• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2012

Flavobacterium johnsoniae was isolated from farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Korea, and its biochemical and molecular characterization was determined. Yellow-pigmented bacterial colonies were isolated from 18 of 64 fish samples (28.1%) on trypticase soy agar plates, and their biochemical profiles were characterized by API 20E and API 20NE test kits. F. johnsoniae was identified by biochemical phenotyping of factors including rapid gliding motility, Gram-negative condition, oxidase- and catalase-positive status, Congo red absorption, nitrate reduction, ${\beta}$-galactosidase production, acid production from glucose, and gelatin and casein hydrolysis. PCR and subsequent sequencing of 16S rRNA confirmed that the yellow-pigmented colonies were most similar to F. johnsoniae. The alignment analysis of 16S rRNA sequences also showed that all 18 rainbow trout isolates had highly similar homologies (97-99% identity). One isolate was selected and named FjRt09. This isolate showed 98% homology with previously reported F. johnsoniae isolates, and in phylogenetic analysis was more closely grouped with F. johnsoniae than with F. psychrophilum, F. columnare, or F. branchiophilum. This is the first report on the occurrence and biochemical characterization of F. johnsoniae isolated from rainbow trout in Korea.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 1991

우리나라 국민(國民)의 cheese에 대한 기호성(嗜好性)을 조사(調査)하기 위하여 Cheddar cheese, Mozzarella cheese 및 process cheese에 대한 화학성분(化學成分) 분석(分析), 숙성도(熟成度) 및 관능검사(官能檢査)를 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 총질소(總窒素)는 Cheddar cheese와 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese가 3.75-3.86%로 비슷하게 나타났으나 process cheese는 3.15%, Mozzarella cheese는 3.35%로 낮게 나타났고 5% NaCl 가용성질소(可溶性窒素)는 Cheddar cheese가 3.23%로 가장 높았으며 TCA 가용성질소, SSA 가용성질소(可溶性窒素) 함량(含量) 및 숙성율(熟性率)도 비슷한 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 2. 전기영동(電氣泳動) 실시(實施) 결과(結果) Cheddar cheese보다는 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese에서 분해도(分解度)가 높았으며 Mozzarella cheese와 process cheese는 분해력(分解力)이 낮게 나타났고 ${\alpha}_{s1}$-caseindl $\beta$-casein보다 분해도(分解度)가 높았다. 3. 관능검사(官能檢査) 결과(結果) 색택(色澤)에 있어서는 Mozzarella cheese 및 process cheese가 전체적으로 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 Cheddar cheese는 30-40대(代)와 50-60대(代)에서 기호도(嗜好度)가 높았고 10대(代)와 30-40대(代)에서는 마늘 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese가 기호도(嗜好度)가 높았다. 4. 향취(香臭)는 process cheese와 Mozzarella cheese가 전체적으로 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese는 10대(代)에서 기호도(嗜好度)가 높았다. 5. 조직(組織)은 process cheese와 Mozzarella cheese가 전체적으로 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 Cheddar cheese 또한 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았다. 6. 맛은 Mozzarella cheese, process cheese 및 Cheddar cheese가 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese는 30-40대(代)에서 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으나 10대(代) 및 20대(代)에서 더 높은 taste score가 나타났다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2014

초고압 공정(HPP)은 비가열 공정 중 하나로 식품 중의 세균 증식을 억제하는 방법으로 근래 들어 산업적으로 각광받고 있다. 현재 우유의 살균은 대부분 가열살균법에 의존하고 있으나, 가열살균은 우유의 영양소 및 이화학적 특성을 변화시키는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 초고압 처리가 우유의 미생물학적 및 이화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 우유를 $15^{\circ}C$에서 600 MPa의 압력조건으로 3분간 처리했을 시 일반세균 및 유산균의 수는 2-3 Log CFU/ml 수준으로 감소하였으며, 대장균군은 HPP 처리 후 $4^{\circ}C$에서 15일 저장 기간 중에 검출되지 않았다. HPP 처리에 따른 유단백의 변성을 알아보고자 유단백의 전기영동 패턴을 분석한 결과, HPP 처리 우유가 가열살균 우유에 비하여 단백질 변성도가 낮게 나타났다. 또한 HPP 처리 우유의 경우 비타민 및 무기질의 함량 변화는 상대적으로 낮았으나, protease, lipase 및 alkaline phsophatase와 같은 우유 효소는 불활성화 시키는 특징을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 HPP가 우유의 영양소 파괴 및 이화학적 특성을 변화시키지 않으면서 우유의 미생물 제어에 사용될 수 있음을 제시한다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2013

The study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of Mozzarella cheese analogue generation by using a mixture of soy milk and raw milk and to compare the quality of the resultant cheese with that of Mozzarella cheese manufactured using the traditional method. The mixtures showed increase in protein and decrease in lactose and SNF in a dose-dependent manner with the addition of soy milk. The Mozzarella cheese analogue had lower total solids content than the control cheese product, while the fat content was similar between both. The analogue cheese had lower ash content than the traditionally prepared cheese; the content was proportional to the amount of soy milk in the mixture. Higher soy milk quantities within mixtures also resulted in proportionally higher levels of fat content within analogue cheese. Water-soluble nitrogen content was lower in the analogue cheese than in the control cheese. While the WSN level increased in the control cheese, it was almost constant in the analogue cheese. The control cheese had much higher actual and predicted yield than the analogue cheese, while the analogue cheese had a higher stability level. The control cheese had a higher transfer rate than the analogue cheese, with the exception of lactose. Electrophoresis analysis showed bands for Mozzarella cheese analogues that were present in addition to the normal ${\alpha}$-casein and ${\beta}$-casein bands. Physical characteristic analysis showed that hardness was affected by the addition of soy milk to cheese, while cohesiveness and brittleness were affected by the addition of raw milk, and elasticity was barely affected by milk composition. The meltability of the control cheese was higher than that of the analogue cheese and increased during 30 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Browning, oiling-off, and stretching characteristics were almost identical between the 2 types of cheeses. Sensory evaluation findings showed that the control cheese had much better body texture, appearance, and flavor than the analogue cheese.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1684-1688
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• 2017

Objective: From a review of published information on genetic association studies, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the genes ${\kappa}-casein$ (CSN3) and ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$ (LGB) on milk yield traits in Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Fleckvieh. Methods: The GLIMMIX procedure was used to analyze milk production and percentage of protein and fat in milk. Models included the main effects and all their possible two-way interactions; not estimable effects and non-significant (p>0.05) two-way interactions were dropped from the models. The three traits analyzed used Poisson distribution and a log link function and were determined with the Interactive Data Analysis of SAS software. Least square means and multiple mean comparisons were obtained and performed for significant main effects and their interactions (p<0.0255). Results: Interaction of breed by gene showed that Holstein and Fleckvieh were the breeds on which CSN3 ($6.01%{\pm}0.19%$ and $5.98%{\pm}0.22%$), and LGB ($6.02%{\pm}0.19%$ and $5.70%{\pm}0.22%$) have the greatest influence. Interaction of breed by genotype nested in the analyzed gene indicated that Holstein and Jersey showed greater influence of the CSN3 AA genotype, $6.04%{\pm}0.22%$ and $5.59%{\pm}0.31%$ than the other genotypes, while LGB AA genotype had the largest influence on the traits analyzed, $6.05%{\pm}0.20%$ and $5.60%{\pm}0.19%$, respectively. Furthermore, interaction of type of statistical model by genotype nested in the analyzed gene indicated that CSN3 and LGB genes had similar behavior, maintaining a difference of more than 7% across analyzed genotypes. These results could indicate that both Holstein and Jersey have had lower substitution allele effect in selection programs that include CSN3 and LGB genes than Brown Swiss and Fleckvieh. Conclusion: Breed determined which genotypes had the greatest association with analyzed traits. The mixed model based in Bayesian or Ridge Regression was the best alternative to analyze CSN3 and LGB gene effects on milk yield and protein and fat percentages.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

We investigated whether betulin affects the gene expression, secretion and proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in primary cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes, as well as in vivo production of MMP-3 in the rat knee joint to evaluate the potential chondroprotective effect of betulin. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced gene expression of MMP-3, MMP-1, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS-4), ADAMTS-5 and type II collagen. Effect of betulin on IL-$1{\beta}$-induced secretion and proteolytic activity of MMP-3 was investigated using western blot analysis and casein zymography, respectively. Effect of betulin on MMP-3 protein production was also examined in vivo. The results were as follows: (1) betulin inhibited the gene expression of MMP-3, MMP-1, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5, but increased the gene expression of type II collagen; (2) betulin inhibited the secretion and proteolytic activity of MMP-3; (3) betulin suppressed the production of MMP-3 protein in vivo. These results suggest that betulin can regulate the gene expression, secretion, and proteolytic activity of MMP-3, by directly acting on articular chondrocytes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2015

We evaluated the chondroprotective effects of wogonin by investigating its effects on the gene expression and production of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in primary cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes, as well as on production of MMP-3 in the rat knee. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultured in a monolayer, and RT-PCR was used to measure interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$)-induced expression of MMP-3, MMP-1, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS-4), and type II collagen. In rabbit articular chondrocytes, the effects of wogonin on IL-$1{\beta}$-induced production and proteolytic activity of MMP-3 were investigated using western blot analysis and casein zymography, respectively. The effect of wogonin on MMP-3 protein production was also examined in vivo. In rabbit articular chondrocytes, wogonin inhibited the expression of MMP-3, MMP-1, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-4, but increased expression of type II collagen. Furthermore, wogonin inhibited the production and proteolytic activity of MMP-3 in vitro, and inhibited production of MMP-3 protein in vivo. These results suggest that wogonin can regulate the gene expression and production of MMP-3, by directly acting on articular chondrocytes.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of VFA composition of rumen fluid and heat exposure (30${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$) on the general clinical view and insulin secretory response to glucose in sheep. The total infusion of nutrients was examined in sheep via the technique of continuous alimentation. Four adult Suffolk sheep fitted with a permanent ruminal cannula and a simple T-shaped duodenal cannula were used. A peristaltic pump was used to infuse the solutions of volatile fatty acid triglycerides (VFA-TG) consisting of 70 triacetin : 20 tripropionin : 10 tributyrin (low propionin division: LP) and 50 triacetin : 40 tripropionin : 10 tributyrin (high propionin division: HP) on the basis of energy and minerals into the rumen, and casein solution into the duodenum. The effects of heat exposure and type of the levels of VFA-TG solutions on the insulin secretory response to glucose in sheep were investigated by using hyperglycemic clamp (HGC) technique. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. During the heat exposure (latter half of the infusion period), respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature increased (P＜0.01, P＜0.01, P＜0.05), but the levels of VFA-TG solutions (LP and HP division) did not affect the general clinical view except for the heart rate. 2. In the HGC technique, glucose infusion rate (GIR) and mean plasma insulin increments (MPII) tended to be ower in the heat exposure than in the thermoneutral environment, but no significant difference was found among the treatments. GIR and MPII remained unchanged between the levels of VFA-TG solutions. 3. In the HGC technique, ratio of MPII to GIR (MPII/GIR) which represents pancreatic ${\beta}$-cell response to glucose stimulation remained unchanged among the treatments.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.243-247
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• 1994

최근 의약적으로 유용한 단백질을 대량 생산키 위한 실현 가능한 방법이 유전자변환 가축의 이용과 관련되어 발전되어 왔다. 이러한 유전자 변환동물은 이종의 단백질을 유즙속으로 분비시키는 생체반응기로서 이용되고 있다. 이러한 전략적 목적을 위해 현재 유전자 변환동물의 생산을 위한 이용에 있어 여러 가지 방법들이 보고되고 있다. 그러나 ES 세포의 사용이 이러한 방법들 사이에서 가장 실질적인 것으로 추정되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 유전자 구축을 위해 사람 황체 호르몬(human luteinizing hormone; hLH)의 전사를 유도하기 위해 각각 2.2 및 0.5 kb의 토끼 $\beta$-casein pronoter 단편을 이용하여 생쥐의 유선에 hLH를 발현시키도록 조절하고 발현이 thynidine kinase(TK) pronoter에 의해 좌우되는 neo 유전자를 selectable marker로서 plasnid속에 삽입하였다. 그 결과 생긴 구축 유전자는 각각 pCas 2.2와 pCas 0.5로 명명하였다. 구축된 유전자로 2$\times$107의 TT-2 ES세포를 170V, 550$\mu$F로 100$\mu$g의 선상 plasmid에 의해 electroporation 시켰다. 감염된 colony들은 250$\mu$g/$m\ell$ G418을 함유하는 ESM 배양액에서 선별 7일 이후에 회수하여 성공적으로 감염된 ES세포는 PCR 및 Southern blot에 의해 확인되었고 그들 중 나머지는 trypsin 처리 후 각각 미세조작과 공배양 기술을 사용하여 ICR 생쥐의 8세포기 수정란 속에 도입하였다. 결국 24시간 동안 37$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$에서 배양된 배반포를 chimera의 생산을 위해 위임신 유기된 G418 선발처리 이후 400 및 275개의 ES 세포 colony가 생존하였으며, 3개의 ES 세포으 colony 의 genome 속에 임의적으로 plamid가 삽입된 것을 Southern blot에 의해 확인되었다. 총 13 chimera 생쥐가 3 colony로부터 생산되었으나 germ-line chimera는 현재 조사중이다. chimera 생산빈도는 공배양 기술보다 주입방법에서 현저히 높았다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2002

The present study was conducted for the production of transgenic cloned cows those secrete human lactoferricin into milk by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT). To estimate detrimental effects of gene transfection on transgenic cloned embryo production, development rates of NT embryos were compared between transfected and non-transfected cumulus and ear fibroblast cells. An expression plasmid for human lactofericin (pbeta-LFC) was constructed by inserting a bovine beta-casein promoter, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene, and human lactoferricin target gene into a pcDNA3 plasmid. Two bovine somatic cell lines (cumulus cell and ear fibroblast) were established and transfected with the expression plasmid using a liposomal transfection reagent, Fugene6 as a carrier. Cumulus cell and ear fibroblast were transfected at the passage of 2 to 4, trypsinized and GFP-expressing cells were randomly selected and used for somatic cell NT. Developmental competences (rates of fusion, cleavage, and blastocyst formation) in bovine transgenic somatic cell NT embryos reconstructed with non-transfectecd cells were significantly higher than those from transfected cells in cumulus cell and ear fibroblast (P＜0.05). This study indicated that transfection of done. cell has detrimental effect on embryo development in bovine transgenic NT.