• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2007년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.7-10
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• 2007

The 1st order vertical network of Korea was adjusted in 1987 at first time. This is the second adjustment of the 1st order vertical network of Korea by National Geographic Information Institute. All the levelling data were acquired by digital level with invar staff. The number of 1st order level lines are 36, and 34 level lines comprise 11 circles of level network. Backward and forward error of a few level lines are larger than the regulations of NGII, Korea. Also, 3 circles of vertical network has circuit closure error that is exceed the regulation. As the result of 1st order vertical network adjustment, the reference standard error of the vertical network was $1.8mm/{\surd}km$.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2008

우리나라 1등 수준망은 1974년부터 1986년간 관측된 자료를 1987년 동시 조정된 바 있다. 이후, 국토지리정보원에서는 2001년부터 2006년까지 전자레벨과 바코드 함척을 이용하여 1등 수준망에 대한 직접수준측량 실시하였고, 본 연구는 이들 관측자료 분석 및 수준망 조정 결과이다. 우리나라 1등 수준망은 총 36개 노선으로 구성되어 있는데, 그 중 34노선이 11개 폐합 환을 구성한다. 1등 수준측량 관측자료 중 4개 노선은 1등 수준측량 허용 왕복차를 초과하였으며, 3개 수준환은 허용 환 폐합차를 초과하였다. 수준점간 왕복차의 표준오차(${\eta}_1$)는 $0.2{\sim}1.7mm/{\surd}km$, 환 폐합차의 표준오차(${\eta}_2$)는 $2.0mm/{\surd}km$로 IGA의 고정밀 수준측량기준을 충족하였다. 1등 수준망은 1점(수준원점) 고정방식에 의한 망조정이 수행되었으며, 기준 표준오차($\hat{{\sigma}_0}$)는 $1.8mm/{\surd}km$로, 1987년 1등 수준망 조정의 기준 표준오차($\hat{{\sigma}_0}$)보다 2배 향상된 결과이다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1983

콘투어 맷칭을 위한 1차 유사도와 2차 유사도가 제안되었다. 그것들은 최소자승법에 의한 것이다. 특히 2차 유사도는 콘투어의 불완전함 혹은 어파인 변환 혹은 이들 특성의 결합같은 왜곡된 변화에 양호한 신뢰도를 가지고 있다는 사실을 비행기 기종의 판별과 인식하는 실험을 통하여 증명하였다. 또한 맷칭 성능에 있어서 2차 유사도가 1차 유사도뿐만 아니라 기존의 맷칭기법들보다 우수함을 보였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1465-1481
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• 2011

The accuracy of ozone sensitivity coefficients estimated with HDDM (High-order Decoupled Direct Method) can vary depending on the $NO_x$ (Nitrogen Oxides) and VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) conditions. In order to evaluate the applicability of HDDM over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) during a high ozone episode in 2007 June, we compare BFM (Brute Force Method) and HDDM in terms of the $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to explain ozone change in response to changes in NOx and VOC emissions, and the $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to represent nonlinear response of ozone to the emission changes. BFM and HDDM estimate comparable ozone sensitivity coefficients, exhibiting similar spatial and temporal variations over the SMAduring the episode. NME (Normalized Mean Error) between BFM and HDDM for the episode average $1^{st}$- and $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficients to NOx and VOC emissions are less than 3% and 9%, respectively. For the daily comparison, NME for the $1^{st}$- and $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficients are less than 4% ($R^2$ > 0.96) and 15% ($R^2$ > 0.90), respectively. Under the emission conditions used in this study, two methods show negative episode average $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to $NO_x$ emissions over the core SMA. The $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to $NO_x$ emissions leads ozone to respond muchnonlinear to the reduction in $NO_x$ emissions over Seoul. Nonlinear ozone response to reduction in VOC emissions is mitigated due to the $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient which is much smaller than the $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to the emissions in the magnitude.

• 치과방사선
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.501-511
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the position and shape of mental foramen in periapical radiographs. For this study, periapical radiographs of premolar areas were obtained from the 200 adults. Accordingly, the positional and shape changes of mental foramen were evaluated. The authors obtained radiographs according to changes in radiation beam direction in periapical radiographs of premolar areas, and then evaluated the positional and shape changes of mental foramen. The following results were obtained: 1. Shapes of mental foramen were observed elliptical(34.3％), round or oval(28.0％), unidentified(25.5％) and diffuse(12.2％) type in descending order of frequency. 2. Horizontal positions of mental foramen were most frequently observed at the 2nd premolar area(55.3％), the area between the 1st premolar and 2nd premolar(39.6％), the area between the 2nd premolar and 1st molar(3.4％), the 1st premolar area(1.0％), the area between the canine and 1st premolar(0.7％) in descending order of frequency. 3. Vertical positions of mental foramen were most frequently observed at the inferior to apex(67.1％), and at apex(24.8％), overlap with apex(6.4％), superior to apex(1.7％) in descending order of frequency. 4. Shapes of mental foramen were more obviously observed at the upward 10° positioned periapical radiographs. And according to the changes of horizontal and vertical position, they were observed similar to normally positioned periapical radiographs.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.569-574
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• 2010

The full bridge converter have been used for high power system that is needed to switch the big current. So, EMI and stability problem is occurred. The Soft switching method is the solution to solve the above problem, But implementation of soft switching(ZVS: Zero Voltage Switching) is so complicate and expensive because of the DSP MCU and shift circuit. In this paper, we introduce the technical method for driving circuit of ZVS full bridge converter with 1st order delay circuit and logic elements. The realization of this method is so simple and cheap. The effectiveness of the proposed circuit is verified by experimental results.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.4232-4241
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• 1976

This study was carried out to clarify the stochastic characteristics of monthly rainfalls and to select a proper model for generating the sequential monthly rainfall amounts. The results abtained are as follows: 1. Log-Normal distribution function is the best fit theoretical distribution function to the empirical distribution of monthly rainfall amounts. 2. Seasonal and random components are found to exist in the time series of monthly rainfall amounts and non-stationarity is shown from the correlograms. 3. The Monte Carlo model shows a tendency to underestimate the mean values and standard deviations of monthly rainfall amounts. 4. The 1st order Markov model reproduces means, standard deviations, and coefficient of skewness with an error of ten percent or less. 5. A correlogram derived from the data generated by 1st order Markov model shows the charaterstics of historical data exactly. 6. It is concluded that the 1st order Markov model is superior to the Monte Carlo model in their reproducing ability of stochastic properties of monthly rainfall amounts.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.190-200
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• 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine influences by the order, Reduction and Reinforcement in Acupuncture on cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure(MABP)] in normal rats. Methods: This experiments was to to investigate eath other changes of rCBF and MABP at Xingjian(LR2)(1st) Shaofu(HT8)(2nd) Reduction, Xingjian(LR2)(1st) Shaofu(HT8)(2nd) Reinforcement, Shaofu(HT8)(1st) Xingjian(LR2)(2st) Reduction and Shaofu(HT8)(1st) Xingjian(LR2)(2st) Reduction in Acupuncture. Results: 1. LR2(1st) HT8(2nd) Reduction in Acupuncture was decreased rCBF and MABP in compared with normal condition. 2. LR2(1st) HT8(2nd) Reinforcement in Acupuncture was significantly decreased rCBF, and was decreased MABP in compared with normal condition. 3. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reduction in Acupuncture was decreased rCBF during acupuncture but was recovered rCBF after with-drawing of the neddle. 4. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reduction in Acupuncture was decreased MABP during acupuncture and after withdrawing of the neddle. 5. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reinforcement in Acupuncture was significantly increased rCBF during acupuncture and 30min after withdrawing of the neddle. 6. HT8(1st) LR2(2st) Reinforcement in Acupuncture was decreased MABP during acupuncture, but was recovered MABP after withdrawing of the neddle. Conclusions: I suggested that LR2 HT8 Reduction in Acupuncture and LR2 HT8 Reinforcement in Acupuncture cause a diverse response of cerebral hemodynas.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-52
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• 1991

This study deals with the evolutional history of the holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Korea. Fisheries resources have the basic characteristics of the density dependent self-regulating renewable and common property resources, Irrational utilization of fisheries resources is mainly due to the unlimited access to the resources. The holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Koryo era was opened to everyone. But it was nationalized in the early Yi Dynasty. The purpose of its nationalization was to provent the paticular powered-man with their monoplized holding and to levy fisheries tax. Eoeop-peop, the first modern fisheries law in Korea, was enacted as a part of the invasion policy of Japan in 1908. With the japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, the Japanese Government established a new institutional system of fisheries as a part of an overall reformation of the institutional for an implementation of the colonial policy. It was very the new enacted Fisheries Law (Gyogyorei). Also the Government enacted compulsorily another new Fisheries Law (Chosen Gyogyorei) with its adjunct laws and regulations revise the institutional system of fisheries on May 1, 1930. After Eoeop-peop enactment, the fisheries resources in Korea could be used only under the license, permission, and statement. After Korea was from Japan in 1945, Korea Government at last enacted the new fisheries law (Susaneop-peop) in 1953. The goal of Susaneop-peop was to achive the general usage and protection of the fisheries resources, and to attain the development and democratization of the fishery in Korea. This law was amended 13 times until 1990. The license fishery have a legal right on the fishery, called a fishery rigt. This right means a right of exclusive occupation and utilization of a unit of the inshore fishing grounds. The main evolutional issues of license fishery are as the following : 1) the foundation of the exclusive usable fishery right(1911, Gyogyorei), 2) the deletion of the settled U9space lift net and settled space sein net fishery, and the expansion of the cooperative fishery-No.1, 2, and 3 type cooperative fishery-(3rd amendment, 1963), 3) the deletion of the No.2 and 3 type cooperative fishery, and the separation of the culturing fishery in No.1 and 2 type culturing fishery (13th amendment, 1990). The effective period of the license fishery was amended as the following : 1) 1908(Eoeop-peop) : within 10 years, renovation system, 2) 1929(Chosen Gyogyorei) : within 10 years, unlimited extension system, 3) 1971. 7th amendment : 10 years, renovation system, 4) 1972. 8th amendment : 10 years, only 1 extension system, 5) 1975. 9th amendment : 5-10 years, only 1 extension system, 6) 1990.13th amendment : 10 years, within 10 years of total extensional years. The priority order of the fishery license was established in 1953 (Susaneop-peop). The amendment of it is as follows : 1) 1953. enactment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is extablished 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the rest experienced fishermen 2) 1971. 9th amendment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is established 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 4th order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen 3) 1981. 10th amendment \circled1 the inside of No.1 type cooperative fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd orer : the rest experienced fishermen 4) 1990. 13th amendment \circled1 No.1 type cultural fishery 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 No.2 type cultural and settle fisher : general priority order The effective period of the permission fishery was amended 6 timed. First, it was within 5 years and renovation system (Eoeop-peop). Now it is 5 years and renovation system. The effective period of the statement fishery was amended 4 times. First, it was within 5 years, and then was amended within 3 years(Chonsen Gyogyorei). Now it is 5 years.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제28권B호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2008

When the existing polder levee was constructed, the river's numerical analysis decided the bank raise by applying the planned flood stage or by using the result from the sectional 1st dimensional numerical analysis. But, it was presented that there is a limitation in the 1st dimensional value analysis when the structure like the polder levee obstructs the special shaped running water flow. Therefore, in order to verify the numerical value applicability when the polder levee is constructed, this report compared each other through the 1st and 2nd dimensional numerical analysis and the mathematical principle model laboratory. In case of the polder levee construction through the numerical analysis and the mathematical principle model laboratory, it was decided that there was no big problem in the 1st dimensional numerical analysis applied design, considering the uncertainty of mathematical principle analysis though the first dimensional numerical analysis was calculated a little bigger than the second. But, after construction, it was found that the water level deviation of the 1st, 2nd occurred biggest at the place where the flow was divided into two. Also, as a result of comparing the 1st, 2nd dimensional numerical analysis with the mathematical principle model laboratory, it was confirmed that the 1st numerical analysis applied design decreased the modal safety largely, as the left side water level was calculated smaller more than 0.5m in case of the 1st dimensional numerical analysis.