• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1871-1880
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• 2014

Headspace volatile compounds of leaf, stem, and root of Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg (PJT) harvested in March and July were isolated, separated, and identified by using a combined system of solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Identified numbers of volatile compounds were 72, 75, and 63 in March PJT as well as 78, 73, and 69 in July, respectively. Total compounds identified from PJT consisted of alcohols (1~7), aldehydes (7~15), esters (1~4), hydrocarbons (5~9), ketones (1~2), monoterpenes (13~16), monoterpene alcohols (1~5), monoterpene aldehydes (2~4), monoterpene esters (1~4), monoterpene ketones (1~2), sesquiterpenes (16~24), and miscellaneous compounds (2~3). Major volatile compounds of PJT were monoterpenes at all harvest times and in all parts of PJT. The amounts of ${\beta}$-pinene in leaf and stem harvested in March were highest in monoterpenes, followed by ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-myrcene. However, amounts of volatile compounds of monoterpenes in leaf and stem from July PJT were in the decreasing order of ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, and ${\beta}$-myrcene. Of the 39 sesquiterpenes identified in PJT, (E)-caryophyllene in March leaf was the most abundant volatile compound, followed by acoradiene in March leaf, ${\beta}$-elemene, and ${\alpha}$-copaene in July stem.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.674-691
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils extracted from the wood of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Larix kaempferi. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their chemical components were determined by GC/MS. Major chemical components of these essential oils were ${\alpha}$-cadinol (19.25%), ${\tau}$-muurolol (14.20%), and ${\alpha}$-pinene (13.74%) in C. obtusa; ${\alpha}$-pinene (47.16%), longifolene (14.31%), ${\beta}$-phellandrene (11.78%), and ${\beta}$-pinene (11.02%) in P. densiflora; ${\alpha}$-pinene (13.49%) and longifolene (10.79%) in P. koraiensis, and geranyl linalool (23.58%) and ${\alpha}$-pinene (18.57%) in L. kaempferi. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RBL-2H3 mast cells were treated with these essential oils; then, the changes in the mRNA expression level of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 were examined. Further, degranulation was evaluated by measuring ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release. After LPS-induced RBL-2H3 mast cells were exposed to $10^{-7}%$ of all types of essential oils, the gene expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13 within the cells remarkably decreased. The relative mRNA expression level of IL-4 was 69.6% in P. densiflora, 63.2% in P. koraiensis, 55.1% in C. obtusa, and 45.8% in L. kaempferi compared with that in the group treated with LPS. The mRNA expression level of L-13 should a similar trend. The inhibitory rate of IL-13 mRNA expression of P. densiflora, P. koraiensis, C. obtusa, and L. kaempferi was 57.8%, 57.1%, 51.1%, and 34.5%, respectively. ${\beta}$-Hexosaminidase release significantly decreased following the treatment with the four types of essential oils. The rate of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release were 38.1% C. obtusa; 33.0% P. densiflora; 27.4% P. koraiensis; and 9.1% L. kaempferi. Among all types of essential oils, that extracted from P. densiflora wood showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity. These results show that the tested essential oils exert an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of degranulation and expression of cytokines.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 1994

To analyze terpene components, the essentail oil were extracted with steam distillation method from normal needle, damaged needle and pinecone of Pinus densiflora. The extracted essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Normal needles involve 43 kinds of terpene components, but damaged needles contained only 29 kinds. The most abundant components of normal and damaged needles were respectable ${\alpha}$-pinene and caryophyllene oxide. ${\alpha}$-pinene content in normal meedles amounted to 15.99 percents and caryophyllene oxide in damaged was 8.15 percents. 2. Pinecone showed 23 kinds of terpene components and among them the most abundant component was ${\beta}$-phellandrene, of which content showed 19.31 percents. 3. In normal needles, excluding ${\alpha}$-pinene, the contents of 8 kinds of other monoterpenes, reached to 48 percents of the total terpenes, 4. In damaged needles, excluding ${\alpha}$-pinene, the contents of 4 kinds of other monoterpenes, reached to 11 percents of the total terpenes. 5. In pinecone, excluding camphene, the contents of 6 kinds of other monoterpenes, reached to 58 percents of the total terpenes.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.977-988
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• 2016

The volatile flavor compounds in five Jeju citrus fruit varieties (Cheonhyehyang, Hallabong, Jinjihyang, Hwanggeum hyang and Redhyang) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The number of aroma compounds were identified with : 104 (4,939.77 mg/kg) in Cheonhyehyang, 98 (3,286.38 mg/kg) in Hallabong, 105 (3,317.56 mg/kg) in Jinjihyang, 102 (4,293.39 mg/kg) in Hwanggeumhyang, and 108 (4,049.94 mg/kg) in Redhyang. The detected main volatile compounds were; limonene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-myrcene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, linalool, 4-terpineol, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, (E)-${\beta}$-ocimene and ${\gamma}$-terpinene. Among the identified volatiles compounds, ethyl-benzene, nonanol, 1-p-menthen-9-al, (E)-isocarveol, methyl salicylate, ${\alpha}$-terpinen-7-al, perilla alcohol, and ethyl-dodecanoate were detected in Cheonhyehyang. only Furthermore, ${\beta}$-chamigrene and ${\alpha}$-selinene were in Hallabong only; 3-hydroxybutanal, (E)-2-nonenal, isoborneol, octyl acetate, (E)-2-undecenal, ${\beta}$-ylangene and guaia-6,9-diene in Jinjihyang. ${\rho}$-Cymenene, ${\beta}$-thujone, selina-4,11-diene and (E,E)-2,6-farnesol in Hwanggeumhyang only; and ${\rho}$-cymen-8-ol, bornyl acetate, carvacrol, bicycloelemene, ${\alpha}$-cubebene and 7-epi-${\alpha}$-selinene in Redhyang only. This study confirmed the differences in composition and content of volatile aroma components in five varieties of Jeju citrus fruits.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 2008

The chemical composition of the volatile constituents from the leaves, stems, and roots of Acanthopanax sessiliforus growing wild in Mt. Deok-Yu was determined by GC and GC-MS spectrometric analysis with the aid of NBS, Wiley Library and RI indice searches. The major constituents identified were ${\delta}-3-carene$ (7.24%), limonene (8.10%), ${\beta}-thujene$ (17.85%), trans-bicyclic hydrocarbon (13.35%) and ${\delta}-cadinene$ (4.28%) in the leaves from one year-grown plants, tricyclene (7.21%), ${\beta}-myrcene$ (7.62%), limonene (10.23%), ${\beta}-thujene$ (15.61%) and dihydroedulan I (6.12%) in the leaves from three years-grown plants, ${\delta}-3-carene$ (4.96%), limonene (5.93%), ${\beta}-phellandrene$ (17.31%) and naphthalene (7.79%) in the stems from one year-grown plants, ${\alpha}-pinene$ (5.21%), limonene (5.12%) and ${\beta}-phellandrene$ (9.82%) in the stems from three years-grown plants, ${\alpha}-pinene$ (12.73%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (11.16%), ${\delta}-3-carene$ (6.16%) and ${\gamma}-cadinene$ (23.39%) in the roots from one year-grown plants, and ${\alpha}-pinene$ (17.25%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (9.35%), ${\delta}-3-carene$ (7.26%) and ${\gamma}-cadinene$ (17.95%) in the roots from three years-grown plants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2008

The volatile constituents of the fresh roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer have been investigated after treatment with artificial saliva and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. Twenty peaks were detected in fresh ginseng, 5 of them were unknown peak, and mainly hydrocarbon components (${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, limonene, ${\beta}$-panasinsene, ${\beta}$-elemene, ${\beta}$-gurjunene, trans-caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-gurjunene, ${\alpha}$-panasinsene, ${\alpha}$-neoclovene, trans-${\beta}$-farnasene, ${\alpha}$-humulene, ${\beta}$-neoclovene, ${\alpha}$-selinene, ${\beta}$-selinene, bicyclogermacrene) were detected. It's area percentage was increased about 10% in the fresh ginseng added artificial saliva during 40 minutes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2012

Three-season field study was conducted to investigate the distribution of monoterpene(10) and air anion in ambient air at five forests. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, camphene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, terpinolene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, linalool, and camphor were quantified in the samples collected. The highest 4-hour mean concentration of total monoterpene were ${\beta}$-pinene+myrcene as 958 pptv at Juknokwon dominated by bamboo and ${\alpha}$-pinene (524 pptv), limonene (445 pptv) at Wood Land and Suncheon Bay, respectively. The seasonal means were observed to peak during spring with their maximum at Wood Land and Seonam Temple and during summer at Juknokwon and Suncheon Bay. The 24 hour concentration mean of atmosphere standards were found with much lower values than those by law. The highest concentrations of air anion were measured $400{\sim}3,000ea{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ through the sites. There is no significant correlation between the concentration of monoterpene and air anion.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.215-225
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• 2010

To investigate effects of pine essential oil isolated by steam distillation from Pinus densiflora needles (PN) and twigs (PT) on anti-oxidant and anti-aging activities, the experiments were carried out to determine anti-oxidant and antiaging activities on DPPH radical scavenging activity, NBT/xanthine oxidase-superoxide scavenging activity, silica-induced intracellular $H_2O_2$ and hydroxyl radical generation in RAW264.7 cells, hyaluronidase and elastase activities in vitro. Essential oil of PN and PT were contained 0.225 and 0.176 (w/v) %, respectively. PN was contained with 30 kinds of essential oil and its major constituent is $\alpha$-pinene (21.5%). Further PT was contained with 40 kinds of essential oil and its major constituent is $\beta$-pinene (22.4%) in GC/MS assay. Other essential oils of PN were $\beta$-pinene, camphene, myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, $\alpha$-terpineol, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-copaene, caryophellene and humulene and PT were $\alpha$-pinene, camphene, phellandrene, limonene, terpinolene, $\alpha$-terpineol, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-copaene, caryophellene and humulene. The essential oil of PT have more active than that of PN in anti-oxidant activity which has significant DPPH radical and superoxide scavenging activity, and significant inhibitory activities on silica-induced intracellular $H_2O_2$ and hydroxyl radical generation, as well as, significantly inhibited elastase and hyaluronidase activities. Further, phellandrene, myrcene and $\alpha$-pinene have DPPH radical and superoxide scavenging activities, $\beta$-pinene, terpinolene, myrcene and phellandrene inhibited silica-induced intracellular $H_2O_2$ and hydroxyl radical generations. And also phellandrene and $\beta$-pinene inhibited hyaluronidase and elastase activities. In conclusion, the essential oils isolated from PN and PT have anti-oxidant and anti-aging activities.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2005

This study was carried out to find the allelopathic effect of volatile materials released from Eupatorium rugosum. The GC method was employed for analysis of volatile materials from E. rugosum and 49 chemical substances were identified such as $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-terpinenol, chamazulene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-pinene, etc. including unidentified three chemicals. Germination test in Phaseolus radiatus was done to find the inhibition effect of volatile materials using some chemicals which were proved to be important component or much amounts ones in E. rugosum. It was strongly inhibited by linalool and terpinen-4-ol. Seedling elongation and radicle growth of that were proportionally inhibited by the concentration of the essential oil, especially $\alpha$-pinene and bornyl acetate. Biomass of receptor plant was slightly decreased more than 58 ${\mu}l$ of the extract in case of $\alpha$-pinene, while it was decreased more than 19 ${\mu}l$ of that in bornyl acetate but it was shown non-significant. From the above results, it was found that volatile materials from E. rugosum showed a allelopathic effect and also $\alpha$-pinene, bornyl acetate, linalool and terpinen-4-ol used in bioassay were some of major allelochemicals in germination inhibition and especially linalool and terpinen-4-ol are prominent effect on growth inhibition of other plant.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2005

The antifungal activities of essential oils from the leaves of Glehnia littoralis, which is cultivated in Korea, were evaluated against pathogenic Trichophyton species by the broth dilution method and the disk diffusion test. Additionally, the effects of the oils together with ketoconazole were tested by the checkerboard titer test. The essential oil fraction and its main components showed significant inhibition of the tested Trichophyton fungi, with minimal inhibitor concentrations (MICs) in the range of 16-32 mg/ml. The results suggest that activities of this oil are based mainly on the contents of ${\alpha}-pinene$ (22.17%), the next prominent component of the oil fraction, while the first main components ${\beta}-pinene$ (57.83%) have relatively mild activity. The MICs of ${\alpha}-pinene$ and ${\beta}-pinene$ were 1-4 mg/ml and 4-32 mg/ml, respectively. Additionally the Glehnia oil fraction and its main components as well, exhibited significant synergism with ketoconazole against Trichophyton rubrum.