• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.535-547
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• 2022

Failure patterns of rock specimens represent valuable information about the mechanical properties and crack evolution mechanism of rock. Several kinds of research have been conducted regarding the failure mechanism of brittle material, however; the influence of brittleness on the failure mechanism of rock specimens has not been precisely considered. In the present study, experimental and numerical examinations have been made to evaluate the physical and mechanical phenomena associated with rock failure mechanisms through the uniaxial compression test. In the experimental part, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests equipped with Acoustic Emission (AE) have been conducted on rock samples with three different brittleness. Then, the numerical models have been calibrated based on experimental test results for further investigation and comparing the micro-cracking process in experimental and numerical models. It can be perceived that the failure mode of specimens with high brittleness is tensile axial splitting, based on the experimental evidence of rock specimens with different brittleness. Also, the crack growth mechanism of the rock specimens with various brittleness using discrete element modeling in the numerical part suggested that the specimens with more brittleness contain more tensile fracture during the loading sequences.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2000

금속기지 복합재료의 미시적 파손기구는 작용하중의 방향, 재료의 열처리 상태, 기지재 및 강화재의 특성, 섬유체적률 등 여러 인자의 영향을 받는다. 이중 특히 재료의 열처리는 금속기지 복합재료의 기계적 특성을 지배하는 주요한 인자인 강화섬유와 기지재 사이의 계면특성에 큰 영향을 준다. 강화섬유와 기지재는 매우 큰 열팽창계수 차이를 가지기 때문에 금속기지 복합재료의 제조과정에 있어서 급격한 온도강하가 있을 경우에는 강화섬유와 기지재 사이의 계면에서는 잔류응력이 형성되며 이 때 발생한 잔류응력은 금속복합재료의 파손기구는 물론 기지재와 강화섬유 사이의 계면전단강도에도 중대한 영향을 미칠 수도 있다. 따라서 금속복합재료에 있어서 기지재와 강화재 사이의 계면전단강도에 대한 잔류응력의 영향을 평가하는 것은 금속복합재료의 실질적인 응용측면에서는 매우 중요한 과제라 할 수 있다. 복합재료에 있어서의 음향방출 기법과 SFC시험법을 동시에 이용하면 기지재와 강화재의 균열 및 기지재와 강화재 사이의 계면분리현상에 의한 미시적 파손기구를 명확하게 분리, 관찰할 수 있는 크나큰 이점이 있다. 따라서 된 연구에서는 음향방출기법과 SFC시험법을 이용하여 금속복합재료의 열처리 효과에 따른 미시적 파손기구 및 계면전판강도 변화특성을 체계적으로 연구, 고찰하였다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1998

유리모세관의 파괴시에 방출되는 탄성파를 이용하여 유리평판의 진앙점에 위치한 PZT변환기의 응답특성을 연구하였다. PZT변환기는 일정한 면적을 가지고 두께가 다른 PZT 세라믹 (Edo사의 EC-65)을 사용하여 제작하였다. 공기 경계층을 갖는 유리평판에서 힘의 크기가 1 N이고 상승시간이 280ns인 경사 점하중이 인가된 경우에 대하여 진앙점에서 수직 성분의 변위와 속도를 이론적으로 계산하였다. PZT변환기의 과도응답은 이론적으로 계산된 수직 성분의 속도가 입사하여 PZT세라믹의 전극과 만날 때 펄스형태로 나타난다고 생각할 수 있다. PZT변환기의 응답은 PZT세라믹의 직경 대 두께의 비가 약 0.33 이하인 경우에는 두께진동모드에만 의존하고, 그 이상의 경우에는 두께진동모드와 다른 저주파수의 진동 모드의 중첩에 의해서 일어난다고 생각된다. 첫 펄스의 반폭치시간은 인가된 파괴하중과 PZT변환기의 공진주파수에 무관하게 약 280ns로서 일정하였고, 음향방출 발생원의 상승시간으로 생각할 수 있었다. 첫 펄스의 최대진폭은 PZT변환기에 입사하는 수직 성분의 속도와 PZT세라믹의 축전용량에 비례하였다. 그러므로, 동일한 PZT변환기에 대하여 음향방출 발생원의 상승시간과 크기는 첫 펄스의 반폭치시간과 최대 진폭으로 평가할 수 있다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.92-95
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• 2011

Pyrophosphates are the key intermediates in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, and their concentrations could reveal the benefits of statins in cardiovascular diseases. Quantitative analysis of five pyrophosphates, including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in negative ionization mode. After dilution with methanol, samples were separated on a 3 ${\mu}m$ particle multi-modal $C_{18}$ column ($50{\times}2$ mm) and quantified within 10 min. The gradient elution consists of 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate and 0.5% triethylamine (TEA) in water and 0.1% TEA in 80% acetonitrile was used at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Overall recoveries were 51.4-106.6%, while the limit of quantification was 0.05 ${\mu}g$/mL for GPP and FPP and 0.1 ${\mu}g$/mL for IPP, DMAPP, and GGPP. The precision (% CV) and accuracy (% bias) of the assay were 1.9-12.3% and 89.6-111.8%, respectively, in 0.05-10 ${\mu}g$/mL calibration ranges ($R^2$ > 0.993). The devised LC-MS/MS technique with the multi-modal $C_{18}$ column can be used to estimate the biological activity of pyrophosphates in plasma and may be applicable to cardiovascular events with cholesterol metabolism as well as the drug efficacy of statins.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2009

Lichen-forming fungi (LEF) were isolated from 67 Hungarian lichen species from ascospores or thallus fragments. LFF were successfully isolated from 26 species with isolation rate of 38.8%. Of the total number of isolation from ascospores (27 species) and thallus fragments (40 species), 48% and 32.5% of the species were successfully isolated, respectively. Comparison of rDNA sequences of ITS regions between the isolated LFF and the original thallus confirmed that all the isolates originated from the thallus fragments were LEF. The following 14 species of LEF were newly isolated in this study; Acarospora cervina, Bacidia rubella, Cladonia pyxidata, Lasallia pustulata, Lecania hyaline, Lecanora argentata, Parmelina tiliacea, Parmotrema chinense, Physconia distorta, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Ramalina pollinaria, Sarcogyne regularis, Umbilicaria hirsuta, Xanthoparmelia conspersa and X. stenophylla. Antifungal activity of the Hungarian LFF was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. coccodes and C. gloeosporioides, causal agent of anthracnose on hot pepper. Among the 26 isolates, 11 LFF showed more than 50% of inhibition rates of mycelial growth of at least one target pathogen. Especially, LFF of Evernia prunastri, Lecania hyalina and Lecanora argentata were remarkably effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of all the tested pathogens with antibiotic mode of action. On the other hands, five isolates of Cladonia furcata, Hypogymnia physodes, Lasallia pustulata, Ramalina fastigiata and Ramalina pollinaria exhibited fungal lytic activity against all the three pathogens. Among the tested fungal pathogens, C. coccodes seemed to be most sensitive to the LFF. The Hungarian LFF firstly isolated in this study can be served as novel bioresources to develop new biofungicides alternative to current fungicides to control hot pepper anthracnose pathogenic fungi.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.2015-2020
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• 2011

A series of isoxazol-indolin-2-one was designed for GSK-3${\beta}$ inhibitors as novel anticancer agents based on their binding mode analysis in GSK-3${\beta}$ crystal structure. Total 21 compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against two tumor cell lines (DU145 and HT29). Most of the synthesized compounds were potent with above 80% inhibitory activity at 100 ${\mu}M$, and several compounds were examined for inhibitory activity against GSK-3${\beta}$. Among them, 15(Z) ($R_1$=H, $R_2$=3-Cl-phenyl) was most active with 78% inhibition of tumor cell line (HT29) at 20 ${\mu}M$ and 72% inhibition of GSK-3${\beta}$ at 20 ${\mu}M$.

• 분석과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.385-393
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• 2000

뇨시료 중 amineptine의 (dihydro-10, 11-dibenzo[a, d] cycloheptenyl-5-amino-7-heptanoic acid) metabolites를 분석하기 위한 최적조건을 찾기 위하여 pH 변화에 따른 추출률과 세가지의 유도체화시약에 대한 반응성을 조사해본 결과 pH는 9.5, 유도체화시약은 carboxylic acid group에 MSTFA로 반응 시켰을 경우 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. GC/MS를 이용하여 amineptine을 복용한 사람의 뇨를 분석한 결과 amineptine과 그 대사물질인 dihydro-10, 11-dibenzo[a, d] cycloheptenyl-5-amino-5-pentanoic acid ($C_5$-metabolite)와 $C_5$-metabolite의 lactamized product인 ${\delta}$-lactam을 확인하였다. Amineptine과 그 metabolite들을 GC/MS-SIM mode로 분석하기 위한 monitoring ion들은 m/z 192를 공통 이온으로 선정하였으며, 각각의 분자이온을 선정하였다. Amineptine의 excretion study 결과, amineptine, ${\delta}$-lactam 및 $C_5$-metabolite는 4시간이내에 70-90%가 배설되었고 20시간 이내에 거의 배설이 완결되었다.

• 대한간호
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.86-98
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• 1994

We have examined the development and conceptual definition of shamanism and divination through significant characteristics of various illnesses. However, the terrminology has been inconsistent and its real conceptual meaning is not well defined. Divination is a historically dominant religious practice which represents the core of Korean folk culture. Despite prevalent prejudice toward its primitive nature, we cannot deny its profound relationship to our unconscious, especially our reliance on its religious role whenever we face crisis or conflict. It is therefore appropriate to use the term divination in this context. Shamanism originated as humanity's oldest mode of communication with divine - a religion, The shaman is not a sorceress but a priestess, a healer, a spritual guide, a leader, a mystic, traditionally having a different significance from that of the contemporary diviner or "shaman". The traditional concept of illness has been profoundly altered to serve new functions: while the shamanistic view is based upon spiritual abduction, divination on the other hand invokes concepts of spiritual invasion phenomena such as spirit intrusion, taboo violations, soul loss, object instrusion, deviations from the appropriate spiritual path besiegement, and curess or predestination (the idea that the sufferer is born with his fate), We should therefore try to understand divination from a more holistic point of view, rather than attempting to fit it into the standrd medical illness. We must recognize divination as a phenomenon within our culture, since most people have a mixed conception of illness arising from a combination of divinational and modem concepts, Since divination's humanistic approach is ingrained in our people, to irresponsibly ignore the spiritual aspects of treatment would exert a negative influence on our culture, Especially now, while attraction is focused on Korean culture and its influence on every aspect of our livies, it is important for nurses to expand our horizons in order to create a way of nursing more suitable to Korean culture. Increased importance is now being given to the opinions of patients themselves about their own illness and health, so nurses should seek to understand how patients accept their illness and what particular kinds of help they expect to receive. Consequently, an understanding of traditional divinations will enable us to utilize these characteristics on the job in order to enhance nursing care.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1177-1182
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• 2004

The effect of poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine] (pMPC) on the skin permeation property was investigated by performing in vitro skin permeation study of a model drug, nicotinic acid (NA). Effect of pMPC polymer in donor solution on skin permeation rates was evaluated using side-by-side diffusion cells. Also, the structural alterations in the stratum corneum (SC), inter-lamellar bilayer (ILB) and dermis layers in pMPC-treated and -untreated skin sections were investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The permeation profile of NA without pMPC in donor solution showed biphasic mode: initial $1^{st} phase and 2^{nd}$ hydration phase. The sudden, more than 10-fold increase in flux from the initial steady state (43.5 $\mu g/cm^2$/hr) to the $2^{nd}$ hydration phase (457.3 $\mu g/cm^2$/hr) suggests the disruption of skin barrier function due to extensive hydration. The permeation profile of NA with 3% pMPC in the donor solution showed monophasic pattern: the steady state flux (10.9 $\mu g/cm^2$/hr) without abrupt increase of the flux. The degree of NA permeation rate decreased in a concentration-dependent manner of pMPC. TEM of skin equilibrated with water or 2% pMPC for 12 h showed that corneocytes are still cohesive and epidermis is tightly bound to dermis in 2% pMPC-treated skin, while wider separation between corneocytes and focal dilations in inter-cellular spaces were observed in water-treated skin. This result suggests that pMPC could protect the barrier property of the stratum corneum by preventing the disruption of ILB structure caused by extensive skin hydration during skin permeation study.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.461-474
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• 2020

Analysing the incompatible deformation and damage evolution around the tunnels in mixed strata is significant for evaluating the tunnel stability, as well as the interaction between the support system and the surrounding rock mass. To investigate this issue, confined compression tests were conducted on upper-soft and lower-hard strata specimens containing a circular hole using a rock testing system, the physical mechanical properties were then investigated. Then, the incompatible deformation and failure modes of the specimens were analysed based on the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) and Acoustic Emission (AE) data. Finally, numerical simulations were conducted to explore the damage evolution of the mixed strata. The results indicate that at low inclination angles, the deformation and v-shaped notches inside the hole are controlled by the structure plane. Progressive spalling failure occurs at the sidewalls along the structure plane in soft rock. But the transmission of the loading force between the soft rock and hard rock are different in local. At high inclination angles, v-shaped notches are approximately perpendicular to the structure plane, and the soft and hard rock bear common loads. Incompatible deformation between the soft rock and hard rock controls the failure process. At inclination angles of 0°, 30° and 90°, incompatible deformations are closely related to rock damage. At 60°, incompatible deformations and rock damage are discordant due that the soft rock and hard rock alternately bears the major loads during the failure process. The failure trend and modes of the numerical results agree very well with those observed in the experimental results. As the inclination angles increase, the proportion of the shear or tensile damage exhibits a nonlinear increase or decrease, suggesting that the inclination angle of mixed strata may promote shear damage and restrain tensile damage.