• 한국가축번식학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 임신 및 분만후 rat에 oxytocin을 투여후 혈장, 자궁 및 태반 조직에서 estradiol-17$\beta$, progesterone, prostaglandin F$_2$$_{\alpha}$ 및 prostaglandin E$_2$그리고 자궁 조직의 oxytocin 수용체의 함량 사이의 관계에 대하여 조사하였다. 임신 rat에 oxytocin 투여 후 혈장 estradiol-17$\beta$의 농도는 임신 말기에 서서히 증가하여 임신 22일에 최고를 기록하였고 분만 후 1일에는 임신 16일 수준으로 감소하였다. Progesterone 농도는 임신 18일부터 분만 후 1일에 유의성 있는(p<0.05) 감소를 보였다. Prostaglandin F$_2$$_{\alpha}$ 및 Prostaglandin E$_2$농도는 임신 14일에서 임신 22일에 공히 상승하여 임신 22일에 최고를 기록하였고 분만 후 1일에는 급격히 감소하였다. Estradiol-17$\beta$의 농도는 자궁 조직에서 임신 14일에서 20일까지 서서히 증가하다가 임신 22일에 급격한 증가를 기록하였고 분만 후 1일에는 급격히 감소하여 임신 14일 수준을 유지하였으며 progesterone 농도는 임신 16일에 상승을 보인 후 임신 20일까지 급격히 감소하였고 분만 후 1일까지 같은 수준을 유지하였다. Prostaglandin F$_2$$_{\alpha}$ 및 prostaglandin E$_2$농도는 자궁조직에서 임신 말기 전기간에 상승하여 임신 22일에 최고를 기록한 후 분만 후 1일에는 급격히 감소하여 임신 14일과 비교하여 70% 수준을 기록하였다. Prostaglandin F$_2$$_{\alpha}$ 농도는 태반 조직에서 임신 14일에서 임신 22일까지 지속적으로 증가하였고 분만 후 1일에는 급격히 감소하였으며 prostaglandin E$_2$의 농도는 임신 14일에서 20일에 증가한 후 분만 후 1일까지 감소하였다. Oxytocin 수용체의 농도는 자궁 조직에서 임신 20일에서 임신 22일 사이에 급격히 증가한 후 분만 후 1일까지 비슷한 수준을 기록하였다. 이상에서와 oxytocin투여에 의한 임신 rat에 있어서 progesterone 농도의 감소에 이은 estradiol-17 $\beta$, prostaglandin F$_2$$_{\alpha}$, prostaglandin E$_2$및 oxytocin 수용체 농도의 증가는 조기에 시작되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.2161-2166
• /
• 2015

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are steroid receptors located in the cytoplasm and on the nuclear membrane. The sequence similarities of human $ER{\alpha}$, mouse $ER{\alpha}$, rat $ER{\alpha}$, dog $ER{\alpha}$, and cat $ER{\alpha}$ are above 90%, but structures of $ER{\alpha}$ may different among species. Estrogen can be agonist and antagonist depending on its target organs. This hormone play roles in several diseases including breast cancer. There are variety of the relative binding affinity (RBA) of ER and estrogen species in comparison to $17{\beta}-estradiol$ (E2), which is a natural ligand of both $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$. The RBA of the estrogen species are as following: diethyl stilbestrol (DES) > hexestrol > dienestrol > $17{\beta}-estradiol$ (E2) > 17- estradiol > moxestrol > estriol (E3) >4-OH estradiol > estrone-3-sulfate. Estrogen mimetic drugs, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), have been used as hormonal therapy for ER positive breast cancer and postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the postgenomic era, in silico models have become effective tools for modern drug discovery. These provide three dimensional structures of many transmembrane receptors and enzymes, which are important targets of de novo drug development. The estimated inhibition constants (Ki) from computational model have been used as a screening procedure before in vitro and in vivo studies.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수정란이식학회 2004년도 제4회 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
• /
• pp.85-86
• /
• 2004

• 한국수정란이식학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.109-119
• /
• 2006

비글개 6두에서 11회(임신견 7두, 비 임신견 4두)의 발정 주기 및 임신 기간 동안 질 상피 세포 검사 및 혈장 progesterone과 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도를 측정하여 질 상피 세포상과 번식 호르몬의 관계를 조사하고 배란 및 교배 적기 판정을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 임신 예와 비 임신 예에 있어서 발정 전기, 발정기 및 발정 휴지기의 기간은 각각 $8.5{\pm}1.4(Mean{\pm}SD),\;10.0{\pm}1.4$ 및 $54.0{\pm}2.8$ 그리고 $7.9{\pm}2.1,\;9.5{\pm}0.7$ 및 $62.0{\pm}11.3$일이었다. 임선 예에 비해 비 임신견의 발정 휴지기가 길었으며, 발정 주기 사이의 간격은 임선 예가 $246.2{\pm}24.5$일, 비 임신 예은 $175.3{\pm}34.5$일을 나타내어 임신이 되었던 예가 임신이 되지 않았던 예보다 길었다. 발정 주기별 질 상피 세포상의 변화를 보면 발정 전기와 발정기에는 superficial cell, anuclear cell 및 적혈구가, 발정 휴지기에는 parabasal cell, small intermediate cell, large intermediate cell 및 백혈구가, 그리고 무발정기에는 parabasal cell과 small intermediate cell이 주종을 이루었다. Cornification index(CI)는 발정 주기와 발정기에 유의하게 높았다. 발정 주기 중 혈장 progesterone과 estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 농도 사이의 관계를 혈장 progesterone 농도가 최초로 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승한 날을 기준(Day 0)으로 살펴보면, 혈장 progesterone 농도는 발정 출혈 개시 일에 1.0 ng/ml 이하였으나 Day -2에 2.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승하였으며, 혈장 progesterone 농도가 최초로 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승한 날은 최초 교배 허용 후 2일이었다. Day 20일 경에 임신 예 및 비임신 예 모두 40 ng/ml 이상으로 최고치를 나타내었으며 Day 35 일까지 임신 예와 비 임신 예 사이에 차이가 인정되지 않았으나 이후 임신 예가 비 임신 예에 비해 높게 유지된 기간이 걸었다. 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도는 발정 출혈 개시 일에 9 pg/ml 이상을 나타냈으며 이후 급증하여 Day -2 에 26.4 pg/ml로 peak를 나타내었다. CI와 혈장 progesterone 및 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도 사이의 관계를 살펴보면, 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도는 최초 교배 허용 일(Day 0)에 peak를 나타냈고 혈장 progesterone 농도는 Day 2에 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처음 상승하였다. CI 는 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak 이후 l일(Day 1)에 최고치를 나타냈으며 80% 및 90% 이상으로 증가한 날은 각각 Day -1 및 Day 1이었다. CI가 80% 및 90% 이상을 지속한 기간은 각각 Day -1에서 Day 8(10 일간 ) 및 Day 1에서 Day 6(6 일간)이었다. CI가 최고치를 나타낸 후 l일 (Day 2)에 혈장 progesterone 농도가 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처음 증가하였다. 결과를 종합하면 본 연구에서 비글개의 배란은 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak 이후 3일 및 혈장 progesterone 농도가 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처 음 상승한 날에 일어나며, 교배 적기는 CI가 90% 이상으로 증가한 후 2일 이후와 혈장 progesterone 농도가 $2{\sim}25\;ng/ml$인 시기로 생각된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제30권9호
• /
• pp.2125-2128
• /
• 2009

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.179-185
• /
• 2009

In our previous report, we showed that $PPAR{\gamma}$ does not influence adipogenesis in females with functioning ovaries, indicating that $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity on adipogenesis is associated with sex-related factors. Among the sex-related factors, estrogen has been recognized as a major factor in inhibiting adiposgenesis in females. Thus, we hypothensized that $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E) inhibits 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis by preventing $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity. E decreased triglyceirde accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells compared with control group. E also decreased the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA as well as $PPAR{\gamma}$ dependent adipocyte-specific genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$. In addition, E not only decreased luciferase reporter activity by $PPAR{\gamma}$, but also transfection of estrogen receptor $\alpha$ ($ER{\alpha}$) or $ER{\beta}$ led to decreases in $PPAR{\gamma}$ reporter gene activation. Moreover, E-activated ERs significantly decreased the luciferase reporter gene activation induced by $PPAR{\gamma}$ transfection, suggesting that estrogen-activated ERs inhibit $PPAR{\gamma}$-dependent transactivation. Accordingly, our results demonstrate that E inhibits the action of $PPAR{\gamma}$ on adipogenesis through E activated ER, providing evidence that lack of estrogen may potentiate $PPAR{\gamma}$ action on adipogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.411-416
• /
• 1993

We assessed effects of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (oFSH) on the granulose and theca layers from the four largest follicles, $F_1-F_4$ of hens which had been hypophysectomized 12 h before expected ovulation. Ovine LH (0.4 mg), oFSH (0.4 mg) or oLH in combination with oFSH (0.4 mg each) was injected intravenously 6 h after hypophysectomy. Progesterone, testosterone and $estradiol-17{\beta}$ levels of the granulose and theca layers which were removed 6 h after hormone injection, were measured by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone contents of $F_1-F_3$ granulosa layer at 12 h after hypophysectomy were much lower than those of control hens. This reduced progesterone level was restored partially by the injection of oLH alone for $F_1$, while no follicles responded to oFSH treatment. In contrast, the injection of oLH in combination with oFSH resulted in high progesterone content of the granulose layer from all four follicles. Progesterone content of the theca layer was negligible in all treatments. Simultaneous injection of oLH and oFSH also elevated $estradiol-17{\beta}$ level accumulating in the theca layer from all follicles, of which much higher concentrations of $estradiol-17{\beta}$ were observed when comparison were made to each of their corresponding controls. No appreciable change in testosterone contents of two layers was observed in the present experiments. These results suggest that oFSH augments function of oLH to stimulate the production of progesterone in the granulose layer and $estradiol-17{\beta}$ in the theca layer.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.313-319
• /
• 2012

This study investigated the relative degradation of commonly known endocrine-disrupting compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA) and 17${\beta}$-estradiol (E2) using ultrasound (US) and pulsed ultraviolet (PUV) in water. The removal efficiency of BPA and E2 was determined as a function of generating power and $H_{2}O_{2}$ production. The ultrasound and PUV irradiation of the aqueous solution was performed in 3 L and 90 L stainless reactor at a constant temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ with an applied power of 200 W and 2000 W, respectively. The removal of BPA and E2 by US and PUV varied with catalysts. The experiments were conducted under the following conditions: total operating time, 30 min; initial concentration, 1 uM. In the case of E2 (10 min), % removal was 92.5/95.8/87.6/82.4, while % removal of BPA (10 min) was 62.3/82.3/91.1/67.0/64.3 in various conditions (PUV, $PUV+H_2O_2$, PUV+wire mesh, $PUV+TiO_2$ coated wire mesh), respectively.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.349-354
• /
• 1990

The effects of $PGF2{\alpha}$ on the conception rate and the plasma levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone of anestrus Cheju mares were investigated at the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results obtained from this studies are as follows; 1. The durations of the estrus and diestrus after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment persisted shorter than control cycle (p<0.05), but ovulation time was fast. 2. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesteron before $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment showed 103.8pg/ml, 8.0ng/ml in breeding season and 72.8pg/ml, 4.7ng/ml in non-breeding season, respectively. 3. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ rose to 115.4~154.0pg/ml, and 90.8~27.0pg/ml from 2nd to 6th day after the treatment of $PGF_2{\alpha}$, in breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively, while progesterone level dropped to 1ng/ml with the sign of estrus and at 8th day rose in breeding season (p<0.05). 4. Of thirty anestrus mares investigated for $PGF_2{\alpha}$ administration, 87.5% showed estrus on an average of 3.8 days after treatment and the conception rate was 62.5% in breeding season, but the estrus and conception rates dropped 40% and 20% in non-breeding season, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.191-200
• /
• 1994

The influence of hypoxanthine and ovarian steroids on the meiotic maturation process of mouse oocytes was investigated for the qualified application of culture medium in in vitro fertilization(IVF). Mouse oocytes were cultured in hypoxanthine and various ovarian steroids(progesterone, estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone) and their effects on the oocyte maturation had been observed. When mouse oocytes were cultured in the various concentration(1-4mM) of hypoxanthine, meiotic maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes was inhibited by presence itself, which was a dose-dependent effect in meiotic arrest of mouse oocytes. The presence of progesterone, estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone have made the mouse oocyte mature properly. Meanwhile maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocyte was severely inhibited by 3 hoursculture in the media of progesterone supplemented with hypoxanthine. However the continuous presence lasting 24 hours of progesterone even supplemented with hypoxanthine had got rid of the inhibition of oocytes maturation. Not only estradiol-17${\beta}$ supplemented with hypoxanthine but also testosterone supplemented with hypoxanthine exert the severe inhibition of the maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes for 3-hours culture. However the continuous presence lasting 24 hours of estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone even supplemented with· hypoxanthine had relieved the inhibition of oocytes maturation. These results make us suggest that hypoxanthine inhibits the mouse oocyte maturation, particularly markedly in conjunction with ovarian steroids for short period, which indicated some sort of the synergistic inhibitory retationship between the ovarian steroids and hypoxanthine.