr after the administration. $AUC_{0-t}$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were within acceptable range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log\;0.92{\sim}log\;1.05$ for $AUC_{0-t}$, $log\;0.81{\sim}log\;1.05$ for $C_{max}$). The major parameters, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence indicating that $Toriem^{(R)}$ tablet is bioequivalent to Motilium-$M^{(R)}$ tablet.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 1999

The characteristics of anthocyanin pigments extracted from cherry(Prunus serrulata L. var. spontanea Max. Wils.) were investigated at the various conditions, such as light, temperature, organic acid, metal ion and pH. The pigments were fairly stable under the sunlight during the 20 days storage period at room temperature. The pigments covered with the Al-foil, as well as red, blue, green and yellow films, were very stable at pH 2.5. The high thermal stability (over the 64% at $115^{\circ}C$, 30 min) of the pigments in the dark at pH 2.5 was also found. In the presence of organic acid, the hyperchromic effect of red color was greatly increased in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$. Addition of metal ion, such as $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mn^{2+}$, was contributed on the stability in color at pH 2.5 throughout 20 days storage period in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$. However, $Cu^{2+}\;and\;Fe^{3+}$ caused the rapidly degradation of pigments, and $Al^{3+}$ converted red color to blueish violet. The hyperchromic effect of the red color increased, as pH decreased. Therefore, these results indicated that cherry anthocyanin pigments might be used as the potential sources of natural red colorant for foods.