• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 1996

To study the effect of dietary $\omega 6/\omega 3$ fatty acid ratios on the preneoplastic lesions and lipid peroxidation in rat hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis, placental glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci area and numbers, glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5 different diets-low $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio with fish oil (Low-F), low $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio with perilia oil(Low-P), moderate ratio with perilia oil(Moderate), blend of 10 different commercial fats and oils(High-BL) and high $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio(High)-for 8 weeks. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by modified Ito model. The area of GST-P positive loci was the lowest in Moderate group and in ascending order of Low-F < Low-P < High-BL < High. But statistically, only Moderate and High groups were significantly different. The number of GST-P positive foci showed the same trend as foci area. The activities of G6Pase, membrane stability marker, were increased as $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio decreased. Lipid peroxidation values (TBARS) were the lowest in Low-F group and it is significantly different from Moderate, High-BL and High groups. When dietary $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio was moderate(4.06), hepatocarcinogenesis was suppressed compared with high or low $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratios. Blend fat, commonly consumed among Koreans, did not show any suppressive effect on carcinogenesis because of high ratio(6.7). These results suggest that dietary $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio influences hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis. It is recommended that appropriate $\omega 6/\omega 3$ ratio should be around 4.0. and we recommend to use more $\omega 3$ fatty acid in food preparation to reduce the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.315-326
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• 2017

본 연구는 차세대 랫드에서 혈액 지질 감소에 관한 식이 내 오메가 6와 3 지방산 비율의 생화학적 메카니즘을 조사하였다. 실험처리군은 오메가 6:오메가 3비율 0 (대조구), 1:1, 8:1, 19:1로 구분하였다. 혈액 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤, 저밀도지질단백질(LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose의 수준은 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 1:1 그룹에서 가장 낮았다. 혈액 고밀도지질단백질(HDL-C), 인지질의 수준은 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 1:1 그룹이 가장 높았다. HMG-CoA reductase activity는 전체 저리구 가운데 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 1:1, 8:1 그룹에서 가장 강하게 억제되었으나 분을 통한 스테롤의 배설량은 촉진되었다. 혈액 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율은 섭취한 식이 내 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 증가에 따른 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 본 연구결과는 부모 세대로부터 차세대 랫드에 이르기까지 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율이 8:1 이하로 낮아진 식이를 섭취하면 영양소 대사작용 활성화 메카니즘에 의한 혈액 중 유해지질 감소, 간 기능 유지 및 성장을 자극한다는 새로운 사실을 나타낸다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.897-905
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• 1998

Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), a $\omega$3 series fatty acid and arachidonic acid(AA). a $\omega$6 series fatty acid were found in relatively high concentrations in the phospholipids(PLs) of cell membranes of nerve tissues, and they can be affected by various factors. The present study examined the effects of dietary $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition on P/M/S and on $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid ratios in brain PLs of 2nd generation rats. The expeimental diets consisted of 10% fat(by wt), which were computer- searched mixed oil('M') with P/M/S ratio, 1 : 1.4 : 1 and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio, 6 : 1 and safflower oil('S') poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids. The experimental diets were started 3-4 wks prior to conception. During the lactation period, the feeding mothers were switched 1 wk after birth and provided the pups for 2 wks with milk which had compositions different from that of their natural mother. The same diet as their mothers was provided from weaning to 9 wks of age. The 'M'and 'S' rats were again subdivided into MM, MS, SS, SM rats according to diet which their lactating mothers were fed from the begining of the experiment. The relative percentage of P/M/S fatty acids in brain PLs in all experimental groups converged to a very similar value at 9 wks of age, indicating the existence of a control mechanism for the degree of fatty acids, unsaturation. The $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid ratios of brain PLs converged to about 1.0 in MM & SM groups and to 0.7 in SS & MS groups, suggesting also the existence of some balance between $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acids in developing rat brain. The concentrations of $\omega$3 fatty acids, especially DHA, in the SM group were increased and became similar to those in MM group at 9 wks of age. The increase in DHA of brain PLs was counterbalanced b)r a decrease in 22 5$\omega$6. Therefore, the ratios of 22 : 6$\omega$6/22 : 5$\omega$6 were higher in both MM & SM groups than those of SS & MS groups at 9 wak of age. Although dietary $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acids affected 22 : 6$\omega$S and 22 : 5$\omega$6 contained in rat brain PLs reciprocally, the relative percentage of AA did not appear to be significantly influenced by the diet in all groups at 9 wks of age, suggesting that a mechanism for the maintenance of a certain level of AA in brain PLs exists. In conclusion, the $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid and 22 : 6$\omega$3/22 : 5$\omega$6 ratios, but not P/M/S ratio, of rat brain PLs were affected by the postnatal dietary changes. Futher studies are required to clarify the mechanism(S) of ensuring a certain level of DHA and of maintaining a similar level of AA in rat brain PLs after. weaning(9 wk) regardless of prenatal and postnatal dietary changes. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) : 897-905, 1998)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.360-367
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to study the different long term effects of consumption of dietary oil sources with varying omega-6/omega-3 (${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios on bone marrow fatty acid level, ex vivo prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) release, and mineral content of bone in rabbits. MATERIALS/METHODS: For this purpose, weaning and female New Zealand white rabbits were purchased and randomly divided into five groups and offered ad libitum diets containing 70 g/kg of added oil for 100 days. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated to provide the following ratios of ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ fatty acids: 8.68 soy bean oil (SBO control), 21.75 sesame oil (SO), 0.39 fish oil (FO), 0.63 algae oil (DHA), and 0.68 algae oils (DHA/ARA). DHA and ARA are two types of marine microalgae of the genus Crypthecodinium cohnii. RESULTS: The dietary treatments had significant effects on the bone marrow fatty acids of rabbits. Rabbits fed the FO diet, containing the highest ${\omega}-3$ PUFA concentration, and those fed the SBO diet showed the highest ${\omega}-6$ PUFA. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between Ex vivo $PGE_2$ level and the ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ dietary ratio. Significant effects of dietary treatment on femur Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents were observed in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the current study clearly demonstrated that dietary PUFA, particularly ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ and ARA/EPA ratios are important factors in determining bone marrow fatty acid profile, and this in turn determines the capacity of bone for synthesis of $PGE_2$, thereby reducing bone resorption and improving bone mass during growth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.849-860
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• 1996

The supply of different fatty acids during the development period has significant effects. This study examined the effects of dietary $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acid compositions on phospholipids (PLs) of RBC and rat brain subcellular fractions (synaptosome, microsome, mitochondria), and on learning ability of the 2nd generation rat. Rats were fed experimental diets 3-4 wks prior to the conception. Early in the lactation period, the feeding mothers were exchanged. Diets consisted of 10% fat(by weight), which was either safflower oil('S') poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids or computer-searched mixed oil('M') with P/M/S ratio, 1/1.4/1 and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio, 6.1/1. The 'S' and 'M' rats were subdivided further into SS, SM, MS & MM rats according to their lactation stauts. At 3 (weaning) & 9 wks of age, the percentage of total $\omega$3 fatty acids to their lactation status. At 3 (weaning) & 9 wks of age, the percentage of total $\omega$3 fatty acids and the ratios of $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acids in PLs of RBC and brain subcellular fractions in SM and MM groups fed milk from the mixed oil-fed mothers for 2 wks tended to be higher than those in SS and MS groups respectively. In contrast, the concentrations of $\omega$6 fatty acids, especially 22:5$\omega$6 in all fractions, were significantly lower in the SM & MM groups compared to those of the SS & MS groups respectively. In contrast, the concentration of $\omega$6 fatty acids, especially 22:5$\omega$6 in all fractions, were significantly lower in the SM & MM groups compared to those of the SS & MS groups, The values for the DHA$\omega$3/22:5$\omega$6 ratios after the lactation period were markedly higher in the groups (SM & MM) which were reared by mixed oil(MO) fed mothers. In carring out Y-water maze at 9th wk of age, the SM(4.2$\pm$0.5) & MM (5.3$\pm$0.5) groups made significantly less errors compared to the SS(6.2$\pm$0.6, p<0.05 compared with SM) & MM (7.2$\pm$0.5, p<0.05 compared with MM) groups which were lactated by the safflower oilfed mothers. Therefore, by feeding a balanced fatty acid diet from the lactation period up to 9 wks of age as compared with the groups fed $\omega$3 fatty acid-deficient diet regardless of mother's diet given before parturition. The levels of DHA(synaptosome) and 22:5$\omega$3 (mitochondria) were positively correlated not only with these values in RBC but also with visual discriminating ability. The levels of DHA and 22:5$\omega$3 in RBC can, therfore, reflect visual discriminatng ability in the rat.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2007

This study was designed to evaluate the balance of fatty acids for the Korean style broiled beef and pork ingredient of the rate of mixture oil with sesame oil, soybean oil and perilla oil, by self-developed computer program. Each 3 kinds of Korean style broiled beef and pork by the rate of mixure oil with sesame oil, soybean oil and perilla oil, were evaluated by using the self-developed computer program. Contents of calories were 415.6kcal in Korean style broiled beef, 656.3 kcal in Korean style broiled pork. The mean of protein were 41.35g, Korean style broiled beef, 32.66g, Korean style broiled pork. The ratio of C/P/F ratio of Korean style broiled beef and pork, 21/ 40/ 39, 10/ 20/ 70. The mean P/ M/ S of fatty acids in Korean style broiled beef and pork ratio was similar $0.4{\sim}0.5/\;1.4{\sim}1.5/\;1$. The ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ ratio of fatty acids of Korean style broiled beef and pork using sesame oil was 54.3, 56.9 much higher than desirable $level(4{\sim}8)$. But the ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ ratio of fatty acids of Korean style broiled beef using mixture oil with sesame oil, soybean oil and perilla oil were 4.6, 4.2 desirable $level(4{\sim}8)$, Korean style broiled pork using mixture oil with sesame oil, soybean oil and perilla oil were 3.0, 6.2. It means the ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ ratio of fatty acids of Korean style broiled beef and pork was improved of desirable level respectively by using the mixture oil with sesame oil, soybean oil and perilla oil, than using sesame oil.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2018

The objective of this research was to determine the grain oil most suitable for the production of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) in China, in order to supply dietary omega-3 FAs. This study focused on the nutritional significance of omega-3 FAs and the wide search of sources of dietary omega-3 FA from oil grains produced in China. Five oil grains produced in the Yanbian region, namely sesame, flax, peanut, soybean, and corn, were selected and analyzed for their fat content and FA composition. Results showed that the lipid content in sesame, flax, and peanut, which was more than 30%, was higher than that in soybean and corn. The polyunsaturated FA content was found to be directly proportional to omega-3 FA content. Flax showed a considerably higher omega-3 FA content (53.43%) than other samples, suggesting its potential as a source of dietary omega-3 FA. The optimal daily intake of flax for males and females was determined to be 2.99 g (over one table spoon) and 2.06 g (nearly one table spoon), respectively. Flax showed the lowest ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 FA (0.32%), which can help reduce this ratio in the human body; the intake of equal amounts of flax and corn could achieve an optimum ratio of 1:1. These results can prove to be valuable in the preparation of various functional dairy foods in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2002

Purpose of this study was to compare serum phospholipid fatty acid composition of obese children with that of normal weight children reside in Kangnung area. Subjects were consisted of 56(41 boys and 15 girls) moderately or severely obese elementary school children, and age and sex-matched normal weight children as a control group. Level of serum phospholipid fatty acids was measured by thin layer chromatography(TLC) followed by gas chromatography(GLC). for male subjects, serum triglyceride(121 $\pm$ 4.7mg/dl) and total cholesterol(180 $\pm$ 37.1mg/dl) concentrations were significantly(p < 0.05) higher in obese group than those for control group(81.5 $\pm$ 2.5mg/dl and 161 $\pm$ 32.0mg/dl, respectively). Obese group showed significantly higher percentage of serum phospholipid myristic acid(C14:0) than the value for control group in both male and female subjects. Obese male subjects had significantly higher percentages of palmitoleic acid(16 : 1), oleic acid(18 : 1), dihomo-${\gamma}$-linoleic acid(20 : 3, $\omega$6) and docosatetraenoic acid(22 : 4, $\omega$6), and lower percentages of eicosenoic acid(20 : 1, $\omega$6), docosapentaenoic acid(22 : 5, $\omega$6), EPA(22 : 5, $\omega$3) and DHA (22 : 6, $\omega$3) compared to values for control male subjects. For male subjects, obese group showed significantly higher ratios of 16 : 1($\omega$9)/16 : 0 and 18 : 1($\omega$9)/18 : 0, and significantly lower ratios of 22 : 5($\omega$6)/22 4($\omega$6), and 22 : 6($\omega$3)/22 : 5($\omega$3) compacted to values for the control group. But there was not significant differences in elongation and desaturation indices of serum phospholipids fatty acid metabolism between obese and control group in female subjects. Most of anthropometric measurements related to obesity were negatively correlated with the percentages of PUFA, $\omega$3 fatty acids or DHA(22 : 6, $\omega$3), and positively correlated with the percentage of myristic acid(14 : 0) or $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio in serum phospholipids. Serum triglyceride concentration was negatively correlated with the percentage of PUFA or $\omega$3 fatty acids, and positively correlated with $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio in serum phospholipids. These results indicate that obesity related changes in blood lipid levels and metabolism are more significant in male subjects than in female subjects. Also changes in serum phospholipid fatty acid composition observed in obese children appear to demonstrate the increased susceptibility of these children to cardiovascular disease and other related chronic diseases.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.126-136
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• 1998

This study was designed to determine the effects of linoleic acid contents and $\omega$ 6/$\omega$3 ratios on the induction of gastric ulcer by water immersion and restraint stress. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5diets containing 7% fat(w/w) for 6weeks. These diet groups were Lh, Mh, Hh, Mm, Ml, : 3 different linoleic acid levels(0.3% of energy(L). 3.5(M), 10(H) and 3 different $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios (11(1), 33(m), 100(h) with beef tallow, sunflower or fish oil. The Lh group showed a significantly higher ulcer index (UI) than the Mh and Hh groups(p<0.05). At the same linoleic levels, the UI had no significant difference within the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios. The Mh group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) PGE2 and TBX2 content than any other group. Pearson's correlation coeffcients between UI and PGE2 and TBX2 had a negatively significant correlation(p<0.05). Linoleic acid of gastric mucosal phospholipids was reflected by the diet, but was not significantly different. The most significant finding of this study is that not only the absolute amount of linoleic acid, but also the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios are important factors for the prevention of gastric ulcer.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.14-24
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• 1997

동면 어류인 미꾸라지를 일정시기(산란기전:5월, 산란기후:8월, 동면직전:11월, 동면직후:3월) 별로 채취한 다음 자.웅별 전육질부를 시료로 취하여 지방질과 중성 및 인지질 조성을 분석, 검토하였다. 중성지질이 구성지질의 대부분을 이루었고 다음은 인지질, 당지질순이었으며 그 조성과 변화 pattern이 자.웅이 거의 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 3월 이후 중성지질의 조성비가 점차 많아져 8월에는 90% 가까이 증가하였고 이후 점차 감소하여 이듬해 3월이 가장 많았다. 중성지질과 인지질 중에는 각각 triglyceride와 phosphatidyl choline 조성이 가장 많았으며 그 함량은 8월에 최고치를, 3월에 최소치를 나타내었다. 중성지질의 주요 지방산은 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3($\omega$3) 등으로 이중 16:1 조성은 인지질보다 월등히 많았고 20:4($\omega$6), 20:3($\omega$3), 22:6($\omega$3) 등 고도 polyene산은 훨씬 적게 분포되었다. 중성지질의 지방산중 16:0 조성은 연중 거의 변화가 없었으나 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3($\omega$3)은 3월보다 5월이 2~4% 정도 높았고 고도 polyene산 조성은 그만큼 적었다. 이중 16:1 조성은 5월 이후 계속 줄어든 반면, 18:1, 18:2 w성은 11월까지 거의 비슷하였다. 또, 8월에는 18:0, 14:1, 17:1 조성의 증갈 포화 및 monoene산 조성이 다소 높아지고 고도 polyene산 조성은 더욱 줄어들어 불포화도가 최소치를 나타내었다. 11월부터는 그 반댈 포화 및 monoene산 조성이 점차 줄어들어 동면 직후인 3월에는 18:0, 16:1, 18:1 등 대부분의 포화산과 monoene산 및 18:2 조성이 더 큰 폭으로 떨어졌고 20:1, 20:4($\omega$6), 20:5($\omega$3), 22:6($\omega$3) 조성비는 그 만큼 더 높아지는 경향이었다. 인지질은 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 20:4($\omega$6), 20:5($\omega$3)이 주요 지방산이었고 3월과 5월 사이에 포화산과 monoene산 조성은 거의 차이가 없었으나 polyene산 조성은 중성지질과 비슷하게 변화였다. 8월에는 16:0, 18:0 등 주로 포화산 조성이 높아지고 고도 polyene산 조성은 그만큼 줄었으나 11월부터는 16:0, 18:0과 18:1, 18:2, 18:3($\omega$3) 조성이 다시 줄고 대부분의 고도 polyene산 조성은 점차 많아져 이듬해 3월에는 중성지질과 마찬가지로 불포화도가 더 큰 폭으로 커지고 특히 18:2, 18:3($\omega$3)과 20:4($\omega$6)와 22:6($\omega$3)의 변화가 두드러졌다.