• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.184-194
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of C02 emissions by road before establishing a policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Method: As for the analysis method, the traffic volume and speed of the road were estimated using the traffic Assignment model targeting 27 arterial road axes in Incheon Metropolitan City. And, after estimating CO2 emissions by road axis by applying this, the characteristics of each group were analyzed through cluster analysis. Result: As a result of cluster analysis using total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions by truck vehicles, and the ratio of truck vehicle emissions to total carbon dioxide emissions, four clusters were classified. When examining the characteristics of each road included in each group, it was analyzed that the characteristics of each group appeared according to the level of impact by CO2 emissions and truck vehicles. Conclusion: It is judged that it is necessary to establish a plan in consideration of CO2 emission characteristics for road CO2 management for greenhouse gas reduction.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.150-158
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• 2007

As the amount of $CO_2$ emission in Korea is ranked 9th and the increasing rate of $CO_2$ emissions highest in the world, it is strongly necessary to devise methods to decrease the amount of $CO_2$ in each industry as the basis of establishing environmentally sustainable production system. This paper aims to identify the characteristics of $CO_2$ emissions from construction wastes throughout the simplified LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and suggest the strategic guideline for the construction waste management plan to decrease $CO_2$. As a result of LCA on the case of a high-rise residential building project, total sum of $CO_2$ emission generated from construction wastes appeared as 6,818,123kg-$CO_2$ and $CO_2$ emission per unit floor area as 21.01kg-$CO_2/{\beta}{\ge}$. The principal waste materials generating more than 95% of $CO_2$ are materials such as reinforcing bar, temporary materials, cement, ready-mixed-concrete, concrete products, and tile, which have relatively high unit emission rate of $CO_2$ in the process of production. Besides, more than 92% of $CO_2$ was generated from the activities such as structure work, plaster work, temporary work, and tile and stone work, which are generally executed in the early phase of the whole construction period. Reflecting these results, the guideline for the construction waste management plan was recommended. If the waste management plan is established considering the guideline suggested, there would be high potential to decrease the amount of $CO_2$ generated from construction wastes.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1675-1682
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• 2013

To resolve the Global Warming problem, it have to reduce $CO_2$ emission. Korea need to do actively more the effort to reduce the emission because $CO_2$ emission per person is top level in the world. It is performing variously. However, we should recognize the $CO_2$ emission attribute to decrease $CO_2$. Analyzing $CO_2$ emission of the construction equipment is important in this aspect. Present, the most popular $CO_2$ emission measuring method is the way using fuel consumption and emission factor. But this method have the problem of reliability because can't reflect the factor being out of proportion at fuel consumption. This study analyzed the reason of difference and compared to the emission factor method after calculate $CO_2$ emission in direct measurement method.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.211-235
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• 2012

This paper presents an alternative decomposition technique to identify the relative importance of factors associated with changes in $CO_2$ emissions by using directional distance function to model the joint production of desirable and undesirable outputs. The key feature of the proposed approach is the introduction of fossil and non-fossil fuel energy input efficiencies, productivity change and emission intensity change. For the 27 OECD countries as a whole, the empirical results indicate that economic growth is the most important contributor to $CO_2$ emissions increase, while efficiency change is the most important component to $CO_2$ emissions reduction between 1980 and 2007. For more extensive insights, this paper divided 3 groups according to the emission growth rate and find out that high emission countries show relatively low production efficiencies and technical changes contributing $CO_2$ emissions increase. The results also provide that more strict environmental regulations are needed to improve the pollution intensity in these countries.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.4D
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• pp.603-611
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• 2011

After Kyoto Protocol was adopted for green gas reduction, each nations are stepping up efforts to reduce $CO_2$ of a typical green gas. Construction industry also is trying $CO_2$ reduction with the techniques of two types which are software and hardware techniques. The software technique are Passive Design considered green gas emission and the environment impact assessment by LCA. The hardware techniques are adjustment of equipment system and development of eco- friendly material. But, it is nonexistent that a study related to $CO_2$ emission considered detail process in construction industry. This study analyzed the correlation of equipment combination, $CO_2$ emission and duration by calculate $CO_2$ emission follow to equipment combination on earth-work which is the process emitted most $CO_2$ among railway bedding construction.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.53-76
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• 2010

This paper attempts to estimate and compare environmental Kuznets curves (EKC) for$CO_2$ emissions of five regions constituting South Korea. For this, panel data of $CO_2$ emission for these regions are constucted for the period 1990 - 2007. Close inter-dependency among these five regions is considered by using a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model. In addition to real per-capita income, price index of energy sources and population dens ity are included as control variables. Results of estimates show the robust existence of EKC's in all these regions. EKC turning points of five regions range between 13.7 and 21.6 million Korean Won, showing a large variation. This difference among regions should be conisidered for the effective implementation of policies targeting the reduction of $CO_2$ emmission. In addition, the increase of energy price is found help reduce the $CO_2$ emmision while the rise of population density seems to lead to the increase of $CO_2$ emission.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 2013

The researches for reduce $CO_2$ are going along animatedly in hole industry area. In construction area, the researches to minimize $CO_2$ emission are progressing variously. The researches to minimize $CO_2$ emission based on $CO_2$ emission. The method measuring $CO_2$ emission are using $CO_2$ emission coefficient on fuel consumption, LCA and an inter-industry relation table. Especially, the methods using the carbon emission coefficient based on fuel consumption are 3 types(Tier1~Tier3) of IPCC. Present, the most using method(Tier1) is using the fuel consumption and the carbon emission coefficient. But because this method do not effect each vehicle distance and driving environment, we can't calculate right $CO_2$ emission. Especially construction project's $CO_2$ emission could be different by project's characteristic. However, we can't apply these difference with present methods. So we need methodology calculating $CO_2$ emission by applying personal project's characteristic and these methodology's most important things is directly measuring $CO_2$ emission of construction equipment which use energy. The object of this study is to develop the $CO_2$ emission calculation methodology which occur in construction process, is to suggest ways to measure in real time $CO_2$ emission from construction equipment.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2009

A concrete is considered unfriendly-environmental material because it uses cement which emits much $CO_2$ during producing process. However, a concrete absorbs $CO_2$ through carbonation process during service life. In this paper how much concrete absorbs $CO_2$ through carbonation was calculated using 1) concentration of carbonatable substances in concrete, 2) carbonated volume of concrete, 3) molecular weight of $CO_2$ based on references and the method was proposed. $CO_2$ emission from producing $1m^3$ concrete was calculated based on $CO_2$ emission datum of materials used in concrete. From using these methods that calculate $CO_2$ emission and absorption of concrete, assessment of $CO_2$ emission-absorption against a real apartment was conducted by subtracting absorption $CO_2$ according to service life from $CO_2$ emission in the process of making concrete. As a result, a ratio of absorption over emission of $CO_2$ through concrete carbonation according to service life 40, 60, 80 years was assessed about 3.65, 4.47, 5.18%. An objective of this study is to propose how to calculate emission - absorption of $CO_2$ from producing and using concrete. Although the result value, emission - absorption of $CO_2$, is 5.18% very low when the service life of an apartment is 80years, the value can be improved by reducing emission from using blended cement such as blast furnace slag or increasing replacement ratio of cement and increasing carbonated volume of concrete from expanding service life of a building. This study may be useful when $CO_2$ emission - absorption of concrete is evaluated in the further study.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

The rapid climate change is strengthening carbon emissions regulations internationally. Korea is strongly pressed to accept the obligation to reduce greenhouse gases as one of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This article analyzed the Granger causalities among environmental regulation, economic growth, electricity consumption, and CO₂ emission in Korea, using unit root test, cointegration test, and vector error correction model. As the results, environmental regulation has shown the bidirectional causalities with electricity consumption and CO₂ emission, while being unilaterally affected by economic growth in the long-run and strong relationship. Economic growth has affected electricity consumption, CO2 emission, and environmental regulation in the long-run, in the complex structure of the unilateral and short-run causality with electricity consumption and the bidirectional causality with CO2 emission. The policy implications will be as follows: ① environmental regulation should induce sustainable growth through encouraging technological innovation relating to CO2 reduction and productivity enhancement. ② Responding to the international CO2 reduction regulation, the synthetic policy initiatives will be considered to make synergy effects among policies relating to economic growth, electricity consumption.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.132-140
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• 2012

Along with the increasing interest in environmental problems such as global warming, the South Korean government has established policies and regulations to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases, targeting a 30% reduction of $CO_2$ compared to business-as-usual levels by 2020. Thus, there have been many studies in construction field to control and reduce the amount of $CO_2$ emitted from buildings. $CO_2$ emission from the building construction could be obtained by using the life cycle assessment(LCA) methodology. In LCA, it is essential to have life cycle inventory(LCI) data of construction materials consisting of $CO_2$ emission data that have been defined and examined in a detailed way in order to obtain more accurate and detailed $CO_2$ emission of buildings. To date, however, the LCI data have been acquired only for the representative materials. Accordingly this study aimed to propose detailed $CO_2$ emission data for steel rebar and H-beam, which are the essential structural steel materials, by strength and type. To accomplish the objective, this study used Input-Output LCA methodology which is based on the Input-Output table. It is believed that the $CO_2$ emission data of steel materials acquired from this study would allow a more accurate assessment of $CO_2$ emission for diverse structural design alternatives.