• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1048-1054
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• 2007

The quality characteristics of cookies, prepared with the freeze dried fresh garlic (FGP) and steamed ($100^{\circ}C$, 20 min) garlic (SGP) powders, were investigated. The cookie samples in the present study were made by adding the garlic powders at different levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6%). The highest spread ratio, $8.48{\pm}0.31$ and $8.62{\pm}0.21$, were obtained by mixing 6% FGP and 0.5% SGP with the cookies. Among the surface color of the cookies, the L-value decreased with increasing garlic powder contents compared to that of the control group, but the difference in the surface color among the kinds of garlic powders was insignificant. Although increases in the garlic powder content resulted in no noticeable difference among the a-value of the test group, the b-value was decreased significantly, particularly with increasing SGP contents. Hardness was also increased along with the garlic powder contents and was highest at its 2% content. When viewed from the sensor properties, the measured color tended to become brown at the garlic powder contents greater than 2%. The surface crack of the cookies also increased as the SGP content increased. Its garlic taste and flavor were slightly low at SGP added with 6% garlic powder content than FGP. The overall acceptability was higher in $0.5{\sim}4%$ added test samples than those in control group sample; it was highest for 1%, 2% and 0.5%, in decreasing order. In the sensor evaluation, the overall acceptability of the cookies was considerably different in the comparison of FGP added cookies with SGP added ones. Therefore, the optimal ratio investigated for making the garlic added cookies was shown to be 1 %, and its acceptability was relatively high for SGP added cookies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.509-520
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• 1997

This is a report on the early vegetation, plant community structure, and secondary succession of cut and uncut sites of burned areas in Mt. Gumo-sun. The forest fire occurred on April, 1994 and the pine forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The investigation was carried out from April, 1995 to October, 1996. The results are summarized as follows : The floristic composition of cut and uncut sites of burned area and unburned area were composed of 32, 36, and 34 kinds of vascular plants respectively. The biological spectra showed the $H(G)-D_1-R_5-e$ type, $H(M)-D_1-R_5-e$ and $M(N)-D_1-R_5-e$ in cut, uncut, and unburned site respectively. The dominant species based on $SDR_3$ of the cut site were Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(100.00). Caret humilis(52.27), Quercus serrata(51.19) and Lysimachia clethroides(39.40), however, in the uncut sites the dominant species were Quercus acutissima(56.91), Pinus densiflora(26.83) in the tree layer, Quercus serrata(50.43), Lindera glauca(40.51), Lespedeza bicolor(37.85) in the shrub layer, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(72.27), Pteridium aquilium var. latiusculum(60.92), Carex humilis(63.63) in the herb layer. Pinus densiflora(99.88), Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(82.74), Quercus serrata(77.47) and Carex humilis(74.02) were dominant in the unburned site. The species diversity(H) and evenness index(e) were 1.05, 0.70 and 1.32, 0.85 in the cut and uncut site, respectively and 0.22, 0.63 in the unburned site. Dominance index(C) was 0.15, 0.06 and 0.96 in the cut, uncut site and unburned site, respectively. Degree of succession(DS) was 345.19, 747.47 and 674.34 in cut, uncut and unburned site, respectively. The index of similarity(CCs) was 0.66 between cut and uncut sites, 0.50 between unburned and cut sites and 0.61 between unburned and uncut sites. The amount of exchangeable sodium, calcium, magnesium and soil pH were increased, but the amount of organic matter, available phosphous, total nitrogen, total carbon and exchangeable potassium were decreased in cut site after fire.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.131-144
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• 2005

Objective : The aim of this study is to observe the effect of Herbal-acupuncture(HA) with Luffae Fructus Retinervus Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(LFR-HAS) at ST36(Joksamni) on Collagen Ⅱ -induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA1/J mice were immunized with bovine type Ⅱ collagen(CⅡ) on days 0 and 21 to induce an arthritis. The mice were divided into 5 groups. They were Normal group(wild type), Control group(CIA), Saline group(CIA +saline injection), Needle Prick group(CIA +single Prick with an injection needle) and LFR-HA group(CIA +LFR-HA treatment). The saline injection, needle prick and LFR-HA were made on the right ST36(Joksamni) of mice for 5 weeks, 3 times a week beginning 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Results : 1. The highest synovial rate of lung fibroblasts was measured in the 1% LFR-HAS. 2. TNF-${\alpha}$ expression of survival cells from CIA mouse joint was significantly reduced in the 1% LFR-HAS. 3. The incidence of arthritis and the spleen weight of CIA mouse were significantly reduced by the Luffae Fructus Retinervus Herbal-Acupuncture (LFR-HA) at ST36. 4. The concentrations of IL-6, INF-${\alpha}$, INF-${\alpha}$, IgG, IgM, and anti-collagen Ⅱ in the CIA mouse serum were significantly reduced by the LFR-HA at ST36. 5. The histological examination showed that, in the LFR-HA group, the cartilage destruction and the synoviocyte proliferation in the CIA mouse joint were not significant compared to the control group, and the collagen fiber was similarly expressed as the normal group. 6. In the LFR-HA group, the ratio of CD3e+ to CD19+ cell, and the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cell in the lymph node were similarly maintained as those of the normal group. 7. CD69+/CD3e+ and CD11a+/CD19+ cells in the CIA mouse lymph node were significantly reduced by the LFR-HA at ST36. 8. CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells in the CIA mouse joint were significantly reduced by the LFR-HA at ST36. Conclusions : These results indicate that Luffae Fructus Retinervus Herbal-Acupuncture (LFR-HA) at ST36 may regulate the immune system and have a therapeutic effect on Collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in mice.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1214-1222
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• 1998

Background : The intrapleural hypofibrinolysis is caused by mainly excessive concentration of pleural plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen(PAI-1 Ag), which binds tissue type plasminogen activator. In pleural inflammation induced by sclerosing agents for pleurodesis, levels of pleural PAI-1 antigen increase in relation to decreasing D-dimer levels. It has been known that the pleural mesothelial cells have the capability of secreting PAI-1 Ag in response to inflammation in vivo. Therefore, we estimated whether pleural inflammation changes the balance between fibrinolytic and coagulative properties in exudative pleural effusions. Method : The thirty cases was included in our study. We determined the pleural levels of glucose, lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), pH and the counts of white blood cell(WBC), polymorpho leukocyte(PMN), lymphocyte as the parameters of pleural inflammation and cellular components of pleural fluid. The plasma level of fibrinogen in fluid and the neutrophil count in blood were determined. The levels of D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag and thrombinantithrombin III complex(TAT) were determined by ELISA(Behring, Marburg, Germany). Result : The causes of pleural effusion were as following : tuberculous in 14 cases, malignant in 10 cases and parapneumonic in 6 cases. The levels of pleural D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag and TAT was significantly higher than that of plasma(p<0..001). The severity of pleural inflammation did not correlated with pleural D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag, TAT and their plasma levels. But the level of pleural TAT correlated with pleural WBC and lymphocyte count. Conclusion : We found that the severity of pleural inflammations did not correlated with pleural D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag, TAT and the possibility of local production of PAI-1 antigen is present.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.226-226
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• 2008

지난 10여년 동안 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5(wt%)Cu 합금은 대표 무연솔더 조성으로 다양한 전자제품의 실장 및 접합에 적용되어 왔으며, 그 신뢰성 역시 충분히 검증된 바 있다. 그러나 최근 Ag 가격의 급격한 상승과 솔더 접합부의 내 충격 신뢰성을 보다 향상시키고자 하는 업계의 동향은 Ag의 함량이 낮은 무연솔더 조성의 적용 확대를 유도하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구자들은 저 Ag 함유 무연슬더로 Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.4In 조성을 제안한 바 있는데, 이는 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 조성 이상의 solderability를 가지면서도 그 금속원료 가격이 약 20% 가량 저렴한 특징을 가진다. 또한 열 싸이클링 (cycling) 테스트를 통한 슬더 조인트의 신뢰성을 평가한 결과, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu에 크게 뒤떨어지지 않는 양호한 특성이 관찰되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 열 싸이클링 테스트와 더불어 최근 그 중요성이 지속적으로 커지고 있는 내 충격 신뢰성 평가 시험을 실시하여 개발된 4원계 무연솔더 조성의 기계적 특성을 기존 무연솔더 조성과 비교, 분석해 보았다. 각 솔더 조성은 솔더 볼 형태로 제조되어 CSP(Chip Scale Package) 상에 범핑 (bumping)되었으며, CSP를 PCB(Printed Circuit Board) 상에 실장하는 공정에서도 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 및 Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.4In의 두 종류의 솔더 페이스트가 사용되었다. 본 연구에서의 내 충격 신뢰성 시험에는 자체 제작한 rod drop 시험기를 사용하였는데, 고정된 CSP 실장 board의 후면 부위를 일정한 높이에서 추를 반복적으로 자유 낙하시켜 급격한 충격을 주는 방식으로 실험을 실시하였다. 이 때 추의 무게는 30g, 낙하 높이는 10cm 였으며, 추의 낙하 시 측정된 board 의 휨 변위량은 약 0.7mm로 측정되었다. 사용된 CSP와 PCB 는 모두 daisy chain 방식으로 연결되어 있기 때문에 저항측정기를 사용한 간단한 실시간 저항 측정 방법으로 시험 이력에 따른 파단부의 발생 시점과 대략의 위치를 손쉽게 확인할 수 있었다. 솔더 조인트의 파단 기준 저항값으로 $1000\Omega$을 설정하였으며. 각 조건 당 5 개 이상의 샘플에 대해 평가를 실시한 후 그 평균값을 조사하였다. 시험 결과 제안된 Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.4In 조성은 대표적인 저 Ag 함유 조성인 Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu에 비해서는 떨어지는 내 충격 신뢰성을 나타내었지만, 우수한 연성에 기인하여 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 조성에 비해서는 약 2 배 이상 우수한 신뢰성이 관찰되었다. 또한 CSP의 실장 시 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu보다 Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.4In 조성 솔더 페이스트를 적용한 경우에서 보다 우수한 내 충격 신뢰성을 나타내어 기본적으로 개발된 Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.4In 솔더 페이스트가 Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 조성의 기존 솔더 페이스트 보다 내 충격 신뢰성이 우수함을 검증할 수 있었다. 각 조성의 솔더 조인트를 $150^{\circ}C$ 에서 500시간 aging한 후 실시한 내 충격 신뢰성 평가에서는 모든 조성에서 그 신뢰성이 급감하는 경항을 나타내었으나, Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.4In가 Sn-l.0Ag-0.5Cu보다도 그 상대적인 신뢰성이 우수한 것으로 관찰되었다. 이와 같이 aging 후 실시하는 충격시험은 가장 실제적인 상황과 유사한 조건이므로 상기의 실험 결과는 매우 고무적이었으며, 이에 대한 보다 면밀한 분석이 요청되었다. 마지막으로 파면 및 미세조직 관찰을 통하여 각 조성에서의 충격 파단 특성을 비교, 분석해 보았다.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.32-41
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to investigate the facton affecting the property of CaCO, farmed from CaClz-Na,CO,-HiOsystem. The effcct of the concentmtlon of reaclants, impurity, the pH of reaction, the addition of sccd crystal, and injectingvelocity af reaclant solution an thc yield oI CaCO; polymorphs. parlide size and whiteness of CaCO, were investigated. Thcmqor resulls are ;o fallows; I The optimum concentratinn of reildilnts for forming vaterlte and aragonite is the range of 0.1-1.0 mol/l, when the yicld of vittcrite and araga~nles howed 7542% and XU-90%. respedively. 2. Among thc composition of impunticscontained h limestone, Fe' decrease the wh~tcness nf CaCO;. md Mg" increase the yield of aragonite. 3. The pHrange of vaterite and aragonite are formed with high yield is 8-11, and Calcite is famed in pH 6-8 with big particle size of 1over and in pH 11-13 with small particle size of I under. 4. The yicld of calcite and aragonite was increased by addingthc seed cryst.al nf itself.d cryst.al nf itself.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1149-1157
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• 2017

Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation in our body. The use of medicinal plants has been widely applied as an alternative source for drug development. One of marine natural resources, the anti-inflammatory effect of Ishige sinicola ethanol extract (ISEE), was evaluated by using LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell and mice model. As a result, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$) were inhibited with increasing concentration of ISEE without any cytotoxicity. Furthermore, ISEE suppressed the expression of not only inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) p65, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a dose-dependent manner. In mice ear edema test, the formation of edema was reduced at the highest dosage of ISEE and the reduction of the number of infiltrated mast cells was observed in histological analysis. These results indicate that ISEE has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and can be used as a pharmaceutical material for many kinds of inflammatory disease.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 1997

Responses of 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass turf to various fairway cultural practices are not well-established or supported by research results. This study was initiated to evaluate the effects of irrigation frequency, clipping return or removal, and nitrogen rate on leaf and soil nitrogen con-tent in the 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) turf. A 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass turf was established in 1988 on a Sharpsburg silty-clay loam (Typic Argiudoll). The experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1991 under nontraffic conditions. A split-split-plot experimental design was used. Daily or biweekly irrigation, clipping return or removal, and 5, 15, or 25 g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ were the main-, sub-, and sub-sub-plot treatments, respectively. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The turf was mowed 4 times weekly at a l3 mm height of cut. Leaf tissue nitrogen content was analyzed twice in 1989 and three times in both 1990 and 1991. Leaf samples were collected from turfgrass plants in the treatment plots, dried immediately at 70˚C for 48 hours, and evaluated for total-N content, using the Kjeldahl method. Concurrently, six soil cores (18mm diam. by 200 mm depth) were collected, air dried, and analyzed for total-N content. Nitrogen analysis on the soil and leaf samples were made in the Soil and Plant Analyical Laboratory, at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. Data were analyzed as a split-split-plot with analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the General Linear Model procedures of the Statistical Analysis System. The nitrogen content of the leaf tissue is variable in creeping bentgrass fairway turf with clip-ping recycles, nitrogen application rate and time after establishment. Leaf tissue nitrogen content increased with clipping return and nitrogen rate. Plots treated with clipping return had 8% and 5% more nitrogen content in the leaf tissue in 1989 and 1990, respectively, as compared to plots treated with clipping removal. Plots applied with high-N level (25g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$)had 10%, 17%, and 13% more nitrogen content in leaf tissue in 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively, when compared with plots applied with low-N level (5g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$). Overall observations during the study indicated that leaf tissue nitrogen content increased at any nitrogen rate with time after establishment. At the low-N level treatment (5g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ ), plots sampled in 1991 had 15% more leaf nitrogen content, as compared to plots sampled in 1989. Similar responses were also found from the high-N level treatment (25g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ ).Plots analyzed in 1991 were 18% higher than that of plots analyzed in 1989. No significant treatment effects were observed for soil nitrogen content over the first 3 years after establishment. Strategic management application is necessary for the golf course turf, depending on whether clippings return or not. Different approaches should be addressed to turf fertilization program from a standpoint of clipping recycles. It is recommended that regular analysis of the soil and leaf tissue of golf course turf must be made and fertilization program should be developed through the interpretation of its analytic data result. In golf courses where clippings are recycled, the fertilization program need to be adjusted, being 20% to 30% less nitrogen input over the clipping-removed areas. Key words: Agrostis palustris Huds., 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass fairway, Irrigation frequency, Clipping return, Nitrogen rate, Leaf nitrogen content, Soil nitrogen content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.763-771
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• 2012

In this study, total antioxidant properties of extracts from different parts of Lespedeza bicolor were determined using techniques of measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl/2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents. The total antioxidant activities of leaf, stem and root extracts from various solvents (water, 50, 70, 100% ethanol, and hot-water) indicated that 50 and 70% ethanol extracts have high radical scavenging activities and phenolic contents. A systematic approach was used to determine the total antioxidant activity of different solvent fractions of the Lespedeza bicolor extracts, partitioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, and the ethyl acetate fraction was found to have the strongest antioxidant activity. Antioxidant assay-guided isolation was carried out to isolate potential antioxidant compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract was subjected to silica gel, LH-20 and RP-18 column chromatography successively, and afforded compound 1, which was identified as eriodictyol by NMR and MS analysis, after which its antioxidant activity was determined.