• ALGAE
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.279-290
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• 2018

Microalgae have been utilized in diverse industries including aquaculture. Among the microalgae, dinoflagellates are known to have various bioactive compounds, and thus the interest in their application to industry has increased. In order to test their potential as food materials for aquaculture animals, the crude protein contents and compositions of amino acids of six dinoflagellates Heterocapsa rotundata (family Heterocapsaceae), Ansanella granifera (Suessiaceae), Alexandrium andersonii (Ostreopsidaceae), Takayama tasmanica (Brachidiniaceae), Takayama helix, and Gymnodinium smaydae (Gymnodiniaceae) belonging to diverse families were analyzed. The percentage of the amount of the crude protein relative to dry weight of T. tasmanica was the highest (65%) and that of A. andersonii was the lowest (26%). However, the highest percentage of total detected amino acids in crude protein was found in A. andersonii (98.2%). In all six dinoflagellates, glutamic acid was the most dominant amino acid in crude protein. However, the second main amino acid was aspartic acid for H. rotundata, A. granifera, T. helix, and G. smaydae, but were arginine and leucine for A. andersonii and T. tasmanica, respectively. Furthermore, T. tasmanica and T. helix did not have taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, whereas the other dinoflagellates possessed them. The percentages of essential amino acid contents of the dinoflagellates met the requirement levels for juvenile shrimps. In addition, the dinoflagellates were not toxic to the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Compared with the other microalgae reported so far, H. rotundata and A. andersonii can be used for arginine-rich diets, T. tasmanica for valine and leucine-rich diets, A. granifera for histidine-rich diets, T. helix for threonine-rich diets, and G. smaydae for lysine-rich diets. Therefore, based on their biochemical composition and toxicity to Artemia, the dinoflagellates could be used as essential amino acid sources for cultivating animals in the aquaculture industry.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1468-1471
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• 2006

The last step in L-carnitine biosynthesis in eukaryotic organisms is mediated by ${\gamma}$-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC1.14.11.1), a dioxygenase that converts ${\gamma}$-butyrobetaine to L-carnitine. This enzyme was previously identified from rat liver and humans, and the peptide sequence of human ${\gamma}$-butyrobetaine hydroxylase was used to search the Neurospora crassa genome database, which led to an identification of an open reading frame (ORF) consisting of 1,407 bp encoding a polypeptide of 468 amino acids. When this protein was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the crude cell-free extract exhibited ${\gamma}$-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.72-80
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• 1970

1969년도(年度) 한국산(韓國産) 포도과즙중(果汁中)에 일반성분(一般成分)을 조사(調査)하는 동시(同時)에 Paper chromatography법(法)에 의(依)하여 유리(遊離)Amino산(酸) 및 당(糖)을 동정(同定)하여 다음 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 한국산(韓國産) 포도과즙(果汁)은 외국(外國)의 그것에 비(比)하여 당(糖)및Amino-N의 함량(含量)이 다소(多少) 떨어지고 산함량(酸含量)이 많았으며 Tannin의 함량(含量)에 있어서는 별차(別差)가 없었다. 2. 안양지방산(安養地方産) Campbell Early 과즙(果汁)은 대전(大田) 및 포항지방산(浦項地方産)의 것에 비(比)하여 당(糖) Amino-N 및 Tannin의함량(含量)이 다소(多少) 많았고 산(酸)의 함량(含量)이 적었다. 3. 공시(供試) 포도과즙중(果汁中)에서 동정(同定)된 21개(個)의 Amino산(酸)과 그 출현빈도(出現頻度)는 다음과 같았다. Aspartic acid, Serine, Glycine, asparagine, lysine, arginine, threonine, alanine \gamma-amino butyric acid, valine, leucine, proline (11개품종(個品種)), glutamine, tyrosine(10), cystine(9), glutamic acid, Hydroxyproline(8), isoleucine(4), phenylalanine, unknown(3) 4. Alanine의 함량(含量)이 전품종(全品種)에서 가장 많았고 다음이${\gamma}-amino$ butyric acid이며 Arginine, Valine, Leucine, Proline, Glutamine, Threonine의 순서(順序)로 많았다. 5. 동정(同定)된 총(總) Amino산수(酸數)는 Delaware(Anyang)(20種), Black Hamburg, Schuyler(19), Campbell Early, Delaware(seedless, Taejon), Alden(18), Niagara(17), Muscat Hamburg(16), Golden Muscat(15)의 순(順)이었다. 6. 동정(同定)된 필수(必須) Amino산수(酸數)는 Delaware(Anyang) 및 Black Hamburg가 6종(種)으로 가장 많고 Campbell Early(Anyang), Niagara, Muscat, Hamburg가 5종(種) 이었으며 그 외(外)의 품종(品種)은 4종(種) 이었다. 7. 포항(浦項), 대전(大田), 안양지방산(安養地方産) Campbell Early과즙중(果汁中)에서 同定된 Amino酸數는 18個로서 같았으나 Hydroxrproline은 전이자(前二者)에서만 나타나고 안양산(安養産)에서는 나타나지 않았으며 Iso-leucine은 이의 반대(反對)였다. 8. 과즙중(果汁中)의 유리당(遊離糖)은 Glucose와 Fructose뿐이었고Sucrose는 동정(同定)되지 않았다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.343-349
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• 1989

${\omega}$-아미노산인 ${\beta}$-alanine과 ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid의 해리상수를 전도도법을 이용하여 온도($20{\sim}40^{\circ}C$)와 압력($1{\sim}2500$ bar)을 변화시키면서 측정하였다. 각각 아미노산의 두 가지 해리상수는 온도가 증가하면 증가하지만 압력이 증가하면 $K_1$은 증가하지만 $K_2$는 감소하였다. 해리상수를 이용하여 여러 가지 열역학적 성질들을 계산하고 이들로부터 해리반응의 특성을 알아보았다. ${\omega}$-아미노산의 해리상수를 해리기와 치환기간의 거리의 상관관계로 알아보았다. 반응특성을 알아보기 위해 Hammett 법칙을 적용하여 반응의 치환기 상수와 압력에 따른 반응상수를 계산하였다. ${\omega}$-아미노산의 특성을 치환기 효과로 설명하고 반응유형을 반응상수로서 알아보았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.558-565
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• 1996

감마선 조사된 대투의 이화학적 품질 특성에서 일반성분 지방산 조성 및 무기질 성분은 모든 조사선량에서 변화가 없었으며, 질소 용해도파 추출성 phents 및 phytate 함량은 5 kGy까지의 조사군 사이에는 차이가 없었으나. 10 kGy와 20 k0y의 고선량 조사군에서는 다소의 영향이 화인되었으며, 1년 저장후에는 모든 시험군에서 감소현상을 보였다. 산가 및 유기산 함량도 2.5 kGy 조사군까지는 비조사군과 차이가 없었으나 5kGy 이상 조사군에서는 증가하는 경향이었고, 1년 저장 후 모든 시험군에서 증가함을 보였다. 조사된 대두의 총 아미노산 함량과 조성은 10 kGy 선량까지는 변화가 없었으나, 10kGy 이상의 조사군에서 cysteine과 methionine의 감소를 나타내었다. 대두 색도는 감마선 조사선량의 증가와 저장기간의 경과로 명도와 황색도의 감소가 적색도의 증가를 나타내었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.580-587
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• 2011

본 연구는 감마선 조사가 건조-발효햄의 조직감, 지방산, 유리아미노산 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 경도(hardness) 및 부착성(adhesiveness) 의 경우 조사 처리구가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.01). 검성(gumminess)의 경우에는 2 및 4 kGy처리구가 대조구 및 1 kGy처리구보다 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.01). 지방산의 경우 처리구의 포화지방산(SFA)(C14:0, C16:0, C18:0)은 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.05), 불포화지방산 (UFA)(C16:1, C18:1 및 C18:3), trans 지방산, n-3 및 n-6 지방산 의 함량은 4 kGy처리에서 감소하였다(p<0.05). 감마선 조사처리는 phosposerine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid를 증가 시켰으나, lysine은 감소시켰다(p<0.05). 관능검사의 경우, 황취(sulfur odor) 및 지방산화 맛(fat pungent flavor)은 4 kGy에서 가장 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 곰팡이 냄새(moldy odor) 및 곰팡이 맛(moldy flavor)은 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과 감마선 조사가 조직감, 지방산조성 및 관능적 특성에 영향을 미쳤다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 가열온도에 따른 영귤 과즙의 성분 변화를 조사하여 영귤 가공의 기초 자료로 사용하고자 총산도, $^{\circ}Brix$, pH, 유기산, 유리 아미노산, 비타민 C, 나린진, 헤스페리딘, 네오헤스페리딘 함량, 향기 성분을 분석하였다. 영귤 과즙에는 유기산이 oxalic, citric, malic acid가 존재하였으며, citric acid가 92.8-94.1%로서 대부분을 차지하였고, 그외 malic acid와 oxalic acid 순으로 소량 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 가열온도가 $40^{\circ}C$에서 $90^{\circ}C$로 증가할수록 총 유기산의 함량은 약간 감소하는 경향을 보여, 가열 전에 비하여 $90^{\circ}C$로 가열 후 약 0.3%가 감소하였다. 영귤 과즙에 존재하는 유리 아미노산은 alanine, threonine, proline, aspargine과 aspartic acid, serine, tyrosine, tryptophane이 주요 유리 아미노산이었다. Arginine, valine, glycine, isoluecine, leucine, histidine등은 소량 존재하였다. 가열함에 따라 유리 아미노산 총량과 개개의 유리 아미노산 함량은 감소하였다. 영귤 과즙에는 비타민 C가 21.3mg% 존재하였으나, 가열함에 따라 점차 감소하여 $90^{\circ}C$에서는 17.3mg%가 존재하였다. 영귤 과즙에 존재하는 나린진, 헤스페리딘, 네오헤스페리딘 함량은 304mg%였으며, 가열함에 따라 297.0mg%로 약간 감소하였다. 영귤 과즙 향기 성분 중 limonene이 가장 많고, ${\gamma}-terpinene,\;{\alpha}-phellandrene$, myrcene, ${\alpha}-pinene$ 등이 주요 향기 구성 성분으로 나타났다. ${\alpha}-Thujene$는 가열하기 전 과즙에는 존재하였으나, $50^{\circ}C$ 이상 가열한 과즙에는 존재하지 않았다. 반면, ${\alpha}-terpinolene$, terpinene-1-ol, ${\beta}-terpineol$, $cis-{\beta}-terpineol$, ${\alpha}-muurolene$, bicyclo(3.2.0)hept-6-ene, mentha-1.4.8-triene 등은 가열하지 않은 원액과 $70^{\circ}C$까지 존재하지 않았으나, $90^{\circ}C$ 가열시에 새로 생성되었다.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1998년도 춘계 총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.31-35
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• 1998

1. INTRODUCTION : Recognition and binding of organic substrates by biological molecules are of vital importance in biophysics and biophysical chemistry. Most studies of the application focused on the development of biosensors, which detected reaction products generated by the binding between enzymes and substrates. Other types of biosensors in which membrane proteins (e.g., nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, auxin receptor ATPase, maltose bining protein, and glutmate receptor) were utilized as a receptor function were also developed. In the previous study[1], the shifts in membrane potential, caused by the injection of substrates into a permeation cell, were measured using immobilized glucose oxidase membranes. It was suggested that the reaction product was not the origin of the potential shifts, but the changes in the charge density in the membrane due to the binding between the enzyme and the substrates generated the potential shifts. In this study, $\gamma$-globulin was immobilized (entrapped) in a poly($\gamma$-amino acid) network, and the shifts in the membrane potential caused by the injection of some amino acids were investigated.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2006

New application of rice was carried out by coating the rice with the mixture solution of ginseng and chungkukjang water extract The physicochemical characteristics of the coated rice were investigated. Moisture content of uncoated (15.26%) and coated rice$(15.57\sim15.66%)$ was not different significantly. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash of the coated rice were higher as much as $4.28\sim11.82%\;8.47\sim47.46%$, and $11.54\sim42.31%$ than those of control, respectively. As total free amino acids in coated rice were increased by augmenting the amount of the extract, total free amino acids according to rate was increased to $3.1\sim7.8$ times. The major amino acids in the coated rice was alanine$(19.56\sim39.88\;mg%)$, leucine$(5.14\sim17.66\;mg%)$, and proline$(9.98\sim16.82\;mg%)$. Of those amino acids, alanine and $\gamma-aminobutyric$ acid in only coated rice were detected to the level of $19.56\sim39.88\;mg%$ and $7.78\sim12.36\;mg%$ respectively. The calcium amount of coated rice was increased to 15% to 20%. As increasing the coating rate, hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and brittleness of coated rice were decreased, but springiness was increased. Before cooking, the color of coated rice appeared yellow and after cooking turned to the light yellow. The color intensity was increased feasibly as increasing the coating rate. The sensory characteristic of rice coated manufactured by adding 15% of the extract was best and found to be similar to that of the control.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.175-175
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• 1996

The spinal dorsal horn is the area where primary afferent fibers terminate and cutaneous sensory information is Processed. A number of putative neurotransmitter substances, including excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and peptides, are present in this region and sites and cellular mechanisms of their actions have been a target of numerous studies. In this study, single neurons were acutely isolated and the properties of whole cell current and responses to excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters were studied by the patch clamp method. Young rats (7-14 days) were anesthetized with diethyl-ether, and the lumbar spinal cord was excised and cut transversely at a thickness of 30$\mu\textrm{m}$ by Vibroslicer. The treatment of spinal slices with low concentration of proteases (pronase and thermolysin 0.75 mg/$m\ell$) and mechanical dissociation yielded isolated neurons with near intact morphology. Multipolar, ellipsoidal and bipolar, and pyramidal cells were shown. By applying step voltage pulses to neurons held at -70 mV, two types of inward currents and one outward currents observed. The fast activating and inactivating inward current was the Na$\^$+/ current because of its fast kinetics and blocking by 0.5${\mu}$M TTX, a specific blocker of Na$\^$+/ channel. The second type of inward currents were sustained. Based on their kinetics and current-voltage relations, it was likely that the second type of inward current was the voltage-dependent Ca$\^$2+/ current. In the presence of TTX, the steady-state currents mainly represented outward K$\^$+/ current which looked like the delayed rectifier K$\^$+/ current. In addition, the membrane currents produced by agonist of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor and the endogenous transmitter candidate L-glutamate were recorded in isolated whole-cell voltage clamped neurons as well as responses to inhibitory amino acids (${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid, glycine). Drugs were applied by a method that allows complete exchange of the solution within 1 sec; an infinite number of solutions can be applied to a single cell.