• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.565-570
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• 1989

The influence of age at first calving on the milk production of crossbred dairy cows produced under major dairy cattle crossbreeding projects in Pakistan was studied from the year 1974 to 1980. These animals were bred and raised at the Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadarnagar (LPRI), Livestock Experiment Station, Karachi (LES) and the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF). Local Sahiwal (SWL) cattle were crossed with the European breeds, Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey (J) at LPRI and UAF. At LES, native Red Sindhi (RS) were crossed with the HF and J breeds. At LES and UAF, the crossbred progeny, thus, produced comprised of halfbreds only while at LPRI 3/4 HF, 3/4 J, 1/4 HF and 1/4 J groups were also available for this study. The average age at first calving was considerably higher among the native breeds. At LES, the RS calved for the first time at an age of approximately 56 months. Corresponding values for SWLs at LPRI and UAF were 44 and 64 months, respectively. The 1/2 HF and 1/2 J crossbreds calved first at the age of approximately 25, 26, 34, 36, 37 and 38 months at LPRI, LES and UAF respectively. For 3/4 HF, 3/4 K, 1/4 HF and 1/4 J groups of LPRI the average age at first calving was 29, 26, 34 and 33 months. Considerable differences in age at first calving between the crossbreds and native breeds were observed. Due to early maturity, the former attained the peak level of milk production in third lactation whereas the latter groups, because of late maturity, reached this level in their fourth lactation. This study suggested that early maturity in Zebu cattle (Box indicus) could be induced through crossbreeding with European cattle (Bos Taurus).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.351-354
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• 2000

AC impedance of LiM $n_2$ $O_4$ and LiM $g_{0.1}$M $n_{1.9}$ $O_4$ samples have been studied at various temperature with charge-discharge test. AC impedance of LiM $n_2$ $O_4$ measured at -2$0^{\circ}C$, room temperature and 5$0^{\circ}C$ revealed that initial impedance before charge-discharge test was gradually decreased and become small by becoming law temperature. It indicates that the Li ion diffusion and the transfer resistance of the cathode are related to the temperature of cycling. Impedance at high temperature was suddenly increased because Mn dissolution and decomposition of electrolyte had been increased during cycling, compared to impedance at low temperature. Therefore, charge-discharge capacity was suddenly decreased at high but was slowly at low. In LiM $g_{0.1}$M $n_{1.9}$ $O_4$, impedance and capacity were stability at room temperature than there at 5$0^{\circ}C$, too. Initial impedance at 5$0^{\circ}C$ before charge-discharge test was small and impedance was suddenly increased during cycling than that at room temperature.ure.ure.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of puffer fish under storage conditions. Free amino acids were identified in the order of taurine > alanine > lysine > leucine > glutamic acid > valine. Glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, arginine, proline, and aspartic acid increased over time and with increased temperature, and valine and tyrosine were affected by temperature. ATP decreased dramatically during 36 h of storage at $4^{\circ}C$, 24 h of storage at $12^{\circ}C$, and 16 h of storage at $20^{\circ}C$. IMP reached its highest level when puffer fish was stored for 36 h at 4 and $12^{\circ}C$ and 24 h at $20^{\circ}C$, and hypoxanthine levels grew steeply at 60 h at $4^{\circ}C$, 24 h at $12^{\circ}C$ and 20 h at $20^{\circ}C$. In terms of K value, the puffer fish was available for sliced raw fish within 60 h at $4^{\circ}C$, 24 h at $12^{\circ}C$ and 12 h at $20^{\circ}C$, and the fish can be taken in after cooking within 72 h at $4^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$ and 36 h at $20^{\circ}C$. The physicochemical quality characteristics showed that puffer fish is available for sliced raw fish within 36 h at $4^{\circ}C$, 16 h at $12^{\circ}C$ and 12 h at $20^{\circ}C$, and that the fish can be taken after cooking within 72 h at $4^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$ and 36 h at $20^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

In this study, as a tool of evaluating biological stability of landfilled waste, influencing factors of $AT_4$ method was studied for standardizing the method. As influencing factors, initial lag time, exchanging period of $CO_2$ absorbing agent, and interval of pressure measurement were discussed, and also the relationship between content of dried food waste and $AT_4$ value were compared. Considering heterogeneity of landfilled waste and statistical error range of measurement, authors suggest that the criteria of stabilized landfill waste is $10mg\;O_2/g\;DM$ by $AT_4$ method.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2001

This study was done to investigate the effect of the first experience of the clinical experience for psychiatric nursing on urinary $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{++}$ of the nursing students. We analyzed the urine of 36 students on curriculum who were students of D college in K city. The data were analyzed with SAS Statistical analysis was performed by using paired t-test, GLM. The second day group increased 18.56 at 8AM, 31.90 at 4PM in case of $Na^+$(p=0.004). The second day group increased 27.61 at 8AM, 45.53 at 4PM in a case of $Cl^-$(p=0.009). The first day group increased 2.62 at 8AM, 7.09 at 4PM in case of $K^+$(p=0.018). The second day group increased 3.69 at 8AM, 5.19 at 4PM in a case of $K^+$(p=0.013). The second day group increased 20.65 at 8AM, 14.07 at 4PM in a case of $Ca^{++}$(p=0.033). There was a significant difference in $Na^+$ according to group at 8AM(F=4.17, p=0.024) and 4PM(F=3.58, p=0.040). There was a significant difference in $Cl^-$ according to group at 8AM(F=4.38, p=0.020) and 4PM(F=6.29, p=0.003). There was a significant difference in $K^+$ according to group at 8AM(F=5.03, p=0.012). In conclusion, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{++}$ may be used as a indicator of the amount of stress to improve the educational environment for the students.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.369-382
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was finding the pain inhibitory effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$. The pain at dentes incisivi was evoked by noxious electric stimulation and EMG changes based on the interval were measured. To do this, the opioid antagonist was administered intraperitoneally. Following are some of results. 1. The pain inhibitory effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ was 94.35%, 84.56%, 57.62%, 54.40%, at 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes respectively. All the data were calculated based on 100% at 0 minute. The effect was very significant at 40 minutes. 2. The continuous effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ after taking out the needle was 58.58%, 57.62%, 66.22%, 73.18%, 83.70%, 92.68%, at 50, 50, 70, 80, 90 and 100 minutes respectively. The overall continuous effect was shown its maximum 20 minutes after taking out the needle and reached to the initial value at 60 minutes. 3. The pain inhibitory effect following the naloxone administration and acupuncture application at $LI_4$ was 95.96%, 96.04%, 94.86%, 94.92% at 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes respectively. All values showed similar tendency to the initial data. 4. The continuous effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ after taking out the needle which was preceded by the naloxone administration was 94.48%, 96.02%, 96.02%, 98.00%, 98.46%, 97.18% at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 minutes respectively. This trend was not a significant fluctuation. It was concluded that effect of acupuncture at $LI_4$ was shown in conjunction with secretion of analgesic substance. Therefore it is implied that the acupuncture application will play a major role in treating many diseases with more revelation of scientific acupuncture mechanism. Further studies of acupuncture manipulation are needed in the future based on our study.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2007

Cytokinins are essential plant hormones that play crucial roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. By using mRNA differential display, we isolated a cytokinine-inducible cDNA encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) 4 from Arabidopsis amp1 mutant. The full-length PR4 cDNA, designated AtPR4, contains an open reading frame of 212 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 22,900 Da and isoelectric point (pI) of 7.89. Genomic DNA blotting showed that the Arabidopsis genome has one copy of AtPR4. AtPR4 mRNA was induced by cytokinin and NaCl, but decreased by SA or JA treatment. PR proteins are induced in response to pathogen attack. Thus the AtPR4 gene isolated in this study may be a useful candidate for genetic engineering of forage crops for increased tolerance against pathogen.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.101-107
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• 2017

This study investigated the effect of Pd on the microstructure, tensile and creep properties of Mg-4Al-2Sn (AT42) alloy at a high temperature for transportation-related industrial applications. AT42-xPd (x = 0, 1 and 2 wt. %) alloys were prepared using a permanent mould casting method. The microstructures of the as-cast alloys were characterized by the presence of the intermetallic phases $Mg_{17}Al_{12}$, $Mg_2Sn$ and $Al_4Pd$. The addition of Pd was found to improve the tensile properties of AT42 at room and at elevated temperatures, and to increase the creep resistance at elevated temperatures. A small amount of Pd could markedly improve the tensile properties of AT42 by means of grain-refinement and the dispersion of secondary phase strengthening. Moreover, the thermally stable phase $Al_4Pd$ effectively improves the creep resistance of AT42 due to the strengthened grain boundaries and the suppressed formation of $Mg_{17}Al_{12}$.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.291-302
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• 2022

Food safety is a fundamental requirement for consumers. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the freshness of pork fillets based on freshness index (Ki value) analysis during storage. This study obtained a total of 24 pork fillets. This study was divided into 4℃ and -20℃ temperatures. Again, each temperature was divided into 4 different groups based on storage durations (15d). Each group was obtained in triplicate. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) value was significantly increased at 4℃ than the -20℃ storage with the duration of storage days. The levels of inosine-5'-phosphate (IMP) in pork fillets were significantly decreased at 4℃ and -20℃. Hypoxanthine (Hx) levels were significantly increased at 15 days than those at 0 days during storage at both temperatures (4℃ and -20℃). Subsequent freezing increased more inosine levels at -20℃ than storage at 4℃. The Ki values were increased during storage days at both temperatures, although after 15d storage, its values at 4℃ were significantly higher than those at -20℃. These results demonstrated that storage period and temperature might affect the freshness of pork fillets via lipid oxidation and nucleotide degradation. This study suggested that the Ki value will be the crucial indicator of measurement of freshness of stored pork fillets.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.43-56
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• 2005

Objectives : The acupuncture has been used as treatment of disease in the oriental medicine. In this study, it was investigated at had an effects of Heart JEONGGYEOK(心正格) of SAAM five evolutive phase acupuncture techniques(舍岩五行鑛法) for appling deficiency in the heart induced by experimental focal ischemia. Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2hours. The groups divided into 6 groups, normal(intactness group), control(no therapy group after ischemia-induced), AT1(reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9 after ischemia-induced), AT2(reinforcing acupoint of Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT3(combination of reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK and Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced), AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LRI, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced). Acupuncture therapy was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuropretective effect of acupuncture therapy was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in AT3 group on 3days, in AT1 and AT4 groups on 4days, in AT3 and AT4 groups on 5days compared to the control group. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in all experiment groups, AT1, AT2, AT3 and AT4 groups compared to the control group. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in AT1 and AT3 group compared to the control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK could be used as a medication for controlling the stroke by deficiency in the heart.