• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2004

Diabetic vascular complications such as atherosclerosis have been reported as one of significant obstructions in treatment of diabetes. There has been a significant increase in recognition of the importance of antioxidative nutrients such as vitamin E, for the prevention of diabetic vascular complication by oxidative stress. This study focused on the effect of dietary $\beta$-carotene on the levels of lipid peroxide and antioxidative vitamins of diabetic rats. The plasma glucose level, hepatic level of lipid peroxide and contents of antioxidants such as vitamins A and E were determined in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Dietary supplementation of B-carotene did not reduce the blood glucose in diabetic rats. Hepatic level of lipid peroxide tended to increase in diabetic rats, but $\beta$-carotene intake reduced the value. Plasma levels of retinol and retinol/lipid were not changed by dietary supplementation of $\beta$-carotene. There was no significant difference among experimental groups in plasma level of $\alpha$-tocopherol. Hepatic levels of retionl and retinyl palmitate were increased by dietary supplementation of $\beta$-carotene in diabetic rats. These results suggest that the supplementation of $\beta$-carotene to the normal diet of diabetics may reduce the incidence of the diabetic vascular complications through the improvement of antioxidants depletion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.389-396
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• 1992

Provitamin A carotenoids($\alpha$- $\beta$-carotene lutein capsanthin) cintents in various red pepper and red pepper products were analyzed by HPLC and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The amounts of $\beta$-carotene and capsanthin were at its highest in powdered red pepper and lutein in red pepper leaves. There are little $\alpha$-carotene present in all samples analyzed. So vitamin A activity was calculated only from $\beta$-carotene content. Capsanthin and $\beta$-carotene contents of red pepper were higher than those of green pepper whereas lutein content of red pepper was lower than that of green pepper. whereas lutein content of red pepper was lower than that of green pepper. Vitamin A activity from colorimetric analysis was higher than that from chromatographic method and results were not generally in accordance with the vitamin A data presented in current food composition tables. Vitamin A activities in retinol equivalent(R. E. ) of green pepper red pepper powdered red pepper fermented red pepper paste and red pepper leaves were 70, 570, 1, 340, 140, 980 R. E respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1071-1076
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• 2005

Gamma irradiation treatment brings about biochemical changes that could affect nutritional Quality of food. This study was conducted to examine the content of $\beta-Carotene$ in Jeju orange, vitamin $D_3$ in anchovy and $\alpha-Tocopherol$ in beef. $\beta-Carotene$ content of Jeju orange was not affected by irradiation of 5 and 10kGy. In anchovy, vitamin $D_3$ content was dose-dependently increased to $109.30\%\;and\;125.25\%$ of original content by irradiation of 5 and 10kGy, respectively. $\alpha-Tocopherol$ content in beef with high fat was progressively reduced by $17\%$ of original value with irradiation of 1kGy and by $84\%$ with 10kGy. It could be concluded that $\alpha-tocopherol$ might be most vulnerable to irradiation, while vitamin $D_3$ is very stable against irradiation within 10kGy of gamma irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1991

the Chinese cabbage kimchi was fermented with the various submaterials such as hot pep-per garlic ginger leek green onion fermented anchovy juice and sugar according to the average contents of each submaterial described in the 39 kinds of references. And then the effects of each submaterial and lactic acid bacteria such as L. brevis. Leu. mesenteroides. P cerevisiae and L. plantarum on the content of carotenes were investigated, The major carotene in kimchi was $\beta$-carotene. And also $\delta$-carotene and $\alpha$-carotene were detected. Contents of $\beta$-carotene and total carotene were high in the kimchi containing leek red pepper powder green onion and fermented anchovy juice as a submaterial. But the kimchi containing or omitting the other submaterials were litter affected to the contents of carotene. Contents of $\beta$-carotene and total carotene were high in kimchi fermented with Leu. msenteroides L. brevis and P. cerevi-siae as a starter but was low with L plasntarum.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intake of antioxidant vitamins and plasma concentrations of those in 60 maternal-infant pairs (30 in normal term delivery group, NT; 30 in preform delivery group, PT). We also investigated the relationship between vitamin levels of maternal-umbilical cord plasma and pregnancy outcome. Mean energy intakes of NT and PT pregnant women were 93.2% and 85.4%, and their protein intakes were 113.3% and 110.9% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), respectively. While vitamin A intakes were only 51.2% and 39.6% of the RDA in NT and PT pregnant women. The vitamin E intake was about 50% of the RDA (NT 6.27 mg, PT 7.78 mg). The levels of retinol in maternal plasma of NT and PT were $1.51\mumol/\ell\;and\;1.43\mumol/\ell$, respectively. The retinol levels in umbilical cord plasma in NT and PT were $0.72\mumol/\ell\;and\;0.61\mumol/\ell$, respectively. The level of $\beta-carotene$in maternal plasma of NT was 0.49 $\mu$mol/$\ell$, significantly (p ＜ 0.01) higher than that of PT ($0.31\mumol/\ell$).The $\beta-carotene$ of umbilical cord plasma of NT and PT were $0.702\mumol/\ell\;and\;0.01\mumol/\ell$, respectively. The plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol of maternal of NT and PT were $0.72\mumol/\ell\;and\;0.01\mumol/\ell\;29.51 /mumol/\ell\; and 27.17\mumol/\ell,\;respectively.\; The $\alpha$-tocopherol of umbilical cord plasma of NT and PT were $4.16\mumol/\ell\;and\;3.80\mumol/\ell$, respectively. The antioxidant vitamin levels (retinol, $\beta-carotene,\;and\;\alpha$-tocopherol) in maternal plasma were significantly higher (p＜0.0001) than those in umbilical cord plasma. However, there was no correlation between the vitamin levels in maternal plasma and those in umbilical cord plasma. The maternal plasma $\beta$-carotene level showed a positive correlation to gestational age. Also Apgar score at 1 min produced a positive correlation to maternal plasma $\beta$-carotene level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.428-436
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• 2003

Epidemiological studies have observed a negative association between increased consumption of green and yellow vegetables and cancer incidence. These vegetables contain carotenoids, which are reported to exhibit anticarcinogenic effects. Overexpression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 genes is a frequent event in several human cancers. The present study was performed to determine whether $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, lutein, or lycopene inhibits cell growth and to assess such an effect is related to changes in the levels of the ErbB receptor family and tile ErbB3 receptor signaling pathway in HT-29 cells. HT-29 cells were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of various concentrations (0~100 $\mu$M) of the individual carotenoids. $\alpha$ -Carotene and lycopene significantly inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, whereas lutein slightly inhibited cell growth and $\beta$-carotene increased cell growth. Lycopene is more potent than $\alpha$ -carotene in inhibiting HT-29 cell growth. Lycopene inhibited DNA synthesis and induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells. The ErbB3 ligand heregulin (HRG) increased cell growth but did not prevent the lycopene-induced inhibition of cell growth. Lycopene decreased ErbB2 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation/Western blot studies revealed that lycopene inhibited HRG-induced phosphorylation of ErbB3, recruitment of the 985 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to the ErbB3 receptor, and phosphorylation of Akt. These results indicate that downregulation of ErbB2/ErbB3/PI3K/Akt signaling may be one of the mechanisms by which lycopene inhibits HT-29 cell pro-liferation and induces apoptosis.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of the starch concentration of filled hydrogel and the addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and simulated mastication processing in an oral phase on lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioaccessibility of filled hydrogels. Methods: Lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels were measured after the samples were passed through an in vitro gastrointestinal tract model consisting of oral, gastric, and small intestinal phases. Results: The initial rate and final extent of lipid digestion were higher in the filled hydrogels than in the emulsion when the filled hydrogels were treated in an oral phase without simulated mastication processing and addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$, regardless of starch concentration. However, when the filled hydrogels were minced using mortar and pestle for 2 min and were exposed to ${\alpha}-amylase$, the filled hydrogel fabricated with 5% starch showed the lowest lipid digestion rate and extent compared to the emulsion and other filled hydrogels. Bioaccessibility of ${\beta}-carotene$ was higher in the filled hydrogels than in the emulsion, regardless of the digestion method performed in an oral phase and starch concentration. However, there were appreciable differences in bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels depending on whether or not simulated mastication and addition of ${\alpha}-amylase$ were employed. Conclusion: These results suggested that the rheological properties of initial filled hydrogels and simulated mastication processing in an oral phase plays an important role in determining the lipid digestion and ${\beta}-carotene$ bioacccessibility entrapped within filled hydrogels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.273-279
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• 1999

Forty plants used as tea materials were chosen for determining the contents of total phenolics, selenium (Se), ${\beta}-carotene$, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and ascorbate. Total phenolics and ascorbate contents were analyzed colorimetrically. The Se contents were measured by hydride-atomic absorption spectrometry. The contents of ${\beta}-carotene$ and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ were simultaneously determined by high performance liquid chromatography using separate detectors, UV for ${\beta}-carotene$ and FL for ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ analyses. The contents of these antioxidants were as follows (per 100 g dry plant); Contents of total phenolics in green tea leaf, black tea leaf, oolong tea leaf and instant coffee were about 7 g and the Se contents in corni fructus and arrowroot were found to be about $4{\mu}g$, which were the highest among all plants used. Contents of ${\beta}-carotene$ in eucommiae cortex, persimmon leaf and green tea leaf were 8587, 6222 and $3652\;{\mu}g$ respectively. The persimon leaf contained the highest ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ content (33 mg) and then followed by eucommiae cortex (26 mg), green tea leaf (16 mg) and black tea leaf (13 mg) in order. Ascorbate contents were found to be high in green tea leaf (199 mg) and black tea leaf (117 mg).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2001

The spontaneous frequency of genetic damage and the possible relationship of this damage to total radical-trapping antioxidant potential(TRAP) and antioxidant vitamins, including plasma levels of $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, cryptoxanthin, retinol, $\alpha$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol in humans were investigated in 57 subjects using two indices of genetic damage, SCE & HFC frequency. The mean of SCE and HFC frequencies were weakly correlated with plasma TRAP(r=-0.305, p<0.1 for SCEs: r=-0.297, p<0.1 for HFCs, respectively), but those were strongly negatively correlated with plasma $\beta$-carotence(r=-0.385, p<0.01 for SCEs : r=-0.392, p<0.01 for HFCs) and cryptoxanthin(r=-0.312, p<0.05 for SCEs : r=0.335, p<0.05 for HFCs, respectively) levels in the subjects. However, those DNA damage markers including SCE and HFC did not correlate with either plasma $\alpha$-carotene, $\alpha$-tocopherol or retinol concentrations. The mean of SCE and HFC frequencies were positively correlated with plasma ${\gamma}$-tocopherol level(r=0.421, p<0.01 for SCEs : r=0.399, p<0.01 for HFCs, respectively). These findings indicate that increased cytogenetic DNA changes, as determined by SCE and HFC frequencies are possibly associated with generation of free radicals in lymphocytes and decreased plasma antioxidant vitamin($\beta$-carotene and cryptoxanthin) status in the subjects. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 401~08, 2001)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2981-2986
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• 2015

Background: Despite many epidemiological studies on the effects of dietary antioxidant micronutrients on risk of cervical cancer, the findings remain uncertain and little evidence is available for serum nutrient markers. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between serum carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol concentrations and risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in which 358 adults (158 incident cases and 200 controls) were recruited from Xinjiang, China. Serum levels of carotenoids (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin), retinol, and tocopherols (${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol) were assessed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: We found inverse associations between serum carotenoid (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin) and tocopherol (${\alpha}$-tocopherol) concentrations and the risk of cervical cancer after adjusting for potential confounders, but a null association for retinol. The ORs for 1-SD increase were 0.71 (95 % CI: 0.56-0.92; p=0.003) for total carotenoids and 0.75 (95 % CI: 0.60-0.94; p=0.008) for total tocopherols. Conclusions: These results show that higher serum concentrations of some carotenoids and tocopherols are associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women.