• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2024

In this study, the anti-obesity effect of Geranium wilfordii Maxim. extract was studied using 3T3-L1 cells. Geranium wilfordii Maxim. was extracted with water (NG-GT-T1L), 10% ethanol (NG-GT-T2L), 30% ethanol (NG-GT-T3L), 50% ethanol (NG-GT-T4L), 70% ethanol (NG-GT-T5L), and the effects on cell viability, lipid accumulation, triglyceride content, and protein expression in 3T3-L1 cells were confirmed. It was confirmed that NG-GT-T3L extract was superior to other extract conditions in reducing lipid accumulation and triglyceride content in the concentration range that did not show cytotoxicity. In addition, it was confirmed to suppress adipogenesis and lipogenesis by reducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α(C/EBPα) proteins that regulate adipogenesis, decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) proteins that regulate lipogenesis, and increasing the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein. From these research results, Geranium wilfordii Maxim. NG-GT-T3L extract is believed to have anti-obesity reduction effects through suppressing lipid accumulation and triglyceride accumulation and regulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related proteins.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.443-448
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate changes of blood metabolites and enzyme activities at different slaughter ages of Hanwoo cattle. Blood samples were taken from six hundred thirty two steers (24~33 months of age) and one hundred twenty eight bulls (17~24 months of age) by venipuncture from caudal vein immediately prior to slaughter. Glucose concentrations were linearly increased (P<0.001) with increases of the slaughter age in steers, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were linearly decreased (P<0.001) with increases of the slaughter age in steers. Likewise, glucose and albumin concentrations in bulls were linearly decreased (P=0.009 and P<0.001, respectively) with increases of the slaughter age. BUN, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol concentrations were linearly increased (P<0.001, 0.018 and 0.002, respectively), and creatinine concentrations were quadratically increased (P=0.009) with increases of the slaughter age. Activity of gamma glutamyltransferase (${\gamma}$-GT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was linearly increased (P<0.001) with increases of the slaughter age in both steers and bulls, whereas alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was not affected by increasing slaughter age. In addition, the concentrations of ${\gamma}$-GT and AST were higher (P<0.05) for bulls than those of steers at 24 months of age. Increased levels of ${\gamma}$-GT and AST indicate impaired liver function; it may be associated with increases of concentrate level which is a concomitant of the extended fattening periods in Hanwoo feeding. In conclusion, the results in the present study may be one of the useful information for diagnosis of the metabolic disorder in Hanwoo cattle.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2005

Objectives : The present study attempted to reveal the effects of the combination of Fel Ursi and Bezoar on the improvement of the function of the liver, through examining the effects of Fel Ursi, Bezoar, and Woong-Whang Tang composed of Fel Ursi and Bezoar. Method : Acute hepatitis was induced by galactosamine to rats, and then Fel Ursi, Bezoar Bovis, and Woong-Whang Tang were introjected to measure the influence of serums such as AST, ALT, ALP, ${\gamma}GT$, and lipid peroxide of liver tissues which are considered as the index of the function of the liver. Results : 1. Fel Ursi decreased the lipid peroxide of ALT, ${\gamma}FT$, and liver tissue and that of mitochondria in liver tissues of the rats with galactosamine-induced acute hepatitis, but it did not have any significant effect on AST and ALP. 2. Bezoar Bovis decreased the lipid peroxide of AST, ALT, ALP, ${\gamma}GT$, and the liver tissues among serum of the rats suffering from acute hapatitis induced by galactosamine, but it did not have any significant effect on that of mitochondria of the liver tissues. 3. Woong-Whang Tang had a significant effects on the lipid peroxide of AST, ALT, ALP, ${\gamma}GT$, and the liver tissues, and on the decrease of lipid peroxide of mitochondria, among serum of the rats suffering from acute hapatitis induced by galactosamine. Conclusion : Fel Ursi and Bezoar Bovis were judged to be effective on the acute hepatitis of the liver by galactosamine. In particular, Woong-Whang Tang which was composed of the combination of Fel Ursi and Bezoar Bovis was more efficient in the improvement of the function of the liver and the amount of lipid peroxide than the respective use of Fel Ursi or Bezoar Bovis.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2013

This study was carried out to examine the action mechanism of Chamaecyparis obtusa oil (CO) on hair growth in C57BL/6 mice. For alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GT) activities in the skin tissue, at week 4, the 3% minoxidil (MXD) and 3% CO treatment groups showed an ALP activity that was significantly higher by 85% (p < 0.001) and 48% (p < 0.05) and an ${\gamma}$-GT activity that was significantly higher by 294% (p < 0.01) and 254% (p < 0.05) respectively, as compared to the saline (SA) treatment group. For insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression in the skin tissue, at week 4, the MXD and CO groups showed a significantly higher expression by 204% (p < 0.05) and 426% (p < 0.01) respectively, as compared to the SA group. At week 4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the MXD and CO groups showed a significantly higher expression by 74% and 96% (p < 0.05) respectively, however, epidermal growth factor (EGF) expression in the MXD and CO groups showed a significantly lower expression by 66% and 61% (p < 0.05) respectively, as compared to the SA group. Stem cell factor (SCF) expression in the MXD and CO groups was observed by immunohis-tochemistry as significant in a part of the bulge around the hair follicle and in a part of the basal layer of the epidermis. Taking all the results together, on the basis of effects on ALP and ${\gamma}$-GT activity, and the expression of IGF-1, VEGF and SCF, which are related to the promotion of hair growth, it can be concluded that CO induced a proliferation and division of hair follicle cells and maintained the anagen phase. Because EGF expression was decreased significantly, CO could delay the transition to the catagen phase.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2003

The hair cycle consists of three phases, growth (anagen), involution (catagen) and quiescence (telogen) phases. In order to evaluate hair re-growth effect of herbal extracts mixture containing the 70％ ethanol extracts of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Mori Cortex Radicis, Gingko Biloba Folium and Pine bud, we have examined the induction of the anagen phase and/or elongation of the anagen period using C3H mice. Morphological examination was done by Hattori' and Ogawa's method. Enzyme activities of ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was detected by Bessey-Lovry-Brock's method. Enzyme activity as a biochemical marker of hair cycle was investigated in the third hair cycle period of C3H mice after depilation. 3％ Minoxidil treated group and herbal extract mixture treated group were shown 3 days earlier initiation of anagen than control group. In cycling mouse skin, ${\gamma}$-GT activity is pronounced during anagen and greatly diminished during telogen. Herbal extract mixture has shown promising hair re-growth effect on hair follicular cycles of C3H mice.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2006

The chickens fed with the feeds supplemented with green tea(GT) and lactic acid bacteria(LB) were infected orally with 10,000 oocysts per chicken of E. maxima. The groups administered with the feeds supplemented with GT by 0.5% and 2.0% of feed showed the significant levels of decreasing in the number of oocysts shed for 5 days after E. maxima infection. The feeds supplemented with LB by 0.1% and 0.5% of feed were less effective in reducing the number of the fecal oocyst, compared with the groups administered with GT. To evaluate the immunoregulatory effects of the feed additives, the expression patterns of IL-2 and IFN-r in spleen cells were studied by RT-PCR and ELISA. The higher levels of IL-2 transcripts after E. maxima infection were observed in the groups with n, compared with the groups with LB and the mixture of GT and LB. The $IFN-\gamma$ mRNA bands were observed in the all of experimental groups except the uninfected control. The culture supernatants of Con A-stimulated spleen cells($5{\times}10^6cells/ml$) were measured for the concentration of IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ by ELISA. The levels of IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ on days 3 and 7 after E. maxima infection were significantly augmented in the groups with n. These results indicated that GT-supplemented feeds resulted in higher reduction of oocyst-shedding and more enhanced immune responses in the chicken infected with E. maxima, as compared with LB-supplemented feeds. According to the results, it was implicative that the supplements could be utilized for development of feed additives for anti-coccidiosis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.1 s.41
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• pp.74-85
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• 1993

To measure the serum succinyl trialanine p-nitroanilide hydrolytic activity as new index of liver function in workers exposed to organic solvents, this study conducted 114 workers in department of shoe-making of shoes factories. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1. The mean values of serum GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}GT$ in whole workers were $22{\pm}12.32,\;20{\pm}9.05,\;28{\pm}21.35IU/l$, respectively and the mean value of serum STN hydrolytic activity was $0.08{\pm}0.05$. 2. The serum STN hydrolytic activity was significantly higher for male (p<0.05) and there was no difference among the groups of age. 3. There was no difference in the groups by working hours but significant difference in persons who worked over 3 years or were exposed to toluene over 100ppm (p<0.05). 4. The correlation of the exposed dose of toluene and serum GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}GT$ and serum STN hydrolytic activity were statistically significant (r=0.027-0.518). 5. The exposed dose of toluene was most explainable variable and statistically significant among the factors affecting serum STN hydrolytic activity (p<0.05).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.168-175
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• 2000

Relatively little is known about the signaling mechanism of ginseng saponins (ginsenosides), active ingredients of ginseng, in non-neuronal cells. Here, we describe that ginsenosides utilize a common pathway of receptor-mediated signaling pathway in Xenopus oocytes: increase in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration via phospholipase C (PLC) and $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization. Ginsenosides induced a marked and robust artivation of $Ca^{2+}$-activated Cl- channels in Xenopus oocytes. The effect of ginsenosides was completely reversible, in a dose-dependent manner with EC$_{50}$ of 4.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mi, and specifically blocked by niflumic acid, an inhibitor of $Ca^{2+}$-activated Cl- channel. Intracellular injection of BAPIA abolished the effect of ginsenosides. Intracellular injection of GTP${\gamma}$S also abolished the effect of ginsenosides. The effect of gin senosides on $Ca^{2+}$-activated Cl- currents was greatly reduced by the intracellular injection of heparin, an IP$_3$ receptorantagonist or the pretreatment of PLC inhibitor. These results indicate that ginsenosides activate endogenous $Ca^{2+}$-activated Cl- channels via the activation of PLC and the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the IP$_3$-sensitive intracellular store following the initial interaction with membrane component(s) from extracellular side. This signaling pathway of ginsenosides may be one of the action mechanisms for the pharmacological effects of ginseng.ts of ginseng.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.34-50
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• 1999

A cDNA encoding chicken interferon-gamma (chIFN-${\gamma}$) was amplified from P34, a CD4$^{+}$ T-cell hybridoma by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cloned into pUC18. THe sequences of cloned PCR products were determined to confirm the correct cloning. Using this cDNA as probe, chicken genomic library from White Leghorn spleen was screened. Phage clones harboring chicken interferon-gamma (chIFN-${\gamma}$) were isolated and their genomic structure elucidated. The chIFN-${\gamma}$ contains 4 exons and 3 introns spanning over 14 kb, and follows the GT/AG rule for correct splicing at the exon/intron boundaries. The four exons encode 41, 26, 57 and 40 amino acids, respectively, suggesting that the overall structure of IFN-${\gamma}$ is evolutionairly conserved in mammalian and avian species. The 5’-untranslated region and signal sequences are located in exon 1. Several AT-rich sequences located in the fourth exon may indicate a role in mRNA turnover. The 5’-flanking region contains sequences homologous to the potential binding sites for the mammalian transcription factors, activator protein-1(AP-1) activator protein-2(AP-2) cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB), activating transcription factor(ATF), GATA-binding fator(GATA), upstream stimulating factor(USF), This suggests that the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of chicken and mammalian IFN-${\gamma}$ genes may be similar.r.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.778-788
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• 2017

Objective: We conducted this study to report the clinical manifestations of integrative treatment with Korean and conventional medicines in a patient with acute hepatitis A after conventional medicine therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia. Methods: A patient was treated with herbal medicine, western medicine, and moxibustion. The liver function tests (GOT, GPT, ALP, ${\gamma}-GT$), total bilirubin, and 4-scale scoring (none, mild, moderate, and severe) of symptoms were used to assess any improvement in symptoms. Results and Conclusion: The symptoms at the time of admission were improved. The levels of GOT, GPT, ALP, ${\gamma}-GT$, and total bilirubin were decreased in laboratory tests. We obtained positive effects for the integrative treatment of acute hepatitis A.