• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

This study aims to examine the effect of Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice rice developed by simultaneous expression technology in NAAS on biological immunity. Accordingly, this study added Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice 25, 50% and general rice 50% as control group into diet and provided rats with the prescribed feeds and then measured the contents of immunoglobulin and cytokine in blood. As a result, male and female IgM, IgE, male IgG1, female IgG2a and TNF-a, IL5 and IL12 showed no significant difference; male IgG2a tended to decrease dependently on the combined concentration of Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice; female IgG1 showed significance with control group, but its association with diet was not found. The higher the dietary mixing ratio, the more the male and female IFN-a and female IL-4 contents, regardless of rice variety, and it was found that female IL6 content decreased significantly, but its association with diet was not found. The risk of beta carotene-enriched rice into environment and human body has not been reported yet. The digestion of Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice can be seen as "safe" as this test result showed no big difference between general rice and Genetically Modified ${\beta}$-Carotene Biofortified Rice, and its usability is full of suggestions.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.278-288
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of ${\beta}$-carotene biofortified rice, a genetically modified organism (GMO) developed by Rural Development Administration. ${\beta}$-carotene biofortified rice were exposed on Sprague-Dawley rats for 13 weeks. All rats survived until the end of the exposure period. There were no biologically significant differences in body weight, feed and water consumption, weight gains and feed efficiency. There were no clinical signs of toxicity attributable to exposure to GM rice. Mild decreases in AST, ALT, TG levels were observed in Group II (25% GM rice (w/w) and Group III (50% GM rice (w/w), both in females and males. Results of histopathological changes treated with the ${\beta}$-carotene biofortified rice had no significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Based on these results, we deemed that genetically modified ${\beta}$-carotene biofortified rice was as safe as conventional rice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioavailability and nutritive functions of Nak-Dong rice or genetically modified ${\beta}$-carotene-biofortified rice (GM rice) in an experimental animal model. Wistar rats fed either GM rice or Nak-Dong rice did not show differences in bioavailability, growth, organ weights, or visceral fat, suggesting that the nutrient content of GM rice is compositionally equivalent to that of conventional Nak-Dong rice. In addition, GM rice showed improved nutritive function in terms of increased defecation, decreased lipids, and decreased blood glucose.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 2011

As part of safety evaluation of 2A (amono acid), PAT (phosphinotricin Acetyl-transferase), CtrI (Carotene desaturase) and PSY (phytoene synthase), the expressed proteins inserted to ${\beta}$-carotene Biofortified rice were tested for antigencity test. As a result, the group of administering high-concentration PAT, the expressed protein, showed a great content of total WBC; however, other expressed proteins did not show much difference. Against ASA (Active Systemic Anaphylaxis) test, the group of administering high-concentration PAT, the expressed protein, showed mild or medium degree of symptoms, but there was no dead entity. According to the result of the PCA (Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis test), the group of administering high-concentration PAT, 2A, PSY, and mixture of expressed proteins indicated positive response in low anti-serum concentration, and the group of administering the clinical concentration of mixture indicated mild positive response. However, because the group of administering the clinical concentration of expressed proteins, PAT, 2A, PSY, and CtrI, did not show positive response, it is thought that IgE is not generated. Further studies are needed to verify the safety of ${\beta}$-carotene Biofortified rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.105-109
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• 2010

This study was conducted to analyze nutrient composition of a genetically modified $\beta$-carotene biofortified rice (GM rice), developed by the Rural Development Admistration in Korea. The nutritional constituents of GM rice were compared with those of the parental rice cultivar 'Nakdong' as a non-GM control to access nutritional equivalence. Proximate components (moisture, starch, protein, lipid, and ash) of the GM rice were similar to those of the conventional non-GM rice. $\beta$-Carotene contents of GM brown and milled rice were 2.35, 2.03 ${\mu}g/g$(d.b.), respectively. There were no significant differences between the GM and non-GM rice with respect to most of their nutrient composition, despite minor differences in most amino acids and minerals. This result demonstrated that the nutritional composition of this GM rice would be equivalent to that of the parental non-GM rice without major changes in its chemical contents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.442-450
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Psy-2A-CrtI (PAC), a genetically modified (GM) rice with enhanced ${\beta}$-carotene, on the soil microbial community. The soil used to cultivate GM rice and its wild-type, Nakdong, was analyzed for population density, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and pyrosequencing. It was found that the bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes population densities of the PAC soils were within the range of those of the non-GM rice cultivar, Nakdong. The DGGE banding patterns of the GM and non-GM soils were also similar, suggesting that the bacterial community structures were stable within a given month and were unaffected by the presence of a GM plant. The pyrosequencing result showed a temporal difference in microorganism taxon and distribution ratio, but no significant difference between GM and non-GM was found. The persistence of the transgene DNA in the plant and surrounding soil were investigated for different time periods. There were differences in the persistence within the plant depending on the gene, but they could not be detected after 5 weeks. Also the transgenes were not detected in the surrounding soil. These results indicate that soil microbial communities are unaffected by the cultivation of a PAC rice within the experimental time frame.