• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.162-167
• /
• 2017

For the production of bioethanol by the synchronous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, bio-capsule formation was attempted. Many saccharifying fungal strains and fermentative yeast strains were first screened. Aspergillus sp. BCNU 6200, Penicillium sp. BCNU 6201, and P. chrysogenum KACC 44363 were found to be excellent producers of saccharifying enzymes such as ${\alpha}$-amylase and glucoamylase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae IFO-M-07 showed the highest ethanol productivity among the tested strains. Secondly, we determined the optimal conditions for pellet formation, and those for bio-capsule formation. All the tested fungal strains formed pellets, and the optimal conditions for bio-capsule formation were $28^{\circ}C$ and 120 rpm. Lastly, SSF process was performed using a bio-capsule. An ethanol yield of 3.9% was achieved by using the Aspergillus sp. BCNU 6200 bio-capsule (Aspergillus sp. BCNU 6200 + S. cerevisiae IFO-M-07) at $30^{\circ}C$ with shaking at 120 rpm during the 10 days of incubation. The results provide useful information on the application of a bio-capsule in bioethanol production under the SSF process.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.41 no.6
• /
• pp.507-514
• /
• 2013

In this study, oxalic acid pretreatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) was performed at different pretreatment temperatures. Also, we evaluated oxalic acid recovery from hydrolysate by electrodialysis. The fermentable sugar concentration in hydrolysate was high at more than $20g/{\ell}$, when pretreatment was carried out at $150^{\circ}C$. At the same time, ethanol production was $3.78g/{\ell}$ after 72 h which correspond to the ethanol yield of 0.21 g/g. On the other hydrolysate (160, $170^{\circ}C$), fermentable sugar was not consumed by Pichia stipitis during fermentation. Most of the oxalic acid was recovered and some of the fermentation inhibitors were removed by electrodialysis. For the electrodialysis treated hydrolysate, ethanol production was increased compared to the original hydrolysate. The highest ethanol production was $5.38g/{\ell}$ after 24 h which correspond to the yield of 0.33 g/g. The ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) under all pretreatment conditions was more than $15g/{\ell}$ after 96 h. The highest ethanol production was $20.54g/{\ell}$, when pretreatment was performed at $170^{\circ}C$. In particular, ethanol production was increased, when electrodialysis treated hydrolysate was used for SSF.

• 한국데이터정보과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.129-142
• /
• 2006

본 논문은 공간시계열자료가 공간의 위치와 시간의 흐름에 따라 동시에 관측되는 분야인 기상, 지질, 천문, 생태, 역학 등에서 아주 넓이 사용되고 있고 그 수요가 점차 증가하는 이 시기에 복잡한 공간시계열 중선형(STBL) 모형에 대한 모수 추정 방법 중 수치 해석적 방법인 Newton-Raphson 방법과 Kalman-Filter 방법을 비교하고, 두 가지 방법에 의한 예측력을 비교하여 보았다.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.276-280
• /
• 2008

In this study, the productivity of bioethanol obtained from various domestic raw materials (barley, brown rice, corn and sweet potato) by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process was estimated. Also, optimal conditions of temperature, time and enzyme concentration in gelatinization and liquefaction process were investigated. As a result, corn showed high ethanol yield of 90.45% and sweet potato had a rapid fermentation time. Productivity of bioethanol increases in accordance with the starch value of raw materials except brown rice. Therefore, it is very important to understand the structure of starch. Further studieson the characteristics of raw materials are necessary to enhance the productivity of bioethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.114-125
• /
• 2002

As semi-solid forging (SSF) is compared with conventional easting such as gravity die-easting and squeeze casting, the product without inner defects can be obtained from semi-solid forming and globular microstructure as well. Generally speaking. SSF consists of reheating, forging, ejecting precesses. In the reheating process, the materials are heated up to the temperature between the solidus and liquidus line at which the materials exists in the form of liquid-solid mixture. The process variables such as reheating time, reheating temperature, reheating holding time, and induction heating power have much effect on the quality of the reheated billets. It is difficult to consider all the variables at the same time when predicting the quality. In this paper, Taguchi method, regression analysis and neural network were applied to analyze the relationship between processing conditions and solid fraction. A356 alloy was used for the present study, and the learning data were extracted by the reheating experiments. Results by neural network were on good agreement with those by experiment. Polynominal regression analysis was formulated by using the test data from neural network. Optimum processing condition was calculated to minimize the grain size, solid fraction standard deviation, otherwise, to maximize the specimen temperature average. In this time, discussion is liven about reheating process of row material and results are presented with regard to accurate process variables for proper solid fraction, specimen temperature and grain size.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.9
• /
• pp.1279-1284
• /
• 2005

The effects of 3 different strains of Japanese koji (Aspergillus oryzae, A. sojae and A. awamori) in the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran on chemical composition, energy, in vivo digestibility and preference of the fermented bagasse feeds (FBF) in goats were investigated. Diets consisted of lucerne hay cube (basal diet) and unfermented bagasse feed (control), FBF with A. oryzae (O), FBF with A. sojae (S) or FBF with A. awamori (A), which were mixed in a total ration of 7:3 (w/w DM). Three Nubian does were fed each of the diets, i.e. control, O, S and A in the 4 consecutive periods for digestion trials (21-day each). The goats were also used for preference trials (30-min each) of O, S and A. The O was significantly higher in CP content than others (p<0.05). The crude fiber (CF), ADF and cellulose contents of control were significantly lower than those of other diets (p<0.05). The S had significantly higher CF digestibility than control (p<0.05), and it revealed the largest value of all. Digestibilities of NDF, ADF and cellulose in S were significantly higher than those of control (about 10, 18 and 18%, respectively, p<0.05). The DE of S was significantly higher than that of others (p<0.05), though there were no significant differences in DCP and TDN between control and S. The results of preference trials demonstrated that the average intake rate was not significantly different among diets, but O and S are likely to be preferable to A (p<0.1). It was concluded that the SSF of bagasse feeds by Japanese koji can improve the fiber digestion, especially NDF, ADF or cellulose in goats, and there is a marked effect in the feed containing A. sojae, which may lead to the improvement of DE.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.21
• /
• pp.9529-9534
• /
• 2014

Background: Cancer staging enables planning for the best treatments, evaluation of prognosis, and predictions for survival. The Collaborative Stage (CS) system makes it possible to significantly reduce the proportion of patients labeled at an "unknown" stage as well as discrepancies among different staging systems. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the accuracy and validity of CS data. Materials and Methods: Data were randomly selected (233 cases) from stomach cancer cases enrolled for CS survey at the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Two questionnaires were used to assess CS values for each case and to review the cancer registration environment for each hospital. Data were analyzed in terms of the relationships between the time spent for acquisition and registration of CS information, environments relating to cancer registration in the hospitals, and document sources of CS information for each item. Results: The time for extracting and registering data was found to be shorter when the hospitals had prior experience gained from participating in a CS pilot study and when they were equipped with full-time cancer registrars. Evaluation of the CS information according to medical record sources found that the percentage of items missing for Site Specific Factor (SSF) was 30% higher than for other CS variables. Errors in CS coding were found in variables such as "CS Extension," "CS Lymph Nodes," "CS Metastasis at Diagnosis," and "SSF25 Involvement of Cardia and Distance from Esophagogastric Junction (EGJ)." Conclusions: To build CS system data that are reliable for cancer registration and clinical research, the following components are required: 1) training programs for medical records administrators; 2) supporting materials to promote active participation; and 3) format development to improve registration validity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.63 no.7
• /
• pp.121-133
• /
• 2013

The globalization of the world, fueled by the Internet, made possible for individuals to access the cultures around the world, other than their own, easier than ever before. But among those rapidly sought out sub-cultures, the video gaming industry, once a niche market mostly for nerds and geeks, now has become one of the biggest entertainment businesses in the world. In a video game, one of the critical elements that could determine its success or failure is the characters featured in the game. And as the countless number of animated characters from many different video games from the past few years have become incredibly popular among the audiences around the world, the expectations from the fans also grow higher every time a new game comes out. Ultimately this has forced the video game developers to come up with more unique and interesting characters for their video games. And at this point, where a video game character is more than just fictional fantasy but a brand to be recognized, it is worth paying proper attention to the video game characters that represent Korea. Hence in this study, we will take a look at Han Ju-Ri, a Korean character featured in Super Street Fighter IV, a competitive fighting game developed by Capcom, one of the world's most recognized video game companies that started its life as an arcade video game, developer but eventually ventured its business into the online world. The study will propose a complete overhaul of the character by incorporating Korea's own traditional looks.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 2007

The major purpose of this article is to formulate a class of Space Time Autoregressive Moving Average(STARMA) model and Space Time Bilinear model(STBL), to discuss some of the their statistical properties such as model, identification approaches, some procedure for estimation and the predictions, and to compare the STARMA model with the STBL model. For illustration, The Mumps data reported from eight city & provinces monthly over the years 2001-2006 are used and the result from STARMA and STBL model are compared with using SSF(Sum of Square Prediction Error).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.329-335
• /
• 1991

The filter elution technique was used to assay $^{60}Co$ $\gamma$ ray-induced DNA strand breaks(SB) in EL4 mouse leukemia cell and mouse spleen lymphocyte. The lymphocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, $20{\mu}g/ml$) to label $[^3H]$ thymidine. EL4 cells and lymphocytes in suspension were exposed at $0^{\circ}C$ to 0Gy, 1Gy, 5Gy, 10Gy or l5Gy for DNA single strand breaks(SSB) assay and 0Gy, 25Gy, 50Gy, 75Gy or 100Gy for DNA double strand breaks(DSB) assay of $^{60}Co$ radiation and elution procedure was performed at pH12.1 and 9.6. The number of DNA strand breaks increased with increasing doses of r rays. The strand scission factor(SSF) was estimated in each experiment (eluted volume 21ml). The slope of SSB EL4 cells was $0.01301{\pm}0.00096Gy^{-1}$ (n=5), the slope of SSB for lymphocytes was $0.01097{\pm}0.00091Gy^{-1}$ (n=5) and the slope of DSB for lymphocytes was $0.001707{\pm}0.0000573Gy^{-1}$ (n=5). Thus EL4 cells were more sensitive to induction of DNA SSB by ionizing radiation than lymphocytes (p<0.005). The ratio of slope of dose-response relationship (SSF versus dose) of lymphocytes DNA SSB as compared with the slope of DNA DSB was 6.4.