• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.865-873
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• 2019

Objective: The study was designed to investigate the effects of restraint method, restraint duration, and body weight on stress-linked hormones (corticosterone, adrenaline, and noradrenaline), blood biochemical (namely glucose and lactate), and the meat quality in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 120 male broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were assigned to a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design using two restraint methods (shackle and cone), three durations of restraint (10, 30, and 60 s), and two categories of live body weight ($1.8{\pm}0.1kg$ as lightweight and $2.8{\pm}0.1kg$ as heavyweight). Results: Irrespective of the duration of restraint and body weight, the coned chickens were found to have lower plasma corticosterone (p<0.01), lactate (p<0.001), lower meat drip loss (p<0.01), cooking loss (p<0.05), and higher blood loss (p<0.05) compared with their shackled counterparts. The duration of restraint had significant effects on the meat initial pH (p<0.05), ultimate pH (p<0.05), and yellowness (p<0.01). The lightweight broilers exhibited higher (p<0.001) blood loss and lower (p<0.05) cooking loss compared to the heavyweight broilers, regardless of the restraint method used and the duration of restraint. However, the interaction between the restraint method, duration of restraint, and body weight contributed to differences in pre-slaughter stress and meat quality. Therefore, the interaction between the restraint method and the duration of restraint affected the meat shear force, lightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$). Conclusion: The duration of restraint and body weight undoubtedly affect stress responses and meat quality of broiler chickens. Regardless of the duration of restraint and body weight, the cone restraint resulted in notably lower stress, lower meat water loss, and higher blood loss compared to shackling. Overall, the findings of this study showed that restraint method, duration of restraint, and body weight may affect the stress response and meat quality parameters in broilers and should be considered independently or interactively in future studies.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.268-273
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effects of HBM(Healthy Body Maker) on the weight loss and serum cholesterol level of rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200$\pm$5g were grouped into 2. Rats were raised for 6 weeks with diet containing 0% and 5% of HBM. 1. There were no clinical signs for all the experimental period(6 weeks) in 0% and 5% groups. 2. At 3 and 6 weeks. body weight of 5% HBM group was significantly lower than that of control group. respectively(p<0.05, p<0.01). 3. At 4 weeks. the level of MCHC of 5% HBM group was significantly higher than that of control group(p<0.01) And at 6 weeks the level of RBC and Hct of 5% HBM group were significantly higher than those of control group(p<0.05) 4. At 6 weeks. the level of serum cholesterol of 5% HBM group was significantly lower than that of control group. 5. Absolute liver weight of 5% HBM group was significantly lower than that of control group(p<0.05). 6. Minor subaceous sickness of liver cell in the control group appeared but no symptom of liver cell in 5% HBM group. It is concluded that HBM was a safe and effective diet food which aided in inducing weight loss in rat without any observed harmful clinical side effects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.950-957
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• 1996

This study was designed to investigate the effects of caffeine intake on Ca and P metabolism in ovariectomized rats. For this purpose, the ovariectomized female rats weighing 230.8$\pm$3.5g were divided into four groups, eight rats each ; control, low caffeine(LC), medium caffeine(MC)and high caffeine(HC) groups. They were supplied for six weeks with the caffeine of 0mg, 66.8mg, 167mg and 334mg per kilogram of diet, respectively, and the results are summarized as follows. 1) There were no significant differences in feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and body weight change among all of experimental groups. But liver weight(both total weight and weight/body weight) was significantly decreased by caffeine in MC group. 2) The weight of tibia was decreased by caffeine intake in MC and HC groups. But the length, Ca and P content of tibia and femur was not changed in all of caffeine groups. 3) Ca, PTH and calcitonin levels in serum were not affected by caffeine. While, serum P level in HC group was significantly increased as compared with the control. 4) The fecal excretion of Ca and P tended to be higher in the caffeine groups, and as the result, the absorption rate, retention and retention rate of Ca and P tended to be decreased. It was noteworthy that P retention was significantly lowered in HC group as compared with LC group. The results showed that, when caffeine was taken by ovarietomized rats, the weight of tibia was decreased and the retention rate of Ca and P tended to be lowered. Therefore, too much intake of caffeine for women whose bone mineral density of tibia is decreased after postmenopause seems to accelerate the decrease of bone mineral density due to the negative effect on metabolism of Ca and P.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.431-443
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• 2018

Objectives: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity. Methods: The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated. Results: The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p<0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p<0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (p<0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p<0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p<0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p<0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p<0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.64-69
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• 2017

Purpose: The goal of nutritional support for very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants from birth to term is to match the in utero growth rates; however, this is rarely achieved. Methods: We evaluated postdischarge growth patterns and growth failure in 81 Korean VLBW infants through a retrospective study. Weight and height were measured and calculated based on age percentile distribution every 3 months until age 24 months. Growth failure was defined as weight and height below the 10th percentile at 24 months. For the subgroup analysis, small-for-gestational age (SGA) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants were evaluated. The growth patterns based on the Korean, World Health Organization (WHO), or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standard were serially compared over time. Results: At postconception age (PCA) 40 weeks, 47 (58%) and 45 infants (55%) showed growth failure in terms of weight and height, respectively. At PCA 24 months, 20 infants (24%) showed growth failure for weight and 14 (18%) for height. Growth failure rates were higher for the SGA infants than for the appropriate-weight-for-gestational age infants at PCA 24 months (P=0.045 for weight and P=0.038 for height). Growth failure rates were higher for the ELBW infants than for the non-ELBW infants at PCA 24 months (P<0.001 for weight and P=0.003 for height). Significant differences were found among the WHO, CDC, and Korean standards (P<0.001). Conclusion: Advancements in neonatal care have improved the catch-up growth of VLBW infants, but this is insufficient. Careful observation and aggressive interventions, especially in SGA and ELBW infants, are needed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2021

This study investigated the morphological features, growth, and meat yield performance of Pekin (P), Nageswari (N), and their reciprocal F₁ crossbreds (P♂×N♀ and N♂×P♀). A total of 301-day-old ducklings were reared in four different pens up to 20 weeks of age under intensive management conditions. Feeding and management practices were similar for all individuals throughout the experimental period. The morphology and plumage pattern of F₁ crossbreds were similar to those of indigenous Nageswari ducks because of the dominant inheritance of the extended Black allele (E locus). Genotype had significant differences (P<0.05) among the four genotypes in morphometric measurements, except wing and shank length. Growth performance was highly significant among the four genotypes (P<0.001) from one-day to 12 weeks of age. The average live weights of P, N, P♂×N♀ and N♂×P♀ crossbred genotypes at 12 weeks of age were 2038.35±29.74, 1542.44±33.61, 1851.85±28.59 and 1691.08±27.80 g, respectively. Meat yield parameters varied significantly (P<0.05) among the different genotypes for all studied traits, except for liver and gizzard weight. Moreover, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between P and P♂×N♀ crossbred for important meat yield traits such as hot carcass weight, dressing%, back half weight, drumstick with thigh weight and breast meat weight. Remarkably, the P♂×N♀ crossbreed possesses 50% native inheritance, which contributes to better adaptation in a hot-humid environment. Our results revealed that the P♂×N♀ genotype could be suitable for higher meat production with better adaptability in the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2016

In order to attain heavier live weight without impairing pork or sensory quality characteristics, carcass performance, muscle fiber, pork quality, and sensory quality characteristics were compared among the heavy weight (HW, average live weight of 130.5 kg), medium weight (MW, average weight of 111.1 kg), and light weight (LW, average weight of 96.3 kg) pigs at time of slaughter. The loin eye area was 1.47 times greater in the HW group compared to the LW group (64.0 and 43.5 cm², p<0.001), while carcass percent was similar between the HW and MW groups (p>0.05). This greater performance by the HW group compared to the LW group can be explained by a greater total number (1,436 vs. 1,188, ×10³, p<0.001) and larger area (4,452 vs. 3,716 μm², p<0.001) of muscle fibers. No significant differences were observed in muscle pH_{45 min}, lightness, drip loss, and shear force among the groups (p>0.05), and higher live weights did not influence sensory quality attributes, including tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Therefore, these findings indicate that increased live weights in this study did not influence the technological and sensory quality characteristics. Moreover, muscles with a higher number of medium or large size fibers tend to exhibit good carcass performance without impairing meat and sensory quality characteristics.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.967-974
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the relationship of morphological characteristics between reticulum and abomasum of Korean native young goats age from 2 days to 150 days. Number of traits investigated in the reticulum in this experiment were 12[body weight, chest girth, body length, right and left reticulum length(R.L.), upper and lower reticulum length(U.L.), reticulum weight(R.W.), reticulum area(R.A.), upper and lower length of one polygon located at central part of reticulum(U.P.C.R.), right and left length of one polygon located at central part of reticulum(R.P.C.R.), thickness of polygon wall located at central part of reticulum(T.P.C.R.), thickness of polygon wall located at middle part of reticulum(T.P.M.R.), and thickness of polygon wall locared at edge part of reticulum(T.P.E.R.)] and items for abomasum were 12[length of between ostium omaso-abomasicum part and pylosica part in the abomasum(L.B.O.P.), broadest outer part of the abomasum(B.O.A.), weight of abomasum(W.O.A.), area of abomasum(A.O.A.), number of plicae abomasi in the abomasum(N.P.A.A.), thickness of abomasum well at cranial part(ostium omasoabomasicum) in the abomasum(T.A.C.A.), thickness of abomasum well at central part in the abomasum(T.A.P.A.), thickness of abomasum wall at light upper area of pylosica part in the abomasum(T.A.L.A.), length measured from the longest plica abomasi in the abomasum(L.L.P.A.), broadest measured from the longest plica abomasi in the abomasum(B.L.P.A.), area measured from the longest plica abomasi in the abomasum(A.L.P.A.), weight of longest plica abomasi in the abomasum(W.L.P.A.)]. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Number of coefficient of correlation obtained among 12 traits of the abomasum and 12 of the reticulum were 144, and coefficient of correlation of 114 were significant(P〈0.05). 2. Trait of abomasum weight have high correlation with 12 traits of reticulum. 3. Correlation coefficients and regression equation between body weight. VS. abomasum weight(r$_1$), and upper and lower length of one polygon located at central part of reticulum(U.P.C.R.) VS. abomasum weight(r$_2$) were r$_1$=0.8954$^{**}$ and Y=10.703+3.374X, r$_2$=0.8430$^{**}$ and Y=5.689+4.311X, respectively. 4. Correlation coefficients and regression equation between chest girth VS. abomasum weight(r$_1$), and body weight VS. abomasum weight(r$_2$) were r$_1$=0.8708$^{**}$ and Y=-17.219+1.227X, r$_2$=0.8589$^{**}$ and Y=- 17.616+1.290X, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.922-928
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• 2001

There exists considerable evidence that steroid hormones are involved in the regulation of ovulation rate and oviductal development in poultry. However, the effect of steroid hormones on egg productivity of Korean Native Ogol Chicken (KNOC) has yet to be studied. Therefore, this study was performed to relate the expression of steroid hormones, especially progesterone ($P_4$) and estradiol ($E_2$), with egg productivity during the laying period. Egg production and egg weight of 70 KNOC were recorded from 20 to 60wk. Blood was taken every 10 wk and serum $P_4$ and $E_2$ were measured by radioimmunoassay. Based on egg productivity and steroid hormones levels up to 60 wk, chickens were divided into two groups, high and low. Compared to the low egg production group, a significantly higher expression of $P_4$ at 30 wk was detected in the high group. Moreover, egg production in the high $P_4$ group significantly differed from that in the low group at 30 wk. On the other hand, a Significant difference (p<0.05) in $E_2$ expression was found between high and low egg weight groups at 30 wk. Although a significant difference in egg weight between two groups by $E_2$ was not detected, the high $E_2$ group showed a higher level of egg weight than the low $E_2$ group except for 25 wk. In the comparison of ovary weight and small yellow follicle number, the group with high egg productivity and steroid concentration showed greater levels than the low group. Taken together, the results indicate that $P_4$ is related to egg productivity whereas expression of $E_2$ is associated with egg weight in KNOC.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2003

A total of 240 crossbred(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) pigs were housed from 70 kg live weight and slaughtered at weights of 95, 105, 115 and 125 kg. The left side loins of carcass were obtained at 24 hr postmortem to measure pork quality. There were significant differences(p<0.01) in eye muscle area of pork loins between the slaughter weights of 95 and 105 kg. However, no differences were observed in pork than 105 kg of slaughter weight. Ultimate pH values were decreased with increasing slaughter weight and cooking loss was also reduced(p<0.01) at the heavier weights. Slaughter weights did not affect the shear force and intramuscular fat. However, dry matter(DM) and crude protein(CP) contents of loin were increased, and cooking loss and sarcomere length were decreased with increasing slaughter weight. The lightness(L$^{*}$) and redness(a$^{*}$) of pork loin were increased with increasing slaughter weight. Results suggested that pork quality may be improved when pig slaughter weight is increased from 95 to 125 kg.