• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1407-1416
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• 2007

Ten, first lactation, 87.5%HF dairy cattle were used to investigate effects of long-term administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on nutrient uptake by the mammary gland at different stages of lactation. Measurements of arterial plasma concentrations and arterial-venous differences of metabolites across the mammary gland were performed in combination with measurment of mammary blood flow to estimate the mammary uptake. Animals in experimental groups were injected subcutaneously every 14 days from day 60 of lactation with a prolonged-release formulation of 500 mg of rbST (POSILAC, Monsanto, USA) or with sterile sesame oil without rbST in the control group. During early lactation, the milk yield of rbST-treated animals was higher than that of the control animals (p<0.05). The peak milk yield in both groups of animals declined from the early period of lactation with progression to mid- and late-lactation. No significant changes were observed in the concentration of milk lactose, while the concentrations of milk protein significantly increased as lactation advanced to mid- and late-lactation in both groups. Milk fat concentrations were significantly higher in rbST-treated animals than in control animals, particularly in early lactation (p<0.05). Mammary blood flow (MBF) markedly increased during rbST administration and was maintained at a high level throughout lactation. The mean arterial plasma concentrations for glucose and acetate of rbST-treated animals were unchanged. The net mammary glucose uptake of rbST-treated animals increased approximately 20% during early lactation, while it significantly decreased (p<0.05), including the arteriovenous differences (A-V differences) and extraction ratio across the mammary gland, as lactation advanced to mid- and late-lactation. A-V differences, mammary extraction and mammary uptake for acetate increased during rbST administration and were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control animals in early and mid-lactation. Mean arterial plasma concentrations for ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and free glycerol were unchanged throughout the experimental periods in both groups. A-V differences and extraction ratio of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate across the mammary gland did not alter during rbST administration. Mean arterial plasma concentrations for free fatty acids ($C_{16}$ to $C_{18}$), but not for triacylglycerol, increased in rbST-treated animals and were significantly higher than in control animals during early lactation (p<0.01). These findings suggest that an increase in MBF during rbST administration would not be a major determinant in the mediation of nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland for increased milk production. Local changes in biosynthetic capacity within the mammary gland would be a factor in the utilization of substrates resulting in the rate of decline in milk yield with advancing lactation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

The time, yield, and related genes expression of PHB accumulation of Acidiphilium cryptum DX1-1 were investigated under four different initial C/N ratios, 1.2, 2.4, 7.5, and 24. The results of time and yield of poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation show that the initial C/N ratio of 2.4 was optimum for strain DX1-1 to accumulate PHB, but both higher and lower initial C/N ratios did not favor that process. Based on the genome of Acidiphilium cryptum JF-5, 13 PHB accumulation related genes in strain JF-5 were chosen and successfully cloned from strain DX1-1. The differential expressions of the 13 functional genes, in different C/N ratios as cited above, were then studied by real-time PCR. The results show that all the 13 genes were most upregulated when the initial C/N ratio was 2.4, and among which the gene Acry_3030 encoding poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate polymerase and Aery_0626 encoding acetyl-CoA synthetase were much more upregulated than the other genes, which proved that they play the most important role for PHB accumulation, and acetate is the main initial substance for PHB accumulation for strain DX1-1. Potential regulatory motifs analysis showed that the genes related to PHB accumulation are regulated by different promoters and that the motif had weak similarity to the model promoters, suggesting that PHB metabolism in Acidiphilium cryptum may be mediated by a different mechanism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1530-1540
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• 2016

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and acetone concentration in milk by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy along with test-day milk production traits including fat %, protein % and milk yield based on monthly samples of milk obtained as part of a routine milk recording program in Korea. Additionally, the feasibility of using such data in the official dairy cattle breeding system for selection of cows with low susceptibility of ketosis was evaluated. A total of 57,190 monthly test-day records for parities 1, 2, and 3 of 7,895 cows with pedigree information were collected from April 2012 to August 2014 from herds enrolled in the Korea Animal Improvement Association. Multi-trait random regression models were separately applied to estimate genetic parameters of test-day records for each parity. The model included fixed herd test-day effects, calving age and season effects, and random regressions for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Abundance of variation of acetone may provide a more sensitive indication of ketosis than many zero observations in concentration of milk BHBA. Heritabilities of milk BHBA levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 with a mean of 0.09 for the interval between 4 and 305 days in milk during three lactations. The average heritabilities for milk acetone concentration were 0.29, 0.29, and 0.22 for parities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was no clear genetic association of the concentration of two ketone bodies with three test-day milk production traits, even if some correlations among breeding values of the test-day records in this study were observed. These results suggest that genetic selection for low susceptibility of ketosis in early lactation is possible. Further, it is desirable for the breeding scheme of dairy cattle to include the records of milk acetone rather than the records of milk BHBA.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2000

An enzyme analysis of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis from Kimhae, Korea and from Shenyang, China was conducted using a horizontal. starch gel electrophoresis in order to elucidate their genetic relationships. A total of eight enzymes was employed from two different kinds of buffer systems. Two loci from each enzyme of aconitase and esterase (${\alpha}-Na{\;}and{\;}{\beta}-Na$) : and only one locus each from six enzymes, gluucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), ${\alpha}-glycerophosphate$ dehydrogenase (GPD), 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were detected. Most of loci in two populations of C. sinensis showed homozygous monomorphic banding patterns and one of them, GPD was specific as genetic markers between two different populations. However, esterase (${\alpha}-Na$), GPD, HBDH and PGI loci showed polymorphic banding patterns. Two populations of C. sinensis were more closely clustered within the range of genetic identity value of 0.998-1.0. In summarizing the above results, two populations of C. sinensis employed in this study showed mostly monomorphic enzyme protein banding patterns, and genetic differences specific between two populations.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.668-676
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• 1992

Alcaligenes eutrophus에 의한 poly-Beta-hydroxybuty-rate(PHB) 생산을 최적화하기 위해서 1단계에서는 성장을 최대화하고, 2단계에서는 생산을 최대화하는 이단 유가식 배양을 채택하였다. 성장단계에서 탄소원과 질소원의 최적농도는 회분식 배양 모델로부터 결정되었는데, 각기 16.64g/l와 0.54g/l이었다. 생산단계에서 질소원의 경우, 유가식 배양실험을 통해 0.07g/l가 최적인 것으로 나타났다. 탄소원의 최적농도는 모사로부터 결정되었고 이때 최적 전환시간도 함께 결정되었다. 생산공정의 제어를 위하여 시간지연을 고려한 적응비례 되먹임제어를 이용한 결과, 탄소원 농도 및 질소원농도를 최적의 상태로 유지시킬 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1115-1119
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• 2005

The photoheterotrophic $H_2$ production of Rhodobacter sphaeroides was significantly increased through disruption of the genes coding for uptake hydrogenase and poly-${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase (Lee et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60: 147-153, 2002). In this work, we further removed the B800-850 light-harvesting (LH) complex from the strain and found an increase in $H_2$ production at the light-saturating cell growth (${\ge}10$ Watts $[W]/m^2$). Neither the mutant nor the wild-type produced more $H_2$ at the brighter light. Accordingly, light does not appear to be limited for the $H_2$ production by the presence of B800-850. However, increase in the level of the spectral complexes resulted in decrease of $H_2$ production. Thus, although the B875 is essential for light harvesting, the consumption of cellular energy for the synthesis of B800-850 and the surplus LH complexes may reduce the energy flow into the $H_2$ production of R. sphaeroides.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.526-531
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• 1998

In this study, the composition and characteristics of poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesized by Actinobacillus sp. EL-9 are investigated. PHB produced by Actinobacillus sp. EL-9 was identified as the homopolymer of 3-hydroxy-butyric acid (PHB) by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis. The melting tem-perature (T$_{m}$), and crystallization temperature(T$_{c}$) of PHB was 169.7$^{\circ}C$ and 69.13$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The viscosity on he basis of Brookfield viscometer was 6.01 ㎗/g. The viscosity-average molecular weight estimated by Mark-Ho-wink-Sakurada equation was 1.08$\times$10$^{6}$ ($\pm$3,000).00).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.594-601
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• 2010

Azotobacter chroococcum H23 (CECT 4435), Azotobacter vinelandii UWD, and Azotobacter vinelandii (ATCC 12837), members of the family Pseudomonadaceae, were used to evaluate their capacity to grow and accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using two-phase olive mill wastewater (TPOMW, alpeorujo) diluted at different concentrations as the sole carbon source. The PHAs amounts (g/l) increased clearly when the TPOMW samples were previously digested under anaerobic conditions. The MNR analysis demonstrated that the bacterial strains formed only homopolymers containing $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate, either when grown in diluted TPOMW medium or diluted anaerobically digested TPOMW medium. COD values of the diluted anaerobically digested waste were measured before and after the aerobic PHA-storing phase, and a clear reduction (72%) was recorded after 72 h of incubation. The results obtained in this study suggest the perspectives for using these bacterial strains to produce PHAs from TPOMW, and in parallel, contribute efficiently to the bioremediation of this waste. This fact seems essential if bioplastics are to become competitive products.

• 식물병과 농업
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 1999

Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae is the causal pathogen of several hosts including oats corn foxtail millet wheatgrass sugarcane and rice. The pathogen is a seedborne pathogen of rice and known to occur widely in rice growing countries. The pathogen cause inhibition of germination brown stripe on the leaf curling of the leaf sheath and abnormal elongation of the mesocotyl of irce. Bacterial colonies grow slowly and are convex circular and creamy with tan to brown center. The causal baterium is Gram-negative and rod shape with a single polar flagellum Nonfluorescence poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate accumulation and precipitate formation around the colony on the medium are useful in the differentiation of this bacterium from other subspecies of A. avenae as well as nonfluorescent bacteria pathogenic to rice. This bacterium has belonged to the genus of Psdeudomonas but recently was transferred to the new genus Acidovorax on the basis of bacteriological and molecular biological data. However the difference of biochemical characteristics protein profile of the cell and host range among strains should be more clarified. To develop an effective control strategy for this disease understanding of detailed life cycle of the disease ritical environmental factors affecting disease development on each host and relationship to grain discoloration of rice are prerequisite. Although the affected area has been world-widely reported there is on recent progress on the understanding of the bacteriological and ecological characteristics of the causal bacterium and control means of the disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1244-1251
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying liver metabolic perturbations in dairy cows exposed to heat stress (HS). Methods: Liquid chromatography massabl spectrometry was used to analyze metabolic differences in livers of 20 dairy cows, with and without exposure to HS. Results: The results revealed 33 potential metabolite candidate biomarkers for the detection of HS in dairy cows. Fifteen of these metabolites (glucose, lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate, ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, fumaric acid, citric acid, choline, glycine, proline, isoleucine, leucine, urea, creatinine, and orotic acid) were previously found to be potential biomarkers of HS in plasma or milk, discriminating dairy cows with and without HS. Conclusion: All the potential diagnostic biomarkers were involved in glycolysis, amino acid, ketone, tricarboxylic acid, or nucleotide metabolism, indicating that HS mainly affected energy and nucleotide metabolism in lactating dairy cows.