• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1994

There are some difficulties in applying the Pearson's Chi-Square Test for the continuous distribution. The problems include how to form class intervals for the test of fit how to employ in the test when the estimators of parameters are obtained from the ungrouped sample so on. In order to solve these problems we use the generalized minimum Chi-Square technique which is a test free of the complications associated with the Peason's Chi-Square test. This paper show how to apply the goodness of fit tests based on generalized minimum Chi-Square technique to the extreme values.

• Water for future
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 1974

The records of wave heights which were observed at Muk ho and Po hang of the East Coast of Korea were analized by several probility functions. The exponential 2 parameter distribution was found as the best fit probability function to the historical distribution of wave heights by the test of goodness of fit. But log-normal 2 parameter and log-extremal type A distributions were also fit to the historical distribution, especially in the Smirnov-Kolmogorov test. Therefore, it can't be always regarded that those two distributions are not fit to the wave heiht's distribution. In the test of goodness of fit, the Chi-Square test gave very sensitive results and Smirnov-Kolmogorov test, which is a distribution free and non-parametric test, gave more inclusive results. At the next stage, the inter-relationship between the mean and the one-third wave heights, the mean and the one-=tenth wave heights, the one-third and the one-tenth wave heights, the one-third and the highest wave heights were obtained and discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1245-1255
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• 2015

In this paper, we investigated the major 8 companies of Korean stock market, and carried out the goodness of fit and independence tests. We found out the distributions of absolute returns are closed to compressed exponential distribution. The parameters are dominant that 1 < ${\beta}$ < 2, followed by ${\beta}=1$(exponential distribution) and ${\beta}=2$(normal distribution). Meanwhile, we assured that most of the absolute returns for major 8 companies have relevance to each other by chi-square independence test.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.437-448
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to test a path model for the factors related to undergraduate nursing students' clinical practicum stress, based on Lazarus and Folkman's stress-coping model. Methods: This study utilized a path analysis design. A total of 235 undergraduate nursing students participated in this study. The variables in the hypothetical path model consisted of clinical practicum, emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, Nun-chi, and nursing professionalism. We tested the fit of the hypothetical path model using SPSS/WIN 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. Results: The final model fit demonstrated a satisfactory statistical acceptance level: goodness-of-fit-index=.98, adjusted goodness-of-fit-index=.91, comparative fit index=.98, normed fit index=.95, Tucker-Lewis index=.92, and root mean square error of approximation=.06. Self-efficacy (${\beta}=-.22$, p=.003) and Nun-chi behavior (${\beta}=-.17$, p=.024) were reported as significant factors affecting clinical practicum stress, explaining 10.2% of the variance. Nursing professionalism (${\beta}=.20$, p=.006) and self-efficacy (${\beta}=.45$, p<.001) had direct effects on emotional intelligence, explaining 45.9% of the variance. Self-efficacy had indirect effects on Nun-chi understanding (${\beta}=.20$, p<.001) and Nun-chi behavior (${\beta}=.09$, p=.005) through emotional intelligence. Nursing professionalism had indirect effects on Nun-chi understanding (${\beta}=.09$, p=.005) and Nun-chi behavior (${\beta}=.09$, p=.005) through emotional intelligence. The variables for self-efficacy and nursing professionalism explained 29.1% of the Nun-chi understanding and 18.2% of the Nun-chi behavior, respectively. Conclusion: In undergraduate nursing education, it is important to identify and manage factors that affect clinical practicum stress. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of Nun-chi, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and nursing professionalism in the development of an educational strategy for undergraduate nursing students.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.889-902
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• 2013

Several goodness-of-fit test statistics have been proposed for a multinomial logit regression model; however, the properties of the proposed tests were not adequately studied. This paper evaluates three different goodness-of-fit tests using grouping strategies, proposed by Fagerland et al. (2008), Bull (1994), and Pigeon and Heyse (1999). In addition, Pearson (1900)'s method is also examined as a reference. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the four methods in terms of null distribution and power. A real data example is presented to illustrate the methods.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5287-5294
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is a worldwide public health concern and is the most prevalent type of cancer in women in the United States. This study concerned the best fit of statistical probability models on the basis of survival times for nine state cancer registries: California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Michigan, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington. Materials and Methods: A probability random sampling method was applied to select and extract records of 2,000 breast cancer patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database for each of the nine state cancer registries used in this study. EasyFit software was utilized to identify the best probability models by using goodness of fit tests, and to estimate parameters for various statistical probability distributions that fit survival data. Results: Statistical analysis for the summary of statistics is reported for each of the states for the years 1973 to 2012. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Chi-squared goodness of fit test values were used for survival data, the highest values of goodness of fit statistics being considered indicative of the best fit survival model for each state. Conclusions: It was found that California, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, New Mexico, and Washington followed the Burr probability distribution, while the Dagum probability distribution gave the best fit for Michigan and Utah, and Hawaii followed the Gamma probability distribution. These findings highlight differences between states through selected sociodemographic variables and also demonstrate probability modeling differences in breast cancer survival times. The results of this study can be used to guide healthcare providers and researchers for further investigations into social and environmental factors in order to reduce the occurrence of and mortality due to breast cancer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1044-1053
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of a maternal education program based on the temperament theory on the temperamental goodness-of-fit between mother and child. Method: The research method was a nonequivalent, control group, non-synchronized design and the experimental period was from May 10, 2004 to July 24, 2004. The subjects were mothers who had children 3-4 years old who registered in eight kindergartens or infant schools in M city. Among the total 94 subjects, 47 were allocated as an experimental group and 47 were a control group. Using the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program, the data was analyzed by a Chi-square test, and t-test. Result: 1. After treatment with a maternal education program based on the temperament theory, the experimental group significantly decreased in scores for perceived children's behavior problems in comparison to the control group(t=-4.01, p<.001). 2. After treatment with a maternal education program based on the temperament theory, the experimental group did not significantly decrease in scores for parenting stress in comparison to the control group(t=-.85, p=.40). 3. After treatment with a maternal education program based on the temperament theory, the experimental group did not significantly decrease in scores for rejective parenting behaviors in comparison to the control group(t=-1.32, p=.19). Conclusion: A maternal education program based on the temperament theory is a useful intervention to decrease perceived children's behavior problems.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.718-728
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• 1998

Breast self-examination is the most effective and easiest way for women to increase the responsible consciousness about their health. The purpose of this study was to test the variables impacted to promote breast self-examination practice. The research design used in this study was a nonequevalent control group of a non-synchronized design. The sample that was assembled consisted of 124 women. A purposive sample consisted of 124 women. Each subject was given to assessed on the following the demographic data related to the breast self-examination, knowledge of self-examination, accuracy, in performing self-examination, self-efficacy about breast cancer and breast self-examination, and the number of subjects who found a mass. The result of this study may be summarized as follows : 1. To examine the theretical model fit to the data, chi square test statistics and goodness of fit index were identified($\chi$$^2$=2.30, df=2, GFI=0.99, AGFI=0.94 RMSR=0.02, NFI=0.99, NNFI=0.99, Critical Number=439). 2. The direct effects of education of breast self-examination were knowledge, self-efficacy, accuracy, number finding a mass. But the Indirect effect of education on breast self-examination was frequency of breast self-examination. 3. Knowlege, as direct paths to the breast self-examination practices, was removed in the theoretical model. The parsimonious best fit model included self-efficacy, accuracy, the number finding mass, frequency of breast self-examination practices. 4. The final model produced a chi-square=5.58(p=0.35) with df=5, and GFI =0.99, AGFI =0.94, RMSR=0.03, NFI=0.99, NNFI=0.99, CN=339 indicating very a good fit. Based on the result of this study, education of breast self-examination is very effective for increasing the competency of the breast self-examination through the knowledge and self-efficacy. Resources to promote self-efficacy may be helpful to increase the frequency of self-examination because self-efficacy is a direct effect on it. These findings suggest the need to develop nursing strategy to promote the self-efficacy of breast self-examination.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.476-490
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• 1992

This study was designed to develop and test a structural model for maternal adaptation and family stress in families with mentally handicapped children. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of the family stress theory developed by McCubbin etc. The model included 6 theoretical concepts and 11 paths. For the purpose of the model testing, empirical data were collected from May to August, 1992. The subjects of the study constituted 190 mothers of children in five special schools and one private institute in Seoul and Choong Nam. An SPSS PC＋ and PC－LISREL 7.13 computer programs were used for descriptive and covariance structure analysis. The results of the study were as follows. (1) The hypothetical model showed itself a good fit to the empirical data ［Chi - square＝18.35(df＝7, P＝0.005), Goodness of Fit Index＝0.991, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index＝0.959, Root Mean Square Residual＝0.042), Non Normed Fit Index＝0.90, Normed Fit Index＝0.96］. (2) The results of Hypothesis testing indicated : 1) Social support(${\gamma}$$_{11}$＝.238, T＝2.352), Family functioning(${\gamma}$$_{12}$＝.729, T＝5.957) and Family life event stress(${\gamma}$$_{13}$＝.125) had direct effects on situational definition. 2) Life event stress(${\gamma}$$_{23}$＝.319, T＝3.872) had direct effects on the effect of the handicapped child on the family. Family functioning(${\gamma}$$_{22}$＝-.245) and situational definition($\beta$$_{21}$＝-.335, T＝3.227) had direct effects on the effect of the handicapped child on the family. 3) Situational definition($\beta$$_{31}$＝-.273, T＝3.493), family life event stress (${\gamma}$$_{33}$＝.124, T＝2.169) and the effect of the handicapped child on the family($\beta$$_{32}$＝.264, T＝-3.227) showed the direct effect on the maternal adaptation. The model was supported by the empirical data. Thus it was suggested that the model could be applied to family nursing care with the families with the mentally handicapped. The construction and testing of the comprehensive model seem to be the first trial in Korea.a.a.a.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Purpose: The purposes of the study were to develop and test a model which explains the relationship among factors affecting behavioral problems in elementary school children. Methods: The participants for the study were 368 elementary school children and their mothers at 3 elementary schools in one city. Data analysis was done using the SPSS 17.0 program for t-test, -test, and ANOVA and the AMOS 17.0 program for theoretical model testing. Results: The theoretical model showed a significant goodness of fit to the empirical data (Goodness of Fit Index: .96, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index: .93 Comparative Fit Index: .95, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: .06, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual: .02). Six paths were found to be statistically significant including from child rearing attitude to self-esteem, stress, stress coping and behavioral problems, and from self-esteem to stress and behavioral problems. Child rearing attitude showed a significant effect to behavioral problems by total effect. Self-esteem affected behavioral problems by total and direct effects. Conclusion: Child rearing attitude and selfesteem of children are important factors affecting behavioral problems in elementary school children.