• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.294-301
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of beta-tricalciumphosphate (${\beta}$-TCP) as a bone graft material on new bone formation and regeneration of mandible bone defect around dental implants. Methods: Both mandibular sites of ten rabbits were exposed. The experimental subjects were divided into two groups. Rabbits in the control group (right site of the mandible) had dental implants around cortical bone defects, without treatment, while, in the experimental group (left site of the mandible), ${\beta}$-TCP was grafted into the bone defect around the implant. Rabbits were sacrificed after one, two, three, four, and eight weeks, and histomorphometric evaluation and analysis of the bone implant contact rate were performed using an optical microscope. Results: Bone formation rates in the experimental group were greater than those in the control group from one to eight weeks, and percentages of implant surface contacted to bone were greater in the experimental group than in the control group from three weeks after implantation. Conclusion: These results suggest that the bone formation activity around dental implants was increased by osteoconduction activity of ${\beta}$-TCP.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2017년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.475-476
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• 2017

손상된 조직이나 부위를 원상태로 회복하기 위한 대제 물질인 생체재료 개발에 관한 연구가 꾸준히 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 생체재료는 생체내에서 기능을 수행하기 위한 기계적 특성과 생물학적 특성을 갖추어야 한다. 생분해성 고분자는 금속재료에 비해 우수한 분해성으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 생분해성 고분자는 약한 기계적 특성으로 사용범위가 제한적이다. 문제점의 해결을 위해 hydroxyapatie와 TCP등을 활용한 방법이 제시되어왔다. 이에 본 연구는 ${\beta}-TCP$ 첨가량에 따른 세라믹/고분자 복합체를 제조하여 다양한 기계적 효과를 평가하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 1996

${CO_3}^{2-}$ containing whisker-like hydroxyapatite powders were synthesized byhomogeneous precipitation method using urea, Dicalcium phosphate anhdrate[DCPA; $CaHPO_4$] and octacalcium phosphate [OCP; $Ca_8H_2(PO_4_)6\cdot5H_20$]were obtained as precursors and they transformed to high crystalline hydroxyapatites at pH 5.62, and 6.54 respectively. According to the condition of the final pH in the solutions for the solution products and urea contents OCP was remained. When the solution product of $Ca^{2-}$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ was $1.5\times 10^4$[$mM^2$] and the content of urea was 0.25 mol.$dm^{-3}$ well crystallized whisker-like hydroxyapatite tens of micrometer in length was obtained. By heat treatment DCPA and OCP were decomposed into $\beta$-tricalcium phosphate [$\beta$-TCP ; $\beta$-$Ca_3{PO_4}_2$] and $\beta$-dicalcium phosphate [$\beta$-DCP ;$\beta$-$Ca_2P_2O_4}_2$]. And well-crystallized hydroxyapatite was partially decomposed into $\beta$-TCP at $800^{\circ}C$.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.244-250
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• 2020

β-삼인산칼슘(β-tricalcium phosphate, β-TCP, Ca3(PO4)2)은 뼈와 유사한 성분을 가지는 인산 칼슘계 세라믹 중 하나로, 생분해성과 골 전도성을 가지고 있어 골 대체재 등으로 다양하게 사용된다. 이러한 β-TCP의 생체 활성과 골유도성을 향상시키기 위해 다양한 이온 치환 연구가 진행되어왔으며 그 중 철 이온은 필수 미량 원소로 체내에서 다양한 기능을 한다. 본 연구에서는 β-TCP에 철 이온이 치환되었을 때 열처리 온도에 따른 구조의 변화를 분석하고, 이에 따른 생분해 특성을 평가하였다. 또한 분해 후의 구조를 분석하여 분해 거동을 확인하였다. 철 이온을 치환한 β-TCP는 공침법으로 합성을 하였고, 925℃와 1100℃에서 하소 처리를 실시하였다. X-선 회절 분석과 Rietveld refinement를 이용하여 구조 분석을 실시하였다. 철 이온은 온도에 따라 Fe2+ 또는 Fe3+ 상태로 바뀌기 때문에 β-TCP에 치환되었을 때 열처리 온도에 따라 치환 위치(Ca(4), Ca(5))가 바뀌고, 1100℃에서 열처리를 실시한 철 이온 치환 β-TCP의 분해 속도가 가장 빨랐다. 또한 세포 증식 특성이 향상된 것을 통해 β-TCP에 철 이온을 치환하는 것이 생체적합성과 생체 활성 특성을 향상시키고 골 결손부 회복 등 더욱 다양한 분야에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2011

Purpose: Beta-tricalcium phosphate (${\beta}$-TCP) is a synthetic calcium phosphate ceramic that has widely been used as a bone material to repair bone defects. Despite many clinical studies, the molecular mechanism whereby this biomaterial alters the gene expression in osteoblasts to promote bone formation is poorly understood. Thus, we attempted to address this question by using microarray techniques to identify the genes that are differentially regulated in osteoblasts exposed to ${\beta}$-TCP. Methods: By using DNA microarrays, we identified several genes whose expression levels were significantly up- or down-regulated in osteoblast-likeMG-63cells cultured with ${\beta}$-TCP at a concentration of 100 mg/10 ml for 24 hours. Results: The differentially expressed genes covered a broad range of functional activities: signal transduction, transcription, cell cycle regulation, vesicular transport, apoptosis, immunity, cytoskeletal elements and cell proliferation and differentiation. Conclusion: The gene expression changes related to cell proliferation and differentiation, vesicle transport, immunity and defense could affect the osteogenic activities of osteoblasts for bone regeneration. However, further studies will be required to verify the relative importance of these genes in bone formation, their temporal and spatial expression patterns and their interactions with each other.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the histologic results of bone cavities that were surgically created in the calvaria of rabbit and filled with $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ composite powders, which had been developed in Korea (Dentium, Korea). Ten young adult rabbits were used. Four defects were surgically produced in calvaria of each rabbit. Each rabbit was anesthetized with Ketamine-HCI (5 mg/kg, Yuhan Cor. Korea) and Xylazine-HCI (1.5 ml/kg, Yuhan Cor. Korea)). An incision was made to the bony cranium and the periosteum was reflected. Using a trephine bur (external diameter: 8 mm, 3i, USA), 4 'through-and-through' bone defects were created with copious irrigation, and classified into 4 groups: control group: no graft materials, experimental group I: normal saline + graft materials: experimental group II: venous blood + graft materials: experimental group III: graft materials only. The defects were randomly filled with graft materials. The defects were closed with resorbable suture material. At the end of the surgical procedure, all animals received a single intramuscular injection of antibiotics Gentamicin (0.1 mg/kg, Dae Sung Microb. Korea). Rabbits were sacrificed with phentobarbital (100 mg/kg) intravenously at 1-, 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-week after. Specimens were treated with hydrochloric acid decalcifying solution (Fisher Scientific, Tustin, CA) and sectioned by bisecting the 8 mm diameter defects. The histologic specimens were prepared in the general method with H & E staining at 6 ${\mu}m$ in thickness. The results were as follows; 1. New bone formation showed from after 2-week of surgery in defect area. As time lapsed, lots of new bone formation and mature bones showed. 2. Histologically, degree of new bone formation could not be discerned among the experimental groups. But, for experimental group II, lots of cells gathered around graft materials after 1-week of surgery, new bone formed slightly faster and than the others at 1-week after. For experimental group I, a few inflammatory finding showed around graft material at after 1-week and after 2-week of surgery. 3. No bone formation did show for control group. Based on histologic results, the new $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ composite powders appeared to act as a scaffolding material for regeneration of osseous defects.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2018

Background: Autogenous bone grafts have several limitations including donor-site problems and insufficient bone volume. To address these limitations, research on bone regeneration is being conducted actively. In this study, we investigate the effects of a three-dimensionally (3D) printed polycaprolactone (PCL)/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffold on the osteogenic differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: We investigated the extent of osteogenic differentiation on the first and tenth day and fourth week after cell culture. Cytotoxicity of the 3D printed $PCL/{\beta}-TCP$ scaffold was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay, prior to osteogenic differentiation analysis. ADSCs and BMSCs were divided into three groups: C, only cultured cells; M, cells cultured in the 3D printed $PCL/{\beta}-TCP$ scaffold; D, cells cultured in the 3D printed $PCL/{\beta}-TCP$ scaffold with a bone differentiation medium. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, von Kossa staining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting were performed for comparative analysis. Results: ALP assay and von Kossa staining revealed that group M had higher levels of osteogenic differentiation compared to group C. RT-PCR showed that gene expression was higher in group M than in group C, indicating that, compared to group C, osteogenic differentiation was more extensive in group M. Expression levels of proteins involved in ossification were higher in group M, as per the Western blotting results. Conclusion: Osteogenic differentiation was increased in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) cultured in the 3D printed PCL/TCP scaffold compared to the control group. Osteogenic differentiation activity of MSCs cultured in the 3D printed PCL/TCP scaffold was lower than that of cells cultured on the scaffold in bone differentiation medium. Collectively, these results indicate that the 3D printed PCL/TCP scaffold promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and may be widely used for bone tissue engineering.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.282-286
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• 2017

Beta tricalcium phosphate (${\beta}-TCP$) is one of allogenic bone substitute which is known to have interconnected pores that draws cell and nutrients for bone generation. It has been resulted in good outcomes for bone defect coverage or augmentation. However, several studies have also reported negative outcomes and associated complications including unexpected formation of cystic mass, continuous pain and secretion. We present the case of a 36-year-old man with a right cheek cystic mass who had a history of right zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) complex fracture and surgical correction with ${\beta}-TCP$ powder insertion to ZM bone defect. Excisional biopsy under local anesthesia revealed calcified mass in a sinus tract which was found to be connected to the ZM bone defect site in postoperative computed tomography image. Further excision under general anesthesia was performed to remove the sinus tract and fine granules which filled the original defect site. Pathologic report revealed bony spicules and calcification materials with chronic foreign body reaction. Postoperative complications and recurrence were not reported.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.449-453
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• 2016

$HA(hydroxyapatite)/{\beta}-TCP$ (tricalcium phosphate) biomaterial (BCP; biphasic calcium phosphate) is widely used as bone cement or scaffolds material due to its superior biocompatibility. Furthermore, $NH_4HCO_3$ as a space holder (SH) has been used to evaluate feasibility assessment of porous structured BCP as bone scaffolds. In this study, using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process at 393K and 1373K under 20MPa load, porous $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ biomaterials were successfully fabricated using $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ powders with 10~30 wt% SH, TiH2 as a foaming agent, and MgO powder as a binder. The effect of SH content on the pore size and distribution of the BCP biomaterial was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a microfocus X-ray computer tomography system (SMX-225CT). The microstructure observations revealed that the volume fraction of the pores increased with increasing SH content and that rough pores were successfully fabricated by adding SH. Accordingly, the cell viabilities of BCP biomaterials were improved with increasing SH content. And, good biological properties were shown after assessment using Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS).

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.921-928
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• 2004

수용액의 pH, 소성온도, 반응시간 등을 변화한 조건하에서 $Ca(OH)_2$와 $H_{3}PO_4$ 수용액을 이용하여 인산칼슘계 화합물을 제조하였다. 산성분위기(pH=5.21)에서는 ${\beta}-TCP({\beta}-tricalcium phosphate)$가, pH>7.62에서는 HAp(hydroxyapatite)가 주 결정상으로 관찰되었다. XRD 분석결과, $Ca(OH)_2$와 $H_{3}PO_4$는 빠르게 반응(5분이내)하여 HAp를 생성하였고, 반응 16시간까지 안정적으로 구조를 유지하였다. 우수한 결정성을 나타내는 소성온도는 $1200^{\circ}C$로 관찰되었다. 주사전자현미경(SEM)에 의한 미세구조 관찰 결과, pH가 5.21일 경우 침상 형태의 ${\beta}-TCP$ 입자가, pH 7.62에서는 침상 형태의 HAp가 합성되었다. 그러나 pH 9.16에서는 매우 작고 균일한 구형의 HAp 입자들이 생성되었고, 다시 작은 입자들이 침상으로 재배열된 형상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 합성된 HAp(pH 9.16)를 본차이나 소지에 일정량 혼합하여 본차이나 물성, 즉 결정성, 흡수율, 색도, 파단면의 형상을 측정${\cdot}$분석하였다.