• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.11
• /
• pp.1556-1561
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidant enzyme activity and vitamin E concentrationin in Sprague-Dawley rat after being fed various extracts of Hizikia fusiforme. There were six experimental groups: control group (C), H. fusiforme ethanol extract group (EtOH), H. fusiforme dichloromethane fraction group ($CH_2Cl_2$), H. fusiforme ethylacetate fraction group (EtOAc), H. fusiforme butanol fraction group (n-BuOH), H. fusiforme water fraction group ($H_2O$). H. fusiforme extracts (400 mg/kg B.W) were orally administrated to the rats every day for 4 weeks. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and vitamin E in the liver and blood were measured. The activity of SOD in the liver was significantly higher in the $CH_2Cl_2$ and $H_2O$ groups (p<0.05) than in the control and other extract groups. The SOD activity in serum increased significantly in all H. fusiforme groups (p<0.05) compared to the control group and it was also significantly higher in the EtOH and $H_2O$ groups (p<0.05) than in other extract groups. The serum catalase activity increased significantly in the n-BuOH group (p<0.05) compared to the control and other extract groups. The plasma MDA concentration decreased significantly in the n-BuOH and $H_2O$ group (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Serum concentration of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol showed no significant differences in most of the experimental groups, but it was significantly higher in the EtOAc group (p<0.05). The ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentrations in the liver showed a significant increase in the $CH_2Cl_2$ and $H_2O$ groups (p<0.05) compared to the control and other extract groups. The liver ${\gamma}$-tocopherol concentrations in H. fusiforme extract groups showed a tendency to increase compared to the control group and it was significantly higher in the $H_2O$ group (p<0.05) than in other extract groups. These results suggest that supplementation of water extracts of H. fusiforme extract could be effective in improving the antioxidant system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.53 no.spc
• /
• pp.115-120
• /
• 2008

Lipid soluble vitamin E consists of tocopherols and tocotrienols depending upon double bonds in phytyl side chains attached to chromanol ring. Recent reports on antioxidative, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering effects of tocotrienols have increased researches and commercialization of tocotrienols. Purple perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta Kudo) has been reported as a plant containing tocotrienols along with tocopherol forms of vitamin E based upon normal phase HPLC analysis. To confirm the existence or absence of tocotrienol form of vitamin E in purple perilla, comparative analysis using HPLC, GC/FID, and GC/MSD has been conducted for 14 purple perilla genetic accessions collected from Korea and Japan. Normal phase HPLC analysis showed ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\gamma}-$, and ${\delta}-tocopherols$ along with peaks with retention times quite similar to ${\beta}-$ and ${\gamma}-tocotrienols$. Same purple perilla samples, analysed by GC exhibited ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\gamma}-$, and ${\delta}-tocopherols$ quantitatively equivalent to HPLC results. However, no peaks for ${\beta}-$ and ${\gamma}-tocotrienols$ could be observed and unknown two peaks of similar retention times with ${\beta}-$ and ${\gamma}-tocotrienols$ were identified not corresponding tocotrienols by GC/MSD. These results suggest the absence of tocotrienol form of vitamin E in purple perilla as well as the necessity of using GC-based qualitative and quantitative vitamin E analysis to avoid misinterpretation of peaks with similar retention times as tocotrienol isomers when analysed by an HPLC.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2004

Food irradiation has been steadily increased in many countries concomitantly with increasing international trades and concerns about naturally occurring harmful contaminants of food. Although, irradiation provides an excellent safeguard for the consumer by destroying harmful bacteria, it would be necessary to investigate nutritional adequacy of irradiated foods with a special emphasis on such foods as red pepper powders, cold-water fishes (mackerel), sesame seeds that are widely consumed in Korea. These food items are of special concern due to the fact that most of them are imported and that several nutrients contained in them are sensitively reacting to irradiation. We observed changes in the antioxidant nutrients contents, such as vitamin A, $\beta$-carotene, vitamin C and total phenol, and also vitamin B$_1$ in the foods that were irradiated at different dose levels. The nutrients contents in red pepper were respectively 98.6% and 92.3％ for total phenol, and 97.8% and 94.5% for $\beta$-carotene, right after irradiation at the dose of 10 and 20 kGy. The vitamin C contents decreased with irradiation doses up to 76.4% (10 kGy) and 68.5% (20 kGy) and B$_1$ contents decreased to 54.9% and 80.7% of non irradiated red pepper. When the mackerel was irradiated at the applied dose of 3 and 7 kGy, total phenol concentration of the irradiated fish was respectively 91.3% and 94.2% of non irradiated fish. The amounts of vitamin A were 82.6% (3 kGy) and 78.0% (7 kGy) of unirradiated sample and vitamin B$_1$ contents reduced to 30.5% and 51.5%. $\alpha$-Tocopherol content was 33.9% of the non-irradiated one when it was irradiated at 7 kGy. Vitamin A and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol contents in sesame seeds linearly decreased with the applied doses (5 and 10 kGy) Vitamin A contents decreased up to 87.8% (5 kGy) and 82.9% (10 kGy) and that of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol were 72.4% and 66.5% of the unirradiated sample.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.192-195
• /
• 2006

For the development of a qualitative PCR detection method for genetically modified perilla (Perilla frutescens), perilla species-specific gene, KAS-I (Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I), was selected and validated as suitable for the use as an endogenous reference gene in perilla. Primer specificity was first tested by the means of qualitative PCR analysis. The primer pair Pfru3-F/R amplifying the perilla endogenous gene, KAS-I, gave rise to an amplicon 95 bp. No amplified product was observed when DNA samples from 15 different plants were used as templates. Qualitative PCR detection method was assayed with vitamin E-enriched GM Perilla developed in Korea. For the qualitative PCR detection method, the construct-specific detection primer pairs were constructed. The primer pair TMTO-F/R amplifying the junction region of TMT (${\gamma}$-tocopherol methyltransferase) gene and OCS (Octopine synthase) terminator introduced in GM perilla gave rise to an amplicon 148 bp.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.1006-1010
• /
• 2007

This study investigated changes in the chemical and functional components of germinated rough rice for the development of functional foods. The chemical components that were determined for 'Ilpum', 'Goami2', 'Keunnun', and 'Heugkwang' rough rice cultivars included dietary fiber, free sugars, free amino acids, and functional components such as tocopherols and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. The crude protein, fat, total dietary fiber, and free sugar contents of the rough rice increased significantly after germination. The essential amino acid content was particularly increased. After the germination of the 'Ilpum', 'Goami2', 'Keunnun', and 'Heugkwang' varieties, the following increases were found: ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid increased 2.4, 2.5, 6.1, and 3.4 times, respectively; ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\alpha}$-tocotrienols, and ${\gamma}$-tocotrienols increased significantly; and ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content increased 0.8, 1.1, 1.5, and 1.2 times, respectively. Thus, germinated rough rice has the potential to be used as a healthy and functional food ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.646-653
• /
• 1999

This study was done to investigate the effect of ${\gamma}$ irradiated beef feeding on antioxidant vitamin levels and defense enzyme activities in diethylnitrosamine(DEN) initiated rats. Weaning Sprague Dawley male rats were fed the diet containing ${\gamma}$ irradiated ground beef at the dose 0, 3, 5 kGy as a 20% of protein source for 8 weeks. One week after feeding, rats were intraperitoneally injected twice with a dose of DEN(50mg/kg BW). As a promoter, 0.05% phenobarbital was fed in drinking water from one week after DEN treatment until the end of experiment. At the end of 8th week, serum level of vitamin C, serum and hepatic levels of retinol and tocopherol were determined. In addition, activities of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S transferase, catalase and hepatic superoxide dismutase(SOD) were measured. By ${\gamma}$ irradiation, there was no significant effect on serum and hepatic levels of vitamin C and tocopherol except a significant decreasing effect on hepatic retinol level. There was also no significant effect on the activities of enzymes involved in antioxidative defense system, However, DEN treatment led to a significant increase in activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione S transferase while the activity of glutathione peroxidase was decreased. The activities of hepatic SOD and catalase were not changed by DEN treatment. Overall results indicate that the consumption of low dose of ${\gamma}$ irradiated beef does not affect antioxidative defense system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.9
• /
• pp.933-941
• /
• 2003

It has been suggested that green juice supplementation may have some health promoting benefits. We evaluated the effects of green juice (Angelica keiskei) consumption on parameters of lipid profiles and plasma antioxidant status in healthy male smokers. Fifty-four smokers were supplemented with 300 ml of green juice for 6 weeks while maintaining their normal diet. Blood samples were collected on week 0 and week 6 in order to evaluate plasma lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol) , plasma antioxidant vitamin levels (ascorbic acid, $\alpha$ -tocopherol, ${\gamma}$ -tocopherol, $\alpha$ -carotene, $\beta$ -carotene, cryptoxanthin and lycopene) , the degree of LDL oxidation and GOT, GPT levels for liver function. Plasma ascorbic acid level remained at the same level. However, $\alpha$ -tocopherol and ${\gamma}$ -tocopherol normalized by total cholesterol (p <0.05) and $\beta$ -carotene (p <0.001) level were all significantly increased after green juice supplementation. Plasma cholesterol was reduced for 12%, LDL-cholesterol was reduced for 9.3% after green juice consumption, while plasma triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol was not changed. Oxidized LDL assessed by conjugated diene (CD) , was decreased (p < 0.0001) after green juice consumption. These results further support a role for green juice supplementation in the improvement of lipid status, prevention of lipid peroxidation, and thereby reducing risk factors of numerous diseases associated with elevated oxidative stress in smokers.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 1993

The concentrations of tocopherols and compositions of fatty acids during germination and maturation of soybean seeds were determined by HPLC and GC. In germination stages, when the length of seedling axis was about 10 cm, the contents of total tocopherols and lipids were the highest. At the early phase of pod filling on field condition, the concentration of ${\delta}-tocopherol$ in soybean seeds was the highest, but, in further pod filling, the content of ${\delta}-tocopherol$ decreased continuously, and ${\alpha}-$ and ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ increased. Accumulation of oil during pod filling seems to be determined at the beginning. There seem positive correlations between several tocopherol homologues and fatty acids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.158-166
• /
• 2000

The effects of smoking and physical exercise on the plasma concentrations of lipid-soluble antioxidants were investigated in 62 healthy males, aged 34-65 years. Current smokers (n=21) and ex-smokers(n=16) had significantly lower plasma levels of carotenoids ($\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, cryptoxanthin and lycopene), $\alpha$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol than non-smokers (n=25). Plasma concentrations of retionl and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) were lower among ex-smokers and current smokers than among non-smokers, but the differences were not statistically significant. Regular physical exercise was associated with increased plasma levels of lipid-soluble antioxidants. Plasma concentrations of crytoxanthin, retinol and ubiquinone were significantly elevated in the group engaging in moderate amounts of exercise (more than 20 minutes per day) compared to the group engaging in small amounts of exercise (less than 10 minutes per day). Plasma $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, lycopene levels in the subjects were affected more by smoking than by exercise. However, plasma levels of cryptoxanthin, retinol and ubiquinone in the subjects were affected more by exercise than by smoking. These findings suggest than smoking may cause a decrease in plasma lipid-soluble antioxidants during neutralization of reactive oxygen species present in cigarette smoke and that poor exercise habits may accelerate this imbalance of oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis in middle-aged Korean men.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.207-210
• /
• 2004

Vitamin E, consisting of tocotrienols ($\textrm{T}_3$) and tocopherols ($\textrm{T}$) is well-known nutraceutical compound for its antioxidant, anticancer and cholesterol-low-ering activity. The contents of alpha ($\alpha\textrm{-}$), beta ($\beta\textrm{-}$), gamma ($\gamma\textrm{-}$) and delta ($\delta\textrm{-}$) tocotrienols and tocopheyols in some Korean crop seeds were evaluated by using HPLC after saponification. Among tested crops, total 73 contents (mg/110g) were purple perilla 25.06, barley 4.50, corn 3.54, iris 3.04, adlay 2.58, safflower 0.12. Other crops including 5 soybean cultivars, kidneybean, sunflower and perilla contained no tocotrienols. Regarding $\textrm{T}_3$ isomers, $\beta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ were rut observed in adlay and corn, and $\delta$-$\textrm{T}_3$ were not in iris aid purple perilla, while safflower exhibited no detectable $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$. Total T contents (mg/100g) were high in iris (51.82), perilla (40.90), soybean (34.11), sunflower (20.88), and they all contained all $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$, $\gamma\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$ tocopterol isomers. Total Vit E contents (T ＋ $\textrm{T}_3$, mg/100g) were iris 54.86, purple perilla 41.80, perilla 40.90, soybean 34.11, sunflower 20.88, safflower 14.73, corn 11.49, evening-primrose 10.07, barley 7.48, adlay 6.24 and kidneybean 5.27.