• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2014

Objectives: To evaluate the monthly variation in the airborne $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucan level throughout one year and its relationship with climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, hours of daylight, cloud cover, and pollen counts). Methods: A total of 106 samples were collected using a two-stage cyclone sampler at five outdoor sampling locations (on top of 5 university buildings). The kinetic limulus amebocyte lysate assay was used to obtain $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucan levels. Results: Airborne $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucan levels were significantly higher in the spring, particularly in April, and temperature was significantly related to $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucan levels (r=0.339, p<0.05). Conclusions: $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucan levels may be highest in the spring, and outdoor temperature may influence $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucan levels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 1993

Crude ${\beta}-glucan$ extracted from Barley was purified by stepwide enzyme treatment with thermostable ${\alpha}-amylase$, amyloglucosidase and protease. The thermal properties of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Three endotherms have been observed on DSC thermograms of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$. The first endotherm which produced the gelatinization phenomena commonly observed in Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ became the focus of this study. The temperature range and the enthalpy of gelation exhibited maximum values with increasing concentration of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$. Gelating Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ registered an enthalpy of approximately 0.23 cal/g and exhibited onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and conclusion temperature (Tc) of $48.8^{\circ}C,\;61.2^{\circ}C\;and\;78.5^{\circ}C$ respectively. The temperature and enthalpy of gelatinizing Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ at both alkali and acid conditions were lower than those at pH 7. With salt present, the Tp and Tc of gelating Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ produced lower temperatures than in conditions where salt was absent, and the enthalpy abruptly decreased. However, increasing salt concentrations did not affect the gelation temperature and the enthalpy of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$. The 'true melting' temperature of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ was near $184^{\circ}C$ and the melting enthalpy was approximately 34.6 cal/g. The Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ decomposition temperature was in the range of $316^{\circ}C{\sim}346^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.27-31
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• 2007

This study relates to low and medium molecular weight isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan produced by submerged liquid culture of Agaricus blazei, a method of producing the isoflavone-B-D-glucan using autolysis enzyme of Agaricus blazei mycelia, and use of the isoflavone-B-D-glucan for anti-cancer and immunoenhancing effect. In acordance with one aspect of the present study, it deals with a method of producing isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan, which comprises the followings; 1) culturing and separating mushroom mycelia, 2) producing low-medium molecular weight isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan from high molecular weight one. The cytotoxicity on human cnacer cell line (Caco-2, MCF-7), the expression of Cyclin D, Bcl-2, Bax protein, p21 protein, p53 protein in MCF-7 cells assessed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, and other immuno related factors such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-1B activities were examined. Structural identification of isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan which showed cytotoxicity against cancer cell and immunoenhancing effects was carried by separation with DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, TLC, HPLC, IR, NMR. Clinical test for the cancer patients (n=119) for 6 month was carried out, and immunoenhancing factors (NK. cell number, ratio of T4/T8) were checked. We concluded the identified isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan has immuno enhancing effects and could be useful for cancer chemoprevention.

• Food preservation and processing industry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.11-13
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• 2007

This study relates to low and medium molecular weight isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan produced by submerged liquid culture of Agaricus blazei, a method of producing the isoflavone-B-D-glucan using autolysis enzyme of Agaricus blazei mycelia, and use of the isoflavone-B-D-glucan for anti-cancer and immunoenhancing effect. In acordance with one aspect of the present study, it deals with a method of producing isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan, which comprises the followings; 1) culturing and separating mushroom mycelia, 2) producing low-medium molecular weight isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan from high molecular weight one. The cytotoxicity on human cnacer cell line (Caco-2, MCF-7), the expression of Cyclin D, Bcl-2, Bax protein, p21 protein, p53 protein in MCF-7 cells assessed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, and other immuno related factor such as TNF-a and IL-1B activities were examined. Structural identification of isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan which shoed cytotoxicity against cancer cell and immunoenhancing effects was carried by separation with DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, TLC, HPLC, IR, NMR, Clinical test for the cancer patients (n=119) for 6 month was carried out, and immunoenhancing factors(NK cell number, ratio of T4/T8) were checked. We concluded the identified isoflavone-${\beta}$-D-glucan has immuno enhancing effects and could be useful for cancer chemoprevention.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.264-269
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• 2013

Pattern recognition receptors are known to participate in the activation of Prophenoloxidase system. In this study, a 1,3-${\beta}$-D-glucan recognition protein was detected for the first time in Antheraea pernyi larvae (Ap-${\beta}GRP$). Ap-${\beta}GRP$ was purified to 99.9% homogeneity from the hemolymph using traditional chromatographic methods. Ap-${\beta}GRP$ specifically bind 1,3-${\beta}$-D-glucan and yeast, but not E. coli or M. luteus. The 1,3-${\beta}$-D-glucan dependent phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the hemolymph inhibited by anti-Ap-${\beta}GRP$ antibody could be recovered by addition of purified Ap-${\beta}GRP$. These results demonstrate that Ap-${\beta}GRP$ acts as a biosensor of 1,3-${\beta}$-Dglucan to trigger the Prophenoloxidase system. A trace mount of 1,3-${\beta}$-D-glucan or Ap-${\beta}GRP$ alone was unable to trigger the proPO system, but they both did. Ap-${\beta}GRP$ was specifically degraded following the activation of proPO with 1,3-${\beta}$-Dglucan. These results indicate the variation in the amount of Ap-${\beta}GRP$ after specific immune challenge in A. pernyi hemolymph is an important regulation mechanism to immune response.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.678-683
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• 2002

Cholesterol-lowering effects of ${\beta}-glucan-enriched$ barley fraction were investigated in rats fed 0.5% cholesterol and barley as a fiber source. Male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into six groups and fed different diets for 5 weeks: normal (cholesterol-free), control (cellulose 5%), fiber-free, and three groups containing ${\beta}-glucan-enriched$ barley fractions. Although plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not significantly different among different diet groups, ${\beta}-glucan-enriched$ barley fraction-fed groups had higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations than the cellulose control group after 5 weeks of experiment. The fecal excretion of cholesterol and triglyceride was significantly increased by barley diets. Fecal concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride in cellulose control group were 38.2 and 2.6 g/day, respectively, whereas those of barley-fed groups were $52.4{\sim}59.2$ and $6.8{\sim}9.5$ g/day, respectively, during the experimental period.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.109-120
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• 1993

Mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effetcs of $\beta$-glucan remain unclear. Rats were divided into 3 groups; normal control group, atherogenic group(oral administration of cholesterol 40 mg/kg/day and vitamin $D_2$320,000 IU/kg/day),${\beta}$-glucan treatment group(oral administration of atherogenic treatment and ${\beta}$-glucan 0.135 g/kg/day). The ${\beta}$-glucan treatment group showed moderate increases of serum lipids concentration compared with atherogenic group. In histopathological examination, aortas showed no critical lesions. The total fecal neutral sterols and bile acids excreted for 6 days was increased compared with both normal and atherogenic group. These result\ulcorner suggest that mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of ${\beta}$-glucan on rats were due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the intestinal lumen and acceleration of cholesterol catabolism in the liver.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.181-182
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• 2000

현재 의약품업계, 식품업계에서는 여러 가지 기능성 물질에 대한 관심이 집중되고있다. 이러한 기능성 물질은 항암, 항균, 항바이러스 및 식이섬유의 기능을 가지고 있어 부가가치가 높은 산물이다. 이들 기능성 물질중 $\beta$-1,3-D-glucan은 macrophage의 활성을 촉진시키고, 자외선에 의한 피부노화를 방지하며 생체내 free-radical을 제거하고, 특히 어류의 비특이 면역활성도 촉진시키므로 현재 양식업계에서 주목받고 있는 물질이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 체외 다당류($\beta$-1,3-D-glucan)의 대량 생산을 위한 최적 배양 조건에 대하여 연구하였다. (중략)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.707-714
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• 2008

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan on growth performance, immunity and endocrine responses of weanling piglets. One hundred and eighty weanling piglets (Landrace$\times$Large White, $7.20{\pm}0.25kg$ BW and $28{\pm}2$ d of age) were randomly fed 1 of 5 treatment diets containing dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplemented at 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 4 wks. Each treatment was replicated in 6 pens containing 6 pigs per pen. On d 14 and 28, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency were recorded as measures of growth performance. Peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured to study the effect of dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation on immune function. Plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin were measured to investigate endocrine response to ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation. Our results suggest that average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency had a quadratic increase trend with dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation from d 14 to 28, whereas it had no significant effect on average daily feed intake (ADFI). The treatment group fed with 50 mg/kg dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation showed a numerical increase in ghrelin, a similar change trend with ADG and no significant effect on GH. Lymphocyte proliferation indices, serum IgG and plasma PGE2 concentrations varied linearly with dietary supplementation levels of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan on d 14. Higher levels of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan may have a transient immuno-enhancing effect on the cellular and humoral immune function of weanling piglets via decreased PGE2. Taking into account both immune response and growth performance, the most suitable dietary supplementation level of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan is 50 mg/kg for weanling piglets.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.610-616
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• 2003

Five oats and 17 barley cultivars were ground, sieved (105, 210, 300, 425, 600 ${\mu}m$) and we have analyzed the ${\beta}-glucan$ contents to obtain grain fractions. The milling yields ranged $65.1{\sim}89.7%$ for barley and $53.4{\sim}73.5%$ for oat cultivars. Total ${\beta}-glucan$ contents of barley and oats become higher than those of the flour increasing the particle size. The soluble and insoluble ${\beta}-glucan$ contents of them were especially higher in medium and coarse particle size fractions. The contents of total, soluble and insoluble ${\beta}-glucan$ of barley were 1.5, 1.7 and 2.0 times higher than the whole flour before sieving and these content of oats were 2.1, 1.6 and 2.0 times, respectively. In this study, larger particle size would enrich the ${\beta}-glucan$ and it is desirable to consider the best particle size range to enrich the ${\beta}-glucan$ level, the water-solubility of the ${\beta}-glucan$ as well as cereal varieties.