• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2011

A 40 fJ/c-s, 1 V, 10-bit SAR ADC is presented for energy constrained wearable body sensor network application. The proposed 10-bit dual sampling capacitive DAC topology reduces switching energy by 62% compared with 10-bit conventional SAR ADC. Also, it is more robust to capacitor mismatch than the conventional architecture due to its cancelling effect of each capacitive DAC. The proposed SAR ADC is fabricated in 0.18 ${\mu}m$ 1P6M CMOS technology and occupies 1.17 $mm^2$ including pads. It dissipates only 1.1 ${\mu}W$ with 1 V supply voltage while operating at 100 kS/s.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.377-390
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• 2017

Space-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations have been widely and successfully applied to acquire invaluable temporal and spatial information on wetlands, which are unique environments and regarded as important ecosystems. One of the best studied wetland area is Everglades, which is located in southern Florida, USA. As a World Heritage Site, the Everglades is the largest natural and subtropical wilderness in the United States. The Everglades wetlands have been threatened by anthropogenic activities such as urban expansion and agricultural development, as well as by natural processes, as sea level changes due to climate change. In order to conserve this unique wetland environment, various restoration plans have been implemented. In this review paper, we summarize the main studies using space-based SAR observations for monitoring the Everglades. The paper is composed of the following two sections: (1) review of backscattered amplitude analysis and observations, and (2) review of interferometric SAR (InSAR) analysis and applications. This study also provides an overview of a wetland InSAR technique and space-based SAR sensors. The goal of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive summary of space-based SAR monitoring of wetlands, using the Everglades wetlands as a case study.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권5_1호
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• pp.847-859
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• 2021

최근 고해상도 위성 SAR 영상이 늘어남에 따라, 변화탐지, 영상 융합 등 다양한 분야에서 SAR 영상에 대한 정밀 정합 요구가 커지고 있다. 영상 정합 결과에 대한 정량적 평가는 분석자에 의해 추출된 GCPs (Ground Control Points)를 이용한 RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) 값이 널리 사용되어 왔으나, 영상정합 결과의 정확도를 자동으로 측정하는 방법에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 SAR 영상 정합의 정확도 평가지표로, 단일채널 영상의 품질 평가 알고리즘으로 개발된 FSIM (Feature Similarity) 값을 적용하는 것에 대한 타당성 분석을 수행하였다. 다양한 관측각도 및 관측방향에서 수집된 TerraSAR-X staring spotlight 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. SAR 영상의 공간 해상도에 따른 FSIM 값 변화는 매우 작은 값을 보였다. 따라서, 다양한 공간해상도의 SAR 영상 간에도 동일한 척도를 가지고 FSIM 값을 사용할 수 있다. 단일 SAR 영상을 이용하여 정합 오차에 따른 FSIM값 변화를 분석하였으며, 이 값을 기준으로 서로 다른 관측조건에서 수집된 영상 간의 정합 오차에 따른 FSIM 값 변화를 분석하였다. 서로 다른 관측각 또는 관측방향 자료 조합에서, 관측기하 차이에 의해 FSIM 값은 다소 저하되었다. 토지피복별 FSIM 값 분석 결과에서, 도심지역에서 정합오차에 따른 FSIM 값의 변화가 가장 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 따라서, FSIM 값을 이용하여 영상정합의 정확도를 판별하기 위해서는 도심지역에서 산출된 FSIM 값을 이용하는 것이 바람직하다. FSIM 값은 SAR 영상 정합 정확도에 대한 지표로 사용될 수 있는 충분한 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2018

Grounding line of a glacier or ice shelf where ice bottom meets the ocean is sensitive to changes in the polar environment. Recent rapid changes of grounding lines have been observed especially in southwestern Antarctica due to global warming. In this study, ERS-1/2 and Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image were interferometrically acquired in 1996 and 2015, respectively, to monitor the movement of the grounding line in the western part of Ronne Ice Shelf near the Antarctic peninsula. Double-Differential Interferometric SAR (DDInSAR) technique was applied to remove gravitational flow signal to detect grounding line from the interferometric phase due to the vertical displacement of the tide. The result showed that ERS-1/2 grounding lines are almost consistent with those from Rignot et al. (2011) which used the similar dataset, confirming the credibility of the data processing. The comparison of ERS-1/2 and Sentinle-1A DDInSAR images showed a grounding line retreat of $1.0{\pm}0.1km$ from 1996 to 2015. It is also proved that the grounding lines based on the 2004 MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) images and digital elevation model searching for ice plain near coastal area (Scambos et al., 2017), is not accurate enough especially where there is a ice plain with no tidal motion.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.789-802
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• 2021

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) at C-band is an ideal remote sensing system for crop monitoring owing to its short wavelength, which interacts with the upper parts of the crop canopy. This study evaluated the potential of dual polarimetric Sentinel-1 at C-band for monitoring rice phenology. Rice phenological variations occur in a short period. Hence, the short revisit time of Sentinel-1 SAR system can facilitate the tracking of short-term temporal morphological variations in rice crop growth. The sensitivity of SAR backscattering coefficients, backscattering ratio, and polarimetric decomposition parameters on rice phenological stages were investigated through a time-series analysis of 33 Sentinel-1 Single Look Complex images collected from 10th April to 25th October 2020 in Gimhae, South Korea. Based on the observed temporal variations in SAR parameters, we could identify and distinguish the phenological stages of the Gimhae rice growth cycle. The backscattering coefficient in VH polarisation and polarimetric decomposition parameters showed high sensitivity to rice growth. However, amongst SAR parameters estimated in this study, the VH backscattering coefficient realistically identifies all phenological stages, and its temporal variation patterns are preserved in both Sentinel-1A (S1A) and Sentinel-1B (S1B). Polarimetric decomposition parameters exhibited some offsets in successive acquisitions from S1A and S1B. Further studies with data collected from various incidence angles are crucial to determine the impact of different incidence angles on polarimetric decomposition parameters in rice paddy fields.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1027-1030
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• 2015

항공 SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)에서는 일반적으로 바람과 같은 외부 영향에 의해 발생한 요동으로 인해 해상도가 저하될 뿐만 아니라, 사이드로브가 증가하게 되어 영상 화질이 저하되므로 본 논문에서는 사이드로브를 감소시키기 위한 기법을 제시한다. 이를 위해 비행경로를 분할한 다음, 분할된 경로에서 획득된 각각의 데이터에 대해 스퀸트 각도를 추정하여 임무영역을 계산한다. 또한, 재설정된 임무영역 중심에 대하여 1차 요동보상을 수행한 후, 생성된 SAR 영상에서 사이드로브 영향이 두드러지는 영역을 추출한 다음에, 사이드로브 감소 필터를 반복적으로 적용한 후 전체 영상에 대해 확장하여 영상 화질을 향상시키는 방법을 제시한다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2007

The processes of regional scales in the East Korean coastal waters were investigated by analysis of the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images taken by the European Research Satellites ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat. More than 500 quick look frames taken in 1991-2003 were examined to detect the frames with clearly surface expressions of oceanic phenomena. 26 ERS-1/2 SAR and 11 Envisat wide swath Advanced SAR (ASAR) frames were selected and obtained from the European Space Agency in a form of the precision high-resolution images. The following oceanic phenomena and processes were evident in the radar imagery through the Korean costal waters: fronts, currents, eddies, internal waves, island and ship wakes, oil pollution, etc. They manifested themselves in the field of sea surface roughness, their scale ranged from several tens meters to about 100 km. The most common morphology of these phenomena was a series of contrast dark or light curvilinear lines and bands. The joint analysis of the discussed SAR images with other satellite and in situ data supported and enhanced our interpretation of SAR signatures.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제68권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2019

The charge redistribution digital-to-analog converter(CR-DAC) is often used for successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter(SAR ADC) that requiring low power consumption and small circuit area. However, CR-DAC is required 2 to the power of N unit capacitors to generate reference voltage for successive approximation of the N-bit SAR ADC, and many unit capacitors occupy large circuit area and consume more power. In order to improve this problem, this paper proposes SAR ADC using series capacitor DAC. The series capacitor DAC is required 2(1+N) unit capacitors to generate reference voltage for successive approximation and charges only two capacitors of the reference generation block. Because of these structural characteristics, the SAR ADC using series capacitor DAC can reduce the power consumption and circuit area. Proposed SAR ADC was designed in CMOS 180nm process, and at 1.8V supply voltage and 500kS/s sampling rate, proposed 6-bit SAR ADC have signal-to-noise and distortion ratio(SNDR) of 36.49dB, effective number of bits(ENOB) of 5.77-bit, power consumption of 294uW.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2013

전자파 노출에 대한 동물실험에서는 실험동물 내에서의 SAR 값을 정확히 추정하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 동물의 수와 동물 간의 거리, 물병의 존재 여부에 따른 마우스(mouse)와 랫트(rat) 내의 SAR 값의 변화량을 분석하였다. 마우스와 랫트는 전자파 잔향실(reverberation chamber) 내에 위치한 케이지(cage) 안에서 CDMA, WCDMA 주파수의 전자파에 노출시켰다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 물병의 물의 양에 대한 SAR 값의 변화보다 실험동물의 마릿수가 증가할 때 SAR 값의 변화가 더 컸다. 마우스와 랫트가 케이지 내에 한 마리만 있을 경우에 비해, 마우스는 케이지 내에 세 마리가 있을 때 전신 평균 SAR 값의 변화량은 850 MHz와 1,950 MHz에서 각각 최대 15.3 %, 14.9 %이며, 랫트의 경우에는 케이지 내에 두 마리가 있을 때 각각의 주파수에서 최대 18.7 %, 21.1 %의 변화를 보였다. 결론적으로 실 노출 환경에서의 노출 조건에 따른 SAR 값의 변화량은 무시할 수 없다는 결론을 도출하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.667-670
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• 2005

Ground control points(GCPs) can be extracted from SAR data given precise orbit for DTM generation using optic images and other SAR data. In this study, we extract GCPs from ERS SAR data and SRTM DEM. Although it is very difficult to identify GCPs in ERS SAR image, the geometry of optic image and other SAR data are able to be corrected and more precise DTM can be constructed from stereo optic images. Twenty GCPs were obtained from the ERS SAR data with precise Delft orbit information. After the correction was applied, the mean values of planimetric distance errors of the GCPs were 3.7m, 12.1 and -0.8m with standard deviations of 19.9m, 18.1, and 7.8m in geocentric X, Y, and Z coordinates, respectively. The geometries of SPOT stereo pair were corrected by 13 GCPs, and r.m.s. errors were 405m, 705m and 8.6m in northing, easting and height direction, respectively. And the geometries of RADARS AT stereo pair were corrected by 12 GCPs, and r.m.s. errors were 804m, 7.9m and 6.9m in northing, easting and height direction, respectively. DTMs, through a method of area based matching with pyramid images, were generated by SPOT stereo images and RADARS AT stereo images. Comparison between points of the obtained DTMs and points estimated from a national 1 :5,000 digital map was performed. For DTM by SPOT stereo images, the mean values of distance errors in northing, easting and height direction were respectively -7.6m, 9.6m and -3.1m with standard deviations of 9.1m, 12.0m and 9.1m. For DTM by RADARSAT stereo images, the mean values of distance errors in northing, easting and height direction were respectively -7.6m, 9.6m and -3.1m with standard deviations of 9.1m, 12.0m and 9.1m. These results met the accuracy of DTED level 2