• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.355-361
• /
• 2020

This study was designed to assess the toxicity of capsaicin-containing (CP) pharmacopunture using an in vitro chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells. In order to determine the high dose level in the main study of this study, a dose range finding study was conducted first. The high dose was selected at 10.0% of CP pharmacopuncture extract, and then diluted sequentially to produce lower dose levels of 5.00, 2.50, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.313% by applying a geometric ratio of 2. As a result, the cytotoxicity and precipitation of the CP pharmacopuncture as a test substance were not evident at any dose level during short-time treatment with and without metabolic activation and continuous treatment without metabolic activation. Therefore, the dose levels for this study were chosen as 10.0, 5.0, and 2.5%., and the treatment volume was 1.3 mL. In addition, negative and positive controls were set. In main study, the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations in CP treated groups was less than 5% in short-time treatment with and without metabolic activation and continuous treatment without metabolic activation. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference when compared to the negative control group. The frequency of cells with structural chromosomal aberrations in the positive control group was more than 10% compared to the negative control group, and it increased statistically significantly. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, CP pharmacopuncture did not show the possibility of causing chromosome aberrations.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.34 no.8
• /
• pp.1342-1349
• /
• 2021

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β-mannanase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, excreta microflora, blood constituents, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 680 one-d-old Ross 308 (as hatched) broiler chickens were used in a 35-d growth assay. Chicks were sorted into pens with 17 birds/pen and 10 pens/treatment. Treatment diets were contained either 44% or 48% crude protein (CP) soybean meal (SBM) with or without β-mannanase. Results: Using SBM containing 48% CP led to an improvement (p<0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR) from d 1 to 14. Addition of β-mannanase to the diets significantly improved body weight gain (BWG) and FCR from d 1 to 14. During overall experimental period, BWG was affected (p<0.05) by CP level of SBM and inclusion of β-mannanase, but FCR and feed intake were not affected. Carcass characteristics were not influenced by treatment diets. The results showed that digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and energy was not affected by CP level of SBM and/or inclusion of β-mannanase. Among essential amino acids (EAA) apparent digestibility of valine, methionine, and leucine improved (p<0.05) by the addition of β-mannanase to the diets. The results demonstrated that ileal digestibility of DM, N, and energy was not affected by treatment diets. Among EAA, the ileal digestibility of valine and arginine was higher (p<0.05) in the diets containing 48% CP SBM and/or β-mannanase. Excreta Lactobacillus count increased (p<0.05) by the addition of β-mannanase to the diets. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and total protein level were not affected by treatments. Conclusion: Feeding chickens with diets containing 44% CP SBM resulted in detrimental effects on growth performance and digestibility of nutrients, but addition of β-mannanase to the 44% CP diet improved the growth performance of chickens without any effects on carcass characteristics.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2020

Objectives : In previous studies, I presented various effects of Seosiokyongsan (SSOOS) cp soap on facial skin. However, in the case of skin clinical trials, various factors such as lifestyle, alcohol, tobacco, and stress could not be excluded. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of face wash using SSOOS cp soap on the skin without environmental factors. Methods : The same water and towel were used at the same place in order to examine the skin change state immediately before and after washing face with SSOOS cp soap. The skin test was performed before washing the face and after 10 minutes washing the face to compare the changes. As a control group, the case of washing with water without using cleanser and the case of washing with S-K cleanser, which is a popular commercial product, were set. Three cases were compared and analyzed. Results : In the case of water washing, the decrease in moisture was similar to that of the S-K cleanser and the amount of oil and pores decreased, but it was weaker than that of the S-K cleanser. The SSOOS cp soap showed a decrease in oil, pores, and pigments, but it was not significant, the moisture showed a significant decrease, but it was mild compared to S-K cleanser and water wash. Conclusion : In the case of SSOOS cp soap, the stimulation caused by facial cleansing was the least, showing a gentle change.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.195-204
• /
• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance, feed cost and eggshell quality. In experiment 1, 384 ISA Brown layers of 30∼38wk of age were assigned to four treatments which comprise of three replicates each containing 32 birds. The control(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein-low Ca diets, and low energy/protein-high Ca diets in a.m.(04:00∼15:00) and p.m.(15:00∼21:00), respectively. In the split diet groups, daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. Due to the reduced daily ME and CP intakes and feed cost, the conversions of feed, ME, CP and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were also significantly improved(P<0.05) in the split diet groups. Eggshell qualities (egg specific gravity, egg breaking strength and eggshell thickness) were improved(P<0.05) by split diet feeding. As the Ca level of the p.m. diet increased. In Experiment 2, 384 ISA Brown layers of 50∼58 wk of age were used in three treatments and each treatment was represented by four replicates each containing 32 birds. The control(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet group(T1) was offered high energy/protein-low Ca diets, and low energy/protein-high Ca diets in a.m.(04:00∼l5:00) and p.m.(15:00∼21:00), respectively. T2 group was fed the diet mixed (50:50) with the a.m. diets in mash and p.m. diet in pellet used T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(p.0.05), and the conversions of ME, CP and feed cost required per egg were also significantly improved(P<0.05) in T1 and T2, while the conversions of feed, ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C. Eggshell qualities of T1 and T2 were improved(P<0.05) compared to the others. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be reduced by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m. and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets were also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.61 no.5
• /
• pp.245-253
• /
• 2019

Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are highly conserved structural motifs that are recognized by Pathogen Recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate immune responses. Infection by these pathogens and the immune response to PAMPS such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial oligodeoxynucleotides [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (CpG ODN2006) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2216 (CpG ODN2216)], and viral RNA Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C), are associated with infectious and metabolic diseases in animals impacting health and production. It is established that PAMPs mediate the production of cytokines by binding to PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells. Galectins (Gal) are carbohydrate-binding proteins that when expressed play essential roles in the resolution of infectious and metabolic diseases. Thus it is important to determine if the expression of galectin gene (LGALS) and Gal secretion in blood are affected by exposure to LPS and PGN, PolyI:C and bacterial CpG ODNs. LPS increased transcription of LGALS4 and 12 (2.5 and 2.02 folds respectively) and decreased secretion of Gal 4 (p < 0.05). PGN increased transcription of LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -12 (3.0, 2.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.3, and 2.4 folds respectively) and secretion of Gal-8 and Gal-9 (p < 0.05). Poly I:C tended to increase the transcription of LGALS1, LGALS4, and LGALS8 (1.78, 1.88, and 1.73 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-1, -3, -8 and nine were significantly increased in treated samples compared to control (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2006 did not cause any significant fold changes in LGALS transcription (FC < 2) but increased secretion of Gal-1, and-3 (p < 0.05) in plasma compared to control. Gal-4 was however reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2216 increased transcription of LGALS1 and LGALS3 (3.8 and 1.6 folds respectively), but reduced LGALS2, LGALS4, LGALS7, and LGALS12 (-1.9, -2.0, -2.0 and; -2.7 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-2 and -3 in plasma was increased compared to control (p < 0.05). Gal-4 secretion was reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that PAMPs differentially modulate galectin transcription and translation of galectins in cow blood.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the appropriate levels of crude protein (CP) and phytase in the diet of broiler chicks in order to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus contents in feces while maintaining performance of broilers. Six hundred forty-eight 1-day-old male broilers (41.9±0.91 g) had a total of 3 × 3 complex factor of 3 levels of CP (22%, 21%, 20%) and 3 levels of phytase (1,000, 800, 500 FTU/kg) in the diet. Divided into 9 treatments, 4 replications per treatment, 18 birds per replication, were completely randomly assigned and reared in a metabolic cage for 7 days. Seven-day-old body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of broilers were significantly lower at CP 20% treatment (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower at CP 21% and phytase 800 FTU/kg treatment (P<0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in chicken excreta were significantly lower in CP 20% and phytase 500 FTU/kg treatment, respectively (P<0.05). Interactions between CP and phytase in the feed were shown for nitrogen and phosphorus in feces (P<0.05). In conclusion, considering the broiler performance and excretion contents of nitrogen and phosphorus, it is thought that CP and phytase levels of broiler chicks diet can be reduced by 21% and 800 FTU/kg, respectively.

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.62-68
• /
• 2010

The purposes of this study were to examine inter-rater reliability of the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) by children's age and to identify the correlation between the MACS and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Twenty-six children with CP older than two years participated. Children with CP were classified according to the MACS and the GMFCS by two physical therapists. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs). The results showed that the reliability of the MACS for children aged 2~3 years was .88 and for children aged above 4 years was .98 (p<.05). Children with quadriplegia had a higher level of MACS than children with spastic hemiplegia and diplegia. A moderate relationship between the MACS and the GMFCS was found in all children (rater 1, r=.631; rater 2, r=.438). The MACS will be used for classification of children with CP according to the manual abilities. Thus, it offers a reliable method for communicating between therapists about the manual ability of children with CP who are older than 2 years.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.16-21
• /
• 2006

The coat protein (CP) of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) was analyzed for presentation of the antigenic peptide of animal virus, Canine parvovirus (CPV), in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The 45 nucleotides fragment coding for the 15-aa peptide epitope of the CPV-VP2 protein was either inserted into the PRSV-cp gene at the 5', 3' ends, both 5' and 3' ends or substituted into the 3' end of the PRSV cp gene. Each of the chimeric PRSV cp genes was cloned into the pRSET B vector under the control of the T7 promoter and transformed into E. coli. The recombinant coat proteins expressed from different chimeric PRSV-cp genes were purified and intraperitoneally injected into mice. All of the recombinant coat proteins showed strong immunogenicity and stimulate mice immune response. The recombinant coat proteins containing the CPV epitope insertion at the C terminus and at both N and C termini elicited ten times higher specific antisera in immunized mice compared with the other two recombinant coat proteins which contain the CPV epitope insertion at the N terminus and substitution at the C terminus.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.71-82
• /
• 1985

The effect on the particulate matters in the atmosphere was investigated in Seoul area from March, 1984 to Aprill, 1985. Aerosols were collected by filters on nine stages Andrsen Air Sampler, and size distribution and total concentration of the aerosols, Fe and Pb were measured. In spring with Yellow Sand the concentration of particles in aerosols was 185.55$\mug/m^3$ and CP/TA was 65.9%. But in spring without Yellow Sand those of particles was 135.45$\mug/m^3$ and CP/TA was 58.6%. Accordingly the concentration of coarse particles with Yellow Sand was higher than without them in Spring. Above results indicate that in Seoul Area the main source of air pollution originated from natural burdens, especially from soil. The concentration of Pb was similarly valued through both seasons in Seoul area but fine particles valued above coarse particles. On the other hand, in urban area, the natural and anthropogenic sources have influenced on the concentration of Pb. With referred to particle size distribution for Fe, the concentration of coarse particles was 0.168$\etag/m^3$ (CP/TA: 74.3%) in Spring with Yellow Sand, 0.096$\mug/m^3$ (CP/TA: 71.6%) without Yellow Sand and 0.083$\mug/m^3$ (CP/TA: 67.4%) in winter, respectively. Compared with fine particles, all of them were higher. It indicated that the origin of coarse particles in urban air was not related to anthropogenic source. The concentration of Fe was influenced by Yellow Sand and contributed to air pollution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2001

Ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in fresh leaves of two Japanese native grasses (Zoysia japonica and Miscanthus sinensis) and one sown temperate grass (Dactylis glomerata) were investigated by an in sacco method in spring (mid-May), summer (mid-July) and autumn (mid-September). Japanese native grasses had higher NDF and lower CP concentrations than D. glomerata, and the CP concentration in native grasses decreased in autumn. Ruminal degradability of DM, NDF and CP was lower in native grasses than in D. glomerata (p<0.05) in all seasons. DM and NDF degradability decreased in summer for Z. japonica and D. glomerata, while it decreased in autumn for M. sinensis. CP degradability in Z. japonica was constant throughout the seasons, whereas that in M. sinensis greatly decreased in summer and autumn (p<0.05). It was concluded that Z. japonica could stably supply ruminally digestible nutrients for grazing animals in Japanese native pasture. However, the degradation characteristics of freshly chopped native grasses did not fit the exponential model of $D=a+b(1-e^{-ct})$ proposed by Ørskov and McDonald.