• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2010

Purpose: The purposes of this study were: (a) to assess indoor air quality such as $PM_{10}$, $CO_2$ concentrations in child daycare centers, (b) to compare the levels with each standard, and (c) to identify teachers' awareness of indoor air quality in child care centers. Methods: Data were obtained from seventeen child daycare centers and ninety-eight teachers in a district of Seoul, from April 3 to May 12, 2009. Collected data were analyzed by SAS 8.2, and descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test, student t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Spearman rank correlation were used. Results: The mean of $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ level were $50.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and 792.1ppm. Sixteen child daycare centers (94.2%) met the guidelines of the $PM_{10}$ level, so did thirteen child daycare centers (76.5%) in the $CO_2$ level. $CO_2$ levels were significantly low in child daycare centers using air cleaners than those do not using them (t=-6.03, p<.001). Types of child daycare centers were significantly correlated to the levels of $CO_2$, which public child daycare centers were low in $CO_2$ levels than those of private child daycare centers (t=-2.54, p=.013). There was no significant correlation between teachers' awareness and management attitude of indoor air quality while teachers' awareness of indoor air quality significantly raised the frequency of carpet cleaning. Methods of cleaning routines were significantly correlated with $PM_{10}$, and $CO_2$ levels. Conclusion: The $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ concentrations in child daycare centers were satisfactory. Those conditions are affected by general characteristics of child daycare centers and teachers' attitude regarding management of indoor air quality.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.321-329
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• 2001

This study included three experiments to evaluate in-vehicle exposures to PM10 and CO: 1) evaluation of in-passenger car exposures, 2) evaluation of in-public bus exposures, and 3) simultaneous evaluation of in-passenger car and in -university bus exposures. The tests of four factors (transportation mode, passenger-car type, commute period, and commute season were focused. A total of 40 actual passenger car commuters, 20 public bus commuters, and four university buses were recruited or surveyed. The same commuters ware participated in both the summer and winter studied. Two factory such as transportation mode and passenger-car type were found to have little effect on the in-vehicle levels of PM10 and CO. Commute period was found to have little effect on the in-vehicle CO levels. Conversely, the other factor, commuting season was found to influence on the in-vehicle levels of PM10 and CO. The present study also confirmed that under the Korean commute conditions, vehicle interiors are an important microenvironment for exposure to PM10 and CO. This was supported by finding that the in-vehicle Air levels were much higher than ambient air levels reported by several previous studies. The mean in -vehicle PM10 concentrations were 114 and 103$\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$for passenger cars and public buses, respectively. For CO, the mean in-vehicle concentrations were 2.9 and 2.6 ppm for passenger cars and public louses, respectively.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.454-460
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• 2009

The subway is the major public transportation system in Seoul with 2.2 million people using it everyday. Indoor air pollution in the subway can be a significant part of population exposure because of the number of people using the subway, time spent in transit and potentially high exposure for certain pollutants. The Korea Ministry of Environment has established the level 2 of recommended standards of $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ in subway trains. The aims of this study were to determine the airborne levels of $PM_{10}$, $CO_2$ and any correlation between pollutant levels and number of passenger in a subway train. The airborne $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ were measured on the inside of trains on line #4 for 4 different days from October to November in 2008. Average $PM_{10}$ and $CO_2$ levels were $113{\pm}25{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1402{\pm}442$ ppm, respectively. These levels did not exceed the level 2 of recommended standards of $250{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{10}$ and 3500 ppm for $CO_2$. $PM_{10}$ level was not correlated with the number of passengers, while $CO_2$ levels were positively correlated with the number of passengers. The findings suggested that $PM_{10}$ in subway trains may have sources other than those directly associated with the number of passengers.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.51-55
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• 2002

고추(Capsicum annuum L. cv. Soonjung)의 plug tray육묘시 $CO_2$와 온도처리가 우량묘생산에 미치는 효과를 조사 분석하였다. 초장은 611 ppm의 $CO_2$를 처리하였을 경우에 20.3$^{\circ}C$와 22.6$^{\circ}C$의 고온하에서 촉진되었으나, 15.6$^{\circ}C$의 저온하에서는 촉진효과가 없었다. 엽면적과 생체중은 22.6$^{\circ}C$의 고온에서 고농도의 $CO_2$를 처리하였을 경우에 현저히 증가하였다. 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 및 총건물중은 611 ppm의 $CO_2$를 처리하였을 경우에 온도가 상승할수록 증가하였으나, 397ppm의 $CO_2$농도에서는 22.6$^{\circ}C$의 고온에서 건물중이 감소하였다. 611 ppm의 $CO_2$처리에 의한 건물중의 증가는 20.3$^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온과 고농도의 $CO_2$에서 약 1.5배 증가하였다. C/N율은 611 ppm의 $CO_2$ 처리가 397 ppm의 $CO_2$ 농도에서보다 높고, 온도의 상승과 함께 증가하였다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.108-118
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• 2012

본 연구는 기후변화 하에서 우리나라 기후와 산림토양에 적합한 수종을 개발하기 위해서, 상부 개방형 온실(Open Top Chamber)을 이용하여, $CO_2$ 농도를 대기보다 1.4배와 1.8배 증가시킨 상태에서, 질소 농도에 따른 백합나무의 생리적 반응을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 백합나무 유묘의 건중량은 모든 $CO_2$ 농도 하에서, 질소 시비량의 증가와 함께 증가하였다. 그러나 $CO_2$ 농도 증가에 따른 백합나무 건중량 변화는 질소 시비 농도에 따라 다른 결과를 보였다. 총 엽록소와 카로테노이드 함량은 모든 질소 시비구에서 $CO_2$ 농도 증가와 함께 증가하였으나, 질소 시비에 대한 효과는 $CO_2$ 농도에 따라 차이가 있었다. 백합나무의 광합성 특성은 $CO_2$ 측정 농도, $CO_2$ 처리 농도 및 질소 시비 농도에 따라 차이를 보였으며, 기공전도도와 증산속도는 $CO_2$ 처리에 의해 증가하였다. 백합나무의 탄소고정효율은 $CO_2$ 농도 증가와 함께 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 질소 시비구에서는 $CO_2$ 농도 증가에 의해 오히려 감소하였다. 백합나무의 잎, 줄기, 뿌리에 축적된 질소와 탄소 함량은 $CO_2$ 증가와 질소 시비와 함께 증가하였다. 결론적으로 $CO_2$ 농도가 높은 상태에서 백합나무의 생리적 특성과 탄소 흡수 능력은 질소 시비에 의해서 개선되거나 증가하였지만, $CO_2$ 농도에 따라 크게 영향을 받았다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.267-275
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• 1999

Bovine somatotropin is known to improve the growth rate and lactation in cattle. In this study, we examined the concentration-time profiles of a sustained-release formulation of bovine somatotropin (BST) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in plasma and milk in cows. In addition, the possible effect of co-administrated vitamin ADE complex on the pharmacokinetic parameters of BST and IGF-1 was evaluated. 1. Plasma BST and IGF-1 levels reached the peak at 12~24 and 48 hours after the administration of BST, and plasma half-lives ranged 100 to 137 and 201 to 310 hours, respectively. To 8th day after administration, BST and IGF-1 levels in milk were not significantly different from the control levels. 2. Plasma BST levels showed cyclic pattern with high concentrations in early stage after each injection and following gradual declining during repeated administrations at 2 week intervals, while plasma IGF-1 levels in treated animals did not show such a cyclic pattern, but remained higher than the control levels. 3. Milk BST and IGF-1 levels during repeated treatments were not significantly different from the control levels. 4. Co-administration of vitamin ADE complex yielded slightly increased AUC of plasma BST for high dose group, but such effect was not evident in the IGF-1 levels. Co-administration of ADE complex tended to increase plasma BST levels and decrease the elimination half-life of IGF-1. 5. These results suggest that the BST formulation tested is one of the ideal sustained-release formulation for long term use in dairy industry. As for the co-administration of vitamin ADE complex, the benefit of co-administration with BST is needed to be further evaluated.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1971-1981
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the altered enzymatic activities and metabolite profiles of koji fermented using varying permutations of Aspergillus oryzae and/or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Notably, the protease and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activities were manifold increased in co-inoculated (CO) koji samples (co-inoculation of A. oryzae and B. amyloliquefaciens). Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolite profiling indicates that levels of amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, nucleosides, and vitamins were distinctly higher in CO, SA (sequential inoculation of A. oryzae, followed by B. amyloliquefaciens), and SB (sequential inoculation of B. amyloliquefaciens, followed by A. oryzae). The multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) plot based on GC-MS datasets indicated a clustered pattern for MA and MB (koji samples inoculated either with A. oryzae or B. amyloliquefaciens) across PC2 (20.0%). In contrast, the CO, SA, and SB metabolite profiles displayed segregated patterns across PLS1 (22.2%) and PLS2 (21.1%) in the partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model. Intriguingly, the observed disparity in the levels of primary metabolites was engendered largely by higher relative levels of sugars and sugar alcohols in MA, SA, and CO koji samples, which was commensurate with the relative amylase activities in respective samples. Collectively, the present study emphasizes the utility of integrated biochemical and metabolomic approaches for achieving the optimal permutation of fermentative inocula for industrial koji preparation.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.316-321
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• 2022

Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly, infecting millions of people worldwide. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a pandemic owing to the worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2, which created an unprecedented burden on the global healthcare system. In this context, there are increasing concerns regarding co-infections with other respiratory viruses, such as the influenza virus. In this study, clinical data of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses were compared with patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone. The hematology and blood biochemistry results of 178 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 , who were tested on admission, were retrospectively reviewed. In patients with SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus co-infection, C-reactive protein levels were elevated on admission, whereas lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin clotting time, and bilirubin values were all within the normal range. Moreover, patients with SARS-CoV-2 and human bocavirus co-infection had low LDH and high bilirubin levels on admission. These findings reveal the clinical features of respiratory virus and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections and support the development of appropriate approaches for treating patients with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory virus co-infections.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2015

The effects of $CO_2$ concentration, nutrient levels, and irradiance on the growth of germlings and juveniles, and on the photosynthesis of adults were examined in a green tide alga, Ulva australis. We used a factorial experimental design with two $CO_2$ concentrations (380 and 750 ppm), two nutrient levels (control and PES medium), and two irradiance levels (50 and $100{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Germlings grew best ($664.15{\pm}61.45{\mu}m$ in length) under conditions of 750 ppm, PES, and $100{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ after 10 days in culture. Relative growth rates (RGR) of the juveniles were greatest (4.41% $day^{-1}$) under conditions of 750 ppm, PES, and $50{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ after 5 days in culture. Photosynthetic efficiency ($F_v/F_m$) of the adult discs was $0.73{\pm}0.05$ before the experiment and reached a maximum ($0.83{\pm}0.01$) under conditions of 750 ppm, control, and $50{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ after 5 days in culture. Growth (germlings and juveniles) and photosynthesis (adult discs) of Ulva australis increased when $CO_2$ levels were 750 ppm. Additionally, the optimal irradiance for growth and photosynthesis differed among stages, wherein germlings grew best at $100{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, juveniles grew best at $50{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and adults photosynthesized most at $50{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$. The performance of Ulva australis at all examined life stages was enhanced under the PES nutrient treatment. In conclusion, the physiological responses of U. australis to varying $CO_2$, nutrient, and irradiance levels differed slightly among life stages. However, growth and photosynthesis always increased with elevated $CO_2$ and nutrient concentrations. These results indicate that U. australis green tide blooms might occur more frequently in coastal areas if $CO_2$ and nutrient concentrations increase.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.347-351
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the supplementary effects of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol extracted from rice bran on lipid metabolism in diabetic mice. We supplied 2 kinds of experimental diets (CO without and GO with 0.2％ ${\gamma}$-oryzanol) to diabetic mice for 8 weeks. Diet intake, body weight, organ weight, contents of serum and hepatic lipid profiles, and fecal lipid levels were measured. Though there was no significant difference in diet intake, body weight change and organ weight between experimental groups, the concentration of serum total cholesterol and hepatic total lipid, total cholesterol and HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly lower in GO group treated with 0.2％ ${\gamma}$-oryzanol of diet than CO group after supplementary period of experimental diets. And total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and bile acid levels excreted to feces were significantly higher in GO group than CO group. These results suggest that ${\gamma}$-oryzanol decrease the serum and hepatic lipid levels by lowing HMG-CoA reductase activity or increasing the contents of fecal lipid in diabetic KK mice.