• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.106-111
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• 1994

2-iminothiolane is known to bind $NH_2$ group of lysine in the protein and deliver SH group, which can be used to label protein with $^{99m}Tc$. In this study, we looked for the best reaction condition in which 2-iminothiolane is conjugated to human polyclonal IgG and labeling condition with $^{99m}Tc$-glucoheptonate. Labeling yield was measured with TSK G4000SW column and HPLC or precipitation with 10% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) and 1% HSA. In vivo distribution was investigated with Staphylococcal abscess bearing rats. With decreasing glucoheptonate, the labeling yield decreased. Without 2-iminothiolane, $^{99m}Tc$-glucoheptonate was bound to IgG, which seemed to be direct labeling. With increasing 2-iminothiolane upto 20 times higher than IgG, the labeling yield increased, and plateau was seen with higher molar excess of 2-iminothiolane. Polymer formation was not observed. The pH for the conjugation of 2-iminothiolane and IgG was best around 6.4. $^{99m}Tc$-2-iminothiolane-IgG showed faster blood clearance, higher renal activity and lower hepatic and splenic activity than $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA-IgG. The biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc$-2-iminothiolane-IgG with higher molar excess of 2-iminothiolane was not different from that with lower molar excess. Labeling antibodies with $^{99m}Tc$ using 2-iminothiolane can afford a possible route to simple labeling and wide clinical use of the immunoscintigraphy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1994

We studied 65 patients with hypercalcemia who had heed performed $^{201}Tl/^{99m}Tc$ subtraction scan, 21 of them were confirmed as parathyroid tumor (19 adenoma, 2 carcinoma). The diagnostic sensitivity of $^{201}Tl/^{99m}Tc$ subfraction scan for detecting parathyroid mass was 90.5%, specificity was 97.6%, ultrasonography was 80.6%, 58.8%, respectively. The causes of two false negative cases were relatively small size ($1.5{\times}1{\times}0.8cm$) compared to remainig cases and poor thallium uptake due to cystic necrosis of parathyroid adenoma. The one false positive case was non-functioning thyroid nodule. $^{201}Tl/^{99m}Tc$ subtraction scan was simple, effective diagnostic tool and superior to ultrasonography for evaluating the parathyroid mass with high sensitivity and specificity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.231-243
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• 2015

Four different paddy soils collected around the Gyeongju nuclear site were treated with $^{99}TcO_4{^-}$ solution under the assumption of two contrasting contamination scenarios. Scenario I (SN-I) is for a pre-transplanting deposition of $^{99}Tc$ followed by plowing, whereas SN-II is for its deposition onto the water surface shortly after transplanting. Rice plants were grown in lysimeters in a greenhouse. Plant uptake of $^{99}Tc$ was quantified with the $TF_{area}$ ($m^2{\cdot}kg^{-1}-dry$). The SN-II $TF_{area}$ values for straws and brown rice, having been generally higher than the SN-I values, were within the ranges of $6.9{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}4.1{\times}10^{-2}$ and $5.2{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}7.3{\times}10^{-5}$, respectively. Sorption onto clay seems to have decreased $^{99}Tc$ uptake in SN-I, whereas it may have had an insignificant effect in SN-II. A phenomenon characteristic of submerged paddy soil, i.e., the development of a thin oxic surface layer may have greatly affected the rice uptake of SN-II $^{99}Tc$. The surface-water concentrations of $^{99}Tc$ were much higher in SN-II than in SN-I. For the percolating water, however, the opposite was generally true. At most 1.3% of the applied $^{99}Tc$ were leached through such percolation. The use of empirical deposition time-dependent $TF_{area}$ values was considered desirable in assessing the radiological impact of a growing-season deposition of $^{99}Tc$ onto paddy fields.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.68-72
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• 2014

Purpose The nuclear medicine examination, there is a difficulty to carry out the inspection of both on the day of residual isotope due to the half-life. In this study, by studying the mutual influence and $^{18}F$-FDG of $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$, I would like to explain the matters to be considered in the case of performing the same day. Materials and Methods With the NEMA-1994 Phantom, and experiments were performed 3 times. Create a 1: 4 Background ratio HOT and the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ The first experiment: After underwent SPECT in INFINIA (GE Healthcare, MI, USA), and were injected with $^{18}F$-FDG 37 MBq in the Background area, 13 once for 60 minutes under the same conditions was time Scan. Create a 1: 4 Background ratio HOT and the $^{18}F$-FDG second is: The Scan in PET/CT Discovery 600 (GE Healthcare, MI, USA), and 148 MBq after injection $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ the Background area, once for 60 minutes, 6 under the same conditions was time Scan. Create a 1: 4 Background ratio HOT and the $^{18}F$-FDG experiments las, increments of 296 MBq and 148 MBq the 1 Bed Scan after $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$, was 1 Bed Scan under the same conditions. Non BKG area and HOT, I was measured comparing the Total Counts and SNR or CNR. Results Showed a significant difference in the ratio CNR of enforcement during SPECT $^{18}F$-FDG is, (p>0.05). The $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ was no significant difference between the SNR ratio of PET / CT at the time of the effective date (p<0.05). I got the results $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ that reduce the Total Counts of PET / CT scan. Conclusion If you make a PET / CT scan, may affect the test using the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$ up to 12 hours, when it is performed before the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$, does not affect the SNR and SUV, PET / CT scan I reduced the detection efficiency. The inspection of day, we'd like to recommend a way to complement the detection efficiency to increase the inspection time of PET / CT in move forward the inspection using the $^{99m}TcO_4{^-}$.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2020

This study was conducted by SPECT test at the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Daegu P Hospital from June 1 to October 31, 2019. A 3-way injection material was mounted among inpatients, and a syringe that was administered with radiopharmaceuticals using a ^99mTc labeled compound was secured. We tried to find a way to calculate the dose rate of each radiopharmaceutical and increase the dose rate. As a result of measuring the radioactivity of radio-pharmaceuticals using ^99mTc, the average dose rate of 60 syringes of all 6 radiopharmaceuticals was 93.26±7.34%, and the average dose rate of ^99mTc-DMSA was 77.72%, 15.54% lower than the total. As a way to increase the dosing rate, the average dose rate diluted twice with the remaining amount of syringe after administration using normal saline increased to 95.37±6.99%, and the average dose rate diluted three times increased to 96.32±6.86%. The corresponding sample t-test to compare the pre- and post-dose rates at 1 dilution and 2 and 3 dilutions. As a result of the dilution and 2 dilutions, the probability of significance was 0.013, which was significantly higher than the dilution(p<0.05). The probability of significance for dilution 1 and dilution 3 was 0.016, which was significantly higher than in one dilution(p<0.05). The sum of the average dose rate using the experimental 3-way line was the highest with 98.85±1.42% of ^99mTc, ^99mTc-ECD 98.82±1.26%, ^99mTc-Mebrofenin 98.82 ± 1.16%, ^99mTc-HDP 98.74 ± 1.91%, ^99mTc -MIBI was 98.69 ± 1.48%, and ^99mTc-DMSA was the lowest with 86.47 ± 4.74%. When the number of dilutions was 5 times using 0.5 cc of normal saline and when the number of dilutions was 5 times using 1 cc of normal saline, when the number of dilutions was 5 times using 0.5 cc of normal saline and 1 cc of nomal saline When the number of dilutions was 5 times and the syringe volume was 0.5 cc, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference when the number of dilutions was 5 times using 1 cc of nomal saline and the number of dilutions was 5 times using 1 cc of normal saline, and the syringe volume was 0.5 cc (p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.333-343
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• 2002

Purpose: A new linker, hydrazino nicotinamide (HYNIC), was recently introduced for labelling of liposome with $^{99m}Tc$. In this study we synthesized HYNIC derivatized PEG (polyethylene glycol)-liposomes radiolabeled with $^{99m}Tc$. Materials and Methods: In order to synthesize HYNIC-DSPE (distearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine) which is a crucial component for $^{99m}Tc$ chelation, first of all succinimidyl 6-BOC-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid was synthesized from 6-chloronicotinic acid by three sequential reactions. A DSPE derivative of succinimidyl 6-BOC-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid was transformed into HYNIC-DSPE by HCI/dioxane. HYNIC-PEG-liposomes were prepared by hydration of the dried lipid mixture of EPC (egg phosphatidyl choline): PEG-DSPE : HYNIC-DSPE:cholesterol (1.85:0.15:0.07:1, molar ratio). The HYNIC-PEG-liposomes were labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ in the presence of $SnCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ (a reducing agent) and tricine (a coligand). To investigate the level of in vivo transchelation of $^{99m}Tc$ in the liposomes, the $^{99m}Tc$-HYNiC-PES-liposomes were incubated with a molar excess of DTPA, cysteine or glutathione solutions at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The radiolabeled liposomes were also incubated in the presence of human serum at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Results: 6-BOC-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid was synthesized with 77.3% overall yield. The HYNIC concentration in the PEG-coated liposome dispersion was 1.08 mM. In condition of considering the measured liposomal size of 106 nm, the phospholipid concentration of $77.5\;{\mu}mol/m{\ell}$ and the liposomal particle number of $5.2{\times}10^{14}$ liposomes/ml, it is corresponded to approximate 1,250 nicotinyl hydrazine group per liposome in HYNIC-PEG-liposome. The removal of free $^{99m}Tc$ was not necessary because the labeling efficiency were above 99%. The radiolabeled liposomes maintained 98%, 96% and 99%, respectively, of radioactivity after incubation with transchelators. The radiolabeled liposomes possessed above 90% of the radioactivity in serum. Conclusion: These results suggest that the HYNIC can be synthesized easily and applied in labelling of PEG-liposomes with $^{99m}Tc$.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.381-392
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• 2000

Purpose: We compared the reproducibility of $^{201}Tl\;and\;^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi (MIBI) gated SPECT measurement of myocardial function using the Germano algorithm Materials and Methods: Gated SPECT acquisition was repeated in the same position in 30 patients who received $^{201}Tl$ and in 26 who received $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI. The quantification of end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) on $^{201}Tl\;and\;^{99m}Tc$-MIBI gated SPECT was processed independently using Cedars quantitative gated SPECT software. The reproducibility of the assessment of myocardial function on $^{201}Tl$ gated SPECT was compared with that of $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI gated SPECT Results: Correlation between the two measurements for volumes and EF was excellent by the repeated gated SPECT studies of $^{201}Tl$ (r=0.928 to 0.986; p<0.05) and $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI (r=0.979 to 0.997; p<0.05). However, Bland Altman analysis revealed the 95% limits of agreement (2 SD) for volumes and EF were tighter by repeated $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI gated SPECT (EDV: 14.1 ml, ESV: 9.4 ml and EF: 5.5%) than by repeated $^{201}Tl$ gated SPECT (EDV: 24.1 ml, ESV: 18.6 ml and EF: 10.3%). The root mean square (RMS) values of the coefficient of variation (CV) for volumes und EFs were smaller by repeated $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI gated SPECT (EDV: 2.1 ml, ESV 2.7 ml and EF: 2.3%) than by repeated $^{201}Tl$ gated SPECT (EDV: 3.2 ml, ESV: 3.5 ml and EF: 5.2%). Conclusion: $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI provides more reproducible volumes and EF than $^{201}Tl$ on repeated acquisition gated SPECT. $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI gated SPECT is the preferable method for the clinical monitoring of myocardial function.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.395-400
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• 2020

Between October 2019 and January 2020, 120EA of a syringe that was equipped with a 3-way injection material and administered ^99mTc labeled compound among inpatients for SPECT examination at the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Daegu P Hospital. When using a plastic syringe, the average dosing rate according to the number of dilutions was ^99mTc-ECD the highest at 90.87±11.08, and ^99mTc-DMSA the lowest at 75.28±7.43. The average dose rate according to the number of dilutions was the highest at 93.58±7.96, and the lowest at ^99mTc-DMSA at 91.60±6.07. The independent sample t-test showed whether the difference between the ^99mTc-DMSA plastic syringe and the normjek syringe was statistically significant(p<0.01). The ^99mTc-DMSA used for radiopharmaceuticals is a radiopharmaceutical that is mainly used for pediatric patients, and it is considered that it is necessary to use a normjek syringe rather than a general plastic syringe because the precise dosage is important.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.317-324
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• 1990

Liposome was labelled with $^{99m}Tc$ after negative charged liposome was formed with combination of a few lipid components. $^{99m}Tc$ liposome was injected through the tail vein of C3H mice bearing fibrosarcoma and biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc$ liposome was evaluated. The results were as follows: 1) We confirmed formation of liposome which was small unillamellar and multilamellar vesicles. 2) In this experiment the optimal concentration of $SnCl_2$ was $156{\mu}g/ml$ to label liposome with $^{99m}Tc$ and labelling efficiency was 95%. 3) The labelled liposome was stable when it was incubated with human serum for 24 hours. Mean labelling efficiency was 94% at 24 hour. 4) The main uptake sites of Tc-99m liposome were liver and spleen. It showed significantly higher uptake than $^{99m}Tc$ HSA (p < 0.001). 5) $^{99m}Tc$ liposome uptake in tumor tissue was not significantly higher than $^{99m}Tc$ HSA uptake. In conclusion, $^{99m}Tc$ liposome disclosed high labelling efficiency and was highly stable. Liver and spleen were main uptake sites of $^{99m}Tc$ liposome. The uptake mechanism of $^{99m}Tc$ liposome also seemed to be different from that of $^{99m}Tc$ HSA. We conclude that $^{99m}Tc$ liposome would be a promising agents for the imaging of some tumor.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1994

Authors retrospectively analysed 20 cases of follow-up $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans to evaluate renal function recovery after treatment in urologic disorders of infants and children. There were 20 cases with both $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans prior to and after therapy in 15 patients below 9 years old. Among them, 10 patients underwent ureteroneocystostomy under the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux, two patients pyeloplasty because of obstructive uropathy and one was treated with antibiotics even diagnosis of UPJ stricture. We have got the quantified uptake rate of $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan by using the regression equation as "y=0.591x-2.105" (y=the quantified uptake rate, x=the simple uptake rate). The number of kidneys performed proper therapy were 29, and the cases with more increased radiotracer uptake rate in the follow-up $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans were 20 in number as 69% in frequency. 19 cases with improved renal function on $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans didn't show any significant difference related to aging or recovery duration after therapy. The $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans were not useful to evaluate renal function recovery in infants and children, but could be good tests to assess residual renal function prior to or after treatment.